주의력결핍 / 과잉운동장애에서의 뇌혈류 이상

김붕년,이동수,조수철 대한신경정신의학회 2000 신경정신의학 Vol.39 No.2

연구목적: 순수 주의력결핍/과잉운동장애(pure attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder : 이하 ADHD)로 진단된 환아군 21명과 성병, 나이, 지능지수 및 학력을 일치시킨 정상대조군 아동 11명을 연구 대상으로 하여, 양군간의 뇌 단일 광전자 방출 전산화 단층촬영(Tc-99m-HMPAO Brain Single Photon Em-ission Computed Tomography : 이하 brain SPECT)을 실행하였고, 이 두군간 뇌 혈류 분포의 특성 차이를 조사하였다. 이를 통해 ADHD의 병태생리 규명을 이한 뇌 긴을 영상적 접근을 시도하였다. 방법: DSM-IV의 진단 기준과 타당도 및 신뢰도가 확립된 평가척도, 그리고 여러 심리검사 도구를 사용하여 다른 공존 장애를 배제한 ADHD 환아군 21명을 연구 대상으로 하였다. 환아군은 연구 시작 전부터 약뮬에 노출된 적이 전혀 없는 아동들이었다. 환아군에대해서는 아동용 지능검사, 루리아 네브라스카 신경심리검사를 실시하였고 행동이상에관한 정보를 얻기위해, 부모와 선생님을 대상으로 해서 각종 행동평가 척도를 적용하였다. 모든 환아군은 brain SPECT를 촬영하였고, 각 환아의 영상중 안와외이공선에서 20, 40, 60mm 떨어진 단면들을 골라 관심 영역법에의해 정량화 분석을 하였다. 대조군은 과거 5년간 brain SPECT를 촬영한 아동중, 환아군과 성별, 연령, 지능지수, 학력등이 일치하고, 뇌의 기능적 이상이 없다고 확인된 아동 11명을 대조군에 포함시켰다. 대조군 아동의 영상도 역시 같은 방법으로 정량화 하였다. 결과: 관심영역 정량화 방법을 통하여, 정산대조군과 ADHD 환아군 사이의 각 영역별 뇌 혈류계수비를 비교해 본 결과, 전두엽과 기저핵 및 시상에서의 차이가 통계적으로 유의하였다. 이 부위에서의 차이는 Bonferroni correction 후에도 계속 그 유의성이 유지되었다. 이외에 두정엽과 측두엽의 일부에서도 차이를 보여 주었지만, Bonferroni correction 후에는 그 유의성이 사라졌다. 결론: 본 연구를 통해, ADHD환아군의 시상, 기저핵, 전두엽에서 유의미한 뇌 혈류량의 감소 소견, 즉, 뇌기능 저하 소견이 발견된다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 이들 영역에서의 기능 저하 소견은 그간 알려진 ADHD의 병태생리 가설과 연관된다고 할 수 있다. Objectives: This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) might have distinctive findings from normal controls in brain Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography(SPET) and to figure out the possible pathophysiology of this disorder. Methods: By DSM-IV criteria, we selected 21 pure ADHD through various assessment scales, psychometric tools and neuropsychological battery. All the patients were studied by 99m Tc-HMPAO Brain SPECT. Three transaxial brain slices delineating anatomically defined region of interest at approximately 2, 4, 6cm above the orbitomeatal line were used with the average number of counts for ezch region of interest normalized to the area of cerbral maximal uptake. Eleven normal controls were recruited from age, sex, IQ- matched children whose previous SPECT findings had been normal. Results: Compating ADHD group and control, we found highly significantly decreased cererbral blood flow in both frontal lobes, caudate nuclei and thalamus in ADHD group. Addtionally, ADHD group showed reduction of blool flow in some parietal and temporal lobe areas compared with normal group, but the statistical significance in parietal and temporal areas was vanished after Bonferrroni correction due to multiple comparison. Conclusions: These findings implied that the rCBF reduction in ADHD in frontal lobe, caudate and thalamic areas might be related with the pathophysiogy of ADHD.

한국인의 온열쾌적감 평가 및 쾌적지표의 적용성에 관한 연구 : Part I : 청년층의 겨울철 체감실험 결과

김동규,김경철,김광호,박희욱,최광환 동의공업대학 1998 論文集 Vol.24 No.1

The purposes of this study are to investigate the correlation between SET*(PMV) and thermal sensation of Koreans through subjective judgement and to find out thermal comfort zone of Koreans indicated by SET*(PMV) as compared with ASHRAE Standard 55-74 comfort zone. In this paper, results of one series of experiments conducted in winter season are reported. The subjects wore standard uniforms and remained sedentary throughout the experiment. Skin temperature at 3 sites was measured. Thermal sensation and comfort sensation were voted every 15 minutes. The thermal sensation vote was consisted of a seven-point scale in which -3 was cold, -2=cool, -1=slightly cool, 0=neutral, +1=slightly warm, +2=warm, +3=hot. And the comfort sensation vote consisted of a four-point scale in which 0 was comfortable, +1=slightly comfortable, +2=uncomfortable, +3=very uncomfortable. The results in the winter subjective experiment were follows. 1) SET*(TSV=0) of young subjects was 25.5℃. 2) The thermally neutral zone of young subjects was 24.2∼26.8℃(SET*). This zone included ASHRAE comfort zone and was shown to extend to higher range. Part I : Analysis of Subjective Judgement in Winter Experiment

중합가시광 파장대에 따른 심미성 수복재의 미세경도 변화

김현철,조경모,신동훈 대한치과보존학회 2001 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.26 No.2

There are several factors affecting the effectiveness of polymerization of the esthetic restorative materials. Among those factors, the initiator, camphoroquinone has the unique characteristic, of which the light sensitivity is very dependent on the wavelengh of blue light. Camphoroquinone shows the most light absorption ability in the wavelengh range of 470nm. So most of clinically used light curing systems adopt this phenomenon as their polymerization mechanism. The most popular way of light curing system is standard 40-second curing. But the problem of standard curing technique shows the rapid increase of resin viscosity followed by the acceleration of polymerization and the limited resin flow, resulted in reduction of the physical property of restoration by retained stress. The object of this study was to verify the effects of narrow-banded wavelengh on the microhardness of the esthetic restorative materials, a composite resin and a composer, using filters which have peak wave-lengh of 430nm,450nm,470nm, respectively. The results were as follows : 1.All the experimental groups showed lower hardness value than the control group. 2.In DyractAP, the hardness value by wavelengh showed the same changing pattern on both upper and lower surfaces. 3.In DenFil, the hardness value by wavelengh showed different changing pattern on upper and lower surfaces. 4.The hardness ratio showed similar pattern to the hardness variation of lower surface, but there was no significant difference between measurement in 10 minutes and 3 days later, besides the increase of hardness value.

대류난방시 상하온도차가 인체의 온열 쾌적성에 미치는 영향

김동규,김광호,김경철,박태안,박희욱 동의공업대학 2000 論文集 Vol.26 No.1

Purpose of this study is first to show the effects of vertical air temperature differences on thermal comfort and physiological responses, and second to examine the acceptable vertical air temperature differences. In this experiments, 12 subjects (6 males and 6 females) were exposed at 12 test conditions. The subjects voted each 10 min, about his thermal feeling, and 7 skin surface temperature, the air temperature were measured every 20 second. From this experiments, it was found that the upper part temperature affects the thermal sensation more strongly than lower part temperature. In winter, the acceptable temperature differences drawn by this study are 3℃ in the case that the upper part temperature is higher than the lower part temperature.

주의력결핍/과잉운동 장애 아동의 상대적 뇌 혈류에 미치는 Methylphenidate의 효과 : SPECT 관심 영역법 연구

김붕년,이재성,조수철,이동수 大韓神經精神醫學會 2000 신경정신의학 Vol.39 No.5

연구목적: 순수 ADHD 환아 32명을 대상으로 하여 MPND치료 전후에 있어서의 상대적 뇌 혈류량의 변화를 관심영역법을 사용하여 정량적으로 측정하였다. 이를 통해, MPND 치료에 의한 혈류 변화의 양상을ADHD환아에서 관찰하고자 하였고, 이를 통해 약물 작용기건의 일부를 이해하려 하였다. 방법: 약물투여를 받지 않고 있으며, 다른 어떤 신체적, 정시과적인 진단도 받지 않은 32명의 환아군에대해, WISC, LNNB등 심리검사를 실시하였고, 환아군의 문제 행동에관한 정보를 얻기 위해, 환아 부모를 대상으로 해서는, CBCL, DBDS, YCI, CPRS를 실시하였고, 교사를 대상으로 해서는 CTRS를 실시하였다. 이러한 평가과정을 거쳐, 정상기능 범위의 순소 ADHD 아동만을 대상군으로 선정하여 첫번째SPECT를 촬영하였고, 약 6주간의 약물 치료를 MPND로 실시하였으며, 이후 두번째 SPECT 촬영과 각종 척도 평가를 다시 한번 실시하였다. 매 환자마다 치료 전후의 SPECT 영상을 얻은 후, OML 20,40, 60mm 상방 세 단면에 관심영역을 치정하여 정량화된 상대적 혈류량을 구했고, 치료전후의 차이를 서로 비교하였다. 결과: OML 20mm 상방 단면에서는, 유의미한 혈류량 증가가 없었다. OML 상방 40mm의 단면상에서, 피질부에서는 좌우 측부 전두엽에서, 피질하 구조물에서는 좌우측 미상핵과 시상에서 유의한 혈류 증가가 있음이 확인되었다. OML 상방 60mm에서 단면에서는 12개의 관심 영역 모두에서 아무런 차이도 보이지 않았다. 결론: 8세에서 12세까지 ADHD 아동군에서 MPND 치료에의해, 전전두엽과, 시상, 미상핵에서의 혈류량 이 증가됨 확인되었으며, 이러한 혈류량의 변화는 최근 연구에서 증명되고 있는 전전두엽-시상-비상핵-전전두엽 회로 이상의 기능적 회복이라는 치료 기전을 뒷받침해주는 소견으로 생각되었다. 향후 다른 영상도구를 통한 추시가 필요하리라 생각된다. 중심단어:주의력결핍 과잉운동장애·SPECT 관심영역법·MPND 치료 전후의 변화. Objectives: This study was conducted to find out topographic changes of cerebral perfusion between pretreatment and posttreatmet state via region of interest method by Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography(SPECT). Method: By DSM-Ⅳ criteria, we selected 32 patients with pure Attention Deficit Hyper-activity Disorder(ADHD) through various assessment scales, psychometric tools and neuropsy-chological batteries. All the patients with ADHD were studied by TCnm-HMPAO Brain SPECT, before methylphenidate(MPND) treatment and after 6 weeks treatment. Three transaxial brain slices delineating anatomically defined region of interest at approximately 20, 40, 60mm above the orbitomeatal line(OML) were used, with the average number of counts for each region of interest normalized to the area of cerebellar maximal uptake. Results: In the plane 20mm above OML, None of areas showed significant perfusion changes. In the plane 40mm above OML, lefe and right prefrontal areas, caudate and thalamic areas showed increased relative perfusion compared to pretreatment state. In the plane 60mm above OML, there were no increases in all regions of interest. Conclusion: The MPND treament improved cerebral blood flow in some specific brain regions : prefrontal lobe, caudate and thalamic area. We found neuroanatomical action sites of MPND might be the pathophysiologic sites of ADHD which had been proved in previous studies. These findings implied that MPND treatment could correct the underlying pathologic brain dysfunction of ADHD. KEY WORDS:SPECT ROI method·ADHD·Pre and posttreatment by MPND.

주의력결핍/과잉행동장애와 양극성장애 공존 환아군과 주의력결핍/과잉행동장애 환아군의 비교연구

정동선,하규섭,정희연,구훈정,황준원,김붕년,신민섭,조수철,홍강의 大韓神經精神醫學會 2006 신경정신의학 Vol.45 No.6

Objective : Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is frequently comorbid with a variety of psychiatric disorders. Among them, bipolar disorder (BPD) has especially attracted growing interest. This is partly due to the fact that early onset BPD has been frequently misdiagnosed as ADHD because of symptomatic overlap. The aim of the present study is to find the differences in demographic data and clinical features of ADHD+BPD and ADHD in children and adolescents. Method : Children and adolescents patients participating in the present study have been enrolled at the child psychiatric clinic since 2004. 14 patients meeting the DSM-IV chteria for ADHD+BPD and 19 patients meeting the criteria for ADHD and 15 healthy comparison subjects were recruited. All groups were evaluated through the Schedule for Affective disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Life Time version-Korean version (K-SADS-PL-K). Demographic data and clinical charactehstics of the subjects were also collected. Parents were asked to complete the Child Behavior Check List(CBCL) and the Toddler Temperamental Scale (TTS) clinical ratings were obtained using the Young Mania Rating Scale(YMRS), the Children's Depression Iventory (CDI) and the Dupaul ADHD scale. Clinical variables between ADHD+BPD and ADHD were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. YMRS, CDI, Dupaul ADHD scale (inattention and hyperactivity), CBCL, and TTS among the three groups were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with post-hoc Mann-Whitney U test. Results : 1) ADHD+BPD group had an earlier onset age of ADHD than ADHD group 2) ADHD+BPD group had more co-morbid psychiathc disorders than ADHD group. 3) Compared to ADHD group, ADHD+BPD had more psychiathc family history, especially mood disorders. 4) ADHD+BPD group had prodromal symptoms such as irritability, anger dyscontrol and academic dysfunction, compared to ADHD group who rarely showed prodromal symptoms. 5) ADHD+BPD group had higher ADHD scores than the ADHD group in the Dupaul ADHD inattentive scale. 6) In global functions of CBCL, ADHD+BPD group showed more impaired functions at home and school than ADHD group. 7) In Attention diagnostic system (ADS), ADHD+BPD group had more omission and commission errors than ADHD group, especially in the visual system. 8) In the subtests of the IQ profile, ADHD+BPD group had lower arithmetic and block design scores than ADHD group. Conclusion : Clinicians have to rule out underlying bipolarity in children and adolescents with ADHD who show earlier age of onset and severe clinical features. Bipolarity should be explored intensively in ADHD children and adolescents who have early onset of symptoms and severe functional impairment.

人蔘根中의 無耭成分含量이 人蔘濃縮液의 物理性 및 色度에 미치는 影響

장상문,이진만,김동철,최정 東國專門大學 1997 金龜論叢 Vol.4 No.1

人蔘濃縮額의 製造時에 濃縮額의 品質은 原料人蔘根의 組成에 크게 影響을 받으므로 原料蔘의 品質은 매우 重要하다. 그러므로 原料人蔘根中의 無機成分含量이 人蔘根濃縮額의 品質에 미치는 影響을 調査하였다. 人蔘根中의 Zn 및 Mn의 含量은 人蔘濃縮額의 濁度와 正의 相關이 認定되었다. 人蔘根中의 Zn Mn의 含量은 人蔘濃縮額의 Furfural系 및 紫色系의 色度와 正의 相關이 認定되었다. 人蔘根中의 Mg 및 Cu의 含量은 濁度 및 色度와 負의 相關이 認定되었다.

임대아파트의 내부공간 단위평면 특성에 관한 연구

이재윤,이동우,김경철 三陟大學校 産業科學技術硏究所 2003 産業科學技術硏究論文集 Vol.8 No.2

The apartment is one of the representative city housings and it has contributed not only to the solution for the quantitative lack of housing but also to the improvement of a standard of living. But. in case of the permanent rental housing for the lower income bracket in the city. economical efficiency was the most important thing to consider and the planning was relatively focused on the development of a typical plan for an unspecified number of the general public. Therefore unit plans of apartments has been decided by the floor space for the exclusive use. the number of bedrooms and the mode of composition of rooms. As a result. unit plans of the permanent rental housing became fixed and uniform. In apartment planning. not only the various requirements of resident households must be accepted but also economy and efficiency should be considered at the same time. Recently various unit plans has been studied according to varied requirements of resident households and criticism on uniform unit plans. Accordingly. this study analyzed the unit plans of existing permanent rental housing and suggested the planning Data of permanent rental housing in the near future.

보리를 이용한 가공식품 제조와 그 특성

고정은,양영택,송살철,김정숙,한동휴,고정삼 濟州大學校亞熱帶農業硏究所 1996 亞熱帶農業硏究 Vol.13 No.-

요약 제주산 보리차 및 보리음료 제조를 위한 원료의 일반성분과 무기물을 분석하였으며, 상품화 가능성을 관능검사를 통하여 평가하였다. 일반성분 및 무기물의 분석결과, 원료의 종류에 따라 다소의 차이는 있었으나 대체적으로 표준분석값과 유사하였다. 보리차의 경우 시판하고 있는 회사제품과의 차별화를 위하여 볶음결명자, 볶음옥수수, 살구씨 등을 혼합한 형태의 보리차 기호성을 검토하였다. 볶음보리만을 이용한 보리차보다는 볶음보리에 볶음결명자, 볶음옥수수, 살구씨를 16 : 1.5 : 2 : 0.5의 비율로 각각 첨가한 보리차를 가장 선호하였다. 그리고 볶음 정도에 따라 추출한 보리차의 색깔이 차이를 나타내었으며, 시판하는 보리차의 흡광도가 420nm에서 0.369인데 비하여 볶음정도가 낮은 시제품의 흡광도는 0.182로서 약간 연한 색깔을 선호하였다. 보리음료의 경우, 미숫가루만을 사용할 때는 볶음보리가루 : 물을 1 : 9로 하고 여기에 첨가하는 설탕농도를 9%로 하는 것에 가장 좋은 선호도를 나타내었다. 그러나 볶음보리가루만을 사용한 경우는 향미가 약하여 기호성가 떨어진 반면 미숫가루 : 볶음찹쌀가루 : 볶음콩가루 : 볶음참깨가루를 9 : 0.5 : 0.3 : 0.2의 비율로 혼합한 혼합가루 10g에 설탕 6g의 비율로 사용하는 경우 기호성이 가장 좋았다. 또한, 대용식인 조식시리얼로 미숫가루를 사용하는 경우 미숫가루 : 물을 10 : 4의 혼합비율로 하며, 미숫가루 : 볶음찹쌀가루 : 볶음콩가루 : 볶음참깨가루를 8 : 0.5 : 1.0 : 0.5의 비율로 혼합한 경우 기호성이 가장 좋았다. 미숫가루의 상품화를 위해서는 기호성의 향상을 위한 음용형태에 따른 배합비율의 최적화, 포장디자인 및 포장방법의 개선, 차별화를 위한 홍보 등이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. Summary Chemical analysis of barley and other cereals related to tea and beverage products, and sensory evaluation were investigated. Proximate compositions and inorganic elements contents of raw materials produced in Cheju were similiar to standard values. Blending at the ratio of 16 roasted barley, 1.5 roasted Cassia tora seed, 2 roasted corm, and 0.5 apricot seed was the better, compared to roasted barley only, for barley tea on sensory evaluation. According to the degree of roasting, the color of extracts with boiled water was different. Absorbance at 420nm of commercial barley extracts was 0.369, compared to the value of 0.182 on sample in this experiments. For barley beverage, 10% of roasted barley powder added 9% of sugar was the vest on sensory evaluations However, blending at the ratio of 9 roasted barley powder, 0.5 roasted glutinous rice powder, 0.3 roasted soybean powder, and 0.2 roasted sesame powder, added 6% of sugar, was the best, compared to roasted barley powder only, for barley beverage on sensory evaluations. On 40% of roasted barley powder only, for morning cereals, blending at the ratio of 8 roasted barley powder, 0.5 roasted glutinous rice powder, 1.0 roasted soybean powder, and 0.5 roasted sesame powder was the best on sensory evaluations, compared to roasted barley powder only.

Experimental Comparison Between Front-Side and Rear-Side Signal-Monitoring in RSOA Transistor Outline Can Modules With Monitor-Photodiode and Thermoelectric Cooler

Dong Churl Kim,O-Kyun Kown,Hyun-Soo Kim,Byung-Seok Choi,Ki Soo Kim,Mi-Ran Park,Ki-Hong Yoon,Seung-Hyun Cho,Sang-Soo Lee,Jong Woong Hyun,Dae-Kon Oh,Min-Ho Song,Jeong Soo Kim IEEE 2010 IEEE photonics technology letters Vol.22 No.20

<P>We report on the signal monitoring characteristics in a reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA) transistor outline can with a monitor-photodiode, thermoelectric cooler, and thermistor. Because of spatial hole-burning in the RSOA cavity, a front-side signal-monitoring module exhibits wider windows and better linearity in monitor current to signal power ratio (MCSPR) than a rear-side signal-monitoring module for current variations. In C-band, the average of the MCSPR is about 0.150 A/W and the MCSPR variation on wavelength is about ±0.038 A/W.</P>