Lithium 및 數種 睡眼劑가 家兎 血中酒精濃度에 미치는 影響에 關한 實驗的 硏究

金稔,愼鏞建,李起蘇,白尙昌 大韓神經精神醫學會 1972 신경정신의학 Vol.11 No.4

Lithium has been lately used in the manic-depressive psychosis and other psychotic excitements. Barbiturates have long been widely used as the hypnotics. Non-barbiturate hypnotics such as nitra-zepam and glutethimide has also been used in increasing frequency. It has been lately reported that lithium elevated significantly blood alcohol level in rabbits and that lithium prolonged significantly drug-induced sleep time. In view of these findings, the author conducted an animal experiment to investigate the effects of some barbiturate and non-barbiturate hypnotics, or in combination with lithium, on blood alcohol level in rabbits. Material and Method 1. The experimental work was done with mature rabbits of both sexes, weighing from 2.0kg to 3.0kg. 2. The experimental animals were devided into two groups; control and exprimental group. 3. Control group had two subgroups; alcohol alone group and alcohol+lithium group. And experimental group was devided as follows; alcohol+barbiturates group, alcohol+non-barbiturates group, alcohol+lithium+barbiturates group, alcohol+lithium+non-barbiturates group. (In this study, thiopental sodium, pentothal sodium and amobarbital sodium are barbiturates used, and nitrazepam and glutethimide are non-barbiturates used.) 4. To the experimental animals, hypnotics were administered into marginal ear vein by intravenous injection, or into gluteal muscle by intramuscular injection, or orally in capsules. 5. In alcohol+bariturates group: One among thiopental, pentothal and amobarbital sodium was given intravenously 20mg/kg of body weight, intravenously or intramuscularly at 10minutes before and just before alcohol administration. In alcohol+non-barbiturates group: It was given orally either 1mg of nitrazepam/kg or 50mg of glutethimide/kg of body weight at 30minutes before alcohol administration. 6. Lithium chloride solution, 6.3%, was given in a dose of 3.0mEg/kg of body weight daily for 4 days by intravenous route. The last dose was given 1 hour before alcohol administration. 7. In all groups, 20 vol.% ethanol solution was given intravenously in a dose of 5.0ml/kg of body weight in 5 minutes. 8. Blood specimens were obtained by cardiac puncture at 10 and 30 minutes after alcohol administration. 9. Blood alcohol level was determined by Cavett's method. Results 1. Alcohol+barbituates group: a) In alcochol+thiopental sodium subgroup; Blood alcohol levels in this subgroup were all significantly higher than those in alcohol alone group (p<0.05 or less). b) In alcohol+pentothal sodium subgroup; Blood alcohol levels in this subgroup were all significantly higher than those in alcohol alone group except those in both 30 minutes after alcohol administration by intravenous route just before or at 10 minutes before alcohol administration (p<0.05 or less). c) In alcchol+amobarbital sodium subgroup; Blood alcohol levels in this subgroup were all significantly higher than those in alcohol alone group (P<0.05 or less). 2. Alcohol+non-barbiturates group: In either nitrazepam or glutethimide subgroup; Blood alcohol levels in these subgroups showed statistically no significant change, comparing with these in alone group (P>0.05). 3. Alcohol+lithium group: Blood alcohol levels in this group were all significantly higher than those in alcohol alone group (P<0.05 or less). 4. Alcohol+lithium+barbiturates combined group: a) In thiopental sodium with lithium combined subgroup; Blood alcohol levels in this subgroup were all significantly higher than those in lithium alone group, and showed also statistically significant change comparing whith those in thiopental sodium alone subgroup(P<0.05 or less). b) In pentothal sodium with lithium combined subgroup; Blood alcohol levels in this subgroup were all significantlly higher than those in lithium alone group except the group in which pentothal sodium was given 30 minutes before alcohol administration intramuscularly, and showed also statistically significant change comparing with those in alcohol+pentothal sodium subgroup except the subgroup in which pentothal was given either intravenously at 10 minutes before alchol administration, or pentothal sodium was given by intramuscularly just before alcohol administration (Both 30 minutes value: P<0.05 or less). c) In amobarbital sodium with lithium combined subgroup; Blood alcohol levels in this subgroup were all significantly higher than those in lithium alone group except the group amobarbital sodium was given by intravenous route 30 minutes before alcohol administration (10 minutes value), and showed also statistically significant change comparing with those in amobarbital sodium alone group except that the group amobarbital sodium was given by intravenous route at 30 minutes before alcohol administration (30 minutes value; P<0.05 or less). 5. Alcohol+lithium+non-barbiturates group: In either nitrazepam with lithium combined subgroup or glutethimide with lithium combined subgroup; Blood alcohol levels in these subgroups showed no statistically significant change, comparing with those in lithium alone group (P<0.05), but the alcohol levels were all significantly higher than those in nitrazepam or glutethimide alone subgroup respectively except 10 minutes value of glutethimide alone subgroup (P<0.05 or less). Conclusions 1. The intravenous injection of lithium chloride in a dose of 3.0mEq/kg/day for 4 days elevated significantly blood alcohol level in rabbits at 10 and 30 minutes after alcohol administration. 2. Thiopental sodium, pentotal sodium and amobarbital sodium in barbiturate hypnotics elevated significantly in general on blood alcohol level in rabbits at 10 and 30 minutes after alcohol administration. 3. Nitrazepam or glutethimide (non-barbiturate hypnotics) did not elevate statistically significant on blood alcohol level in rabbits at 10 and 30 minutes after alcohol administration. 4. Thiopental sodium, penthal sodium and amobarbital sodium (barbiturate hypnotics) when given to lithium treated rabbits elevated significantly in general on blood alcohol level respectively at 10 and 30 minutes after alcohol administration, comparing with lithium alone group, or thiopental sodium, pentothal sodium and amobarbital sodium subgroups. It seems that there exists synergic or potentiating effect in these cases. 5. Nitrazepam or glutethimide with lithium did not elevate blood alcohol level at 10 and 30 minutes after alcohol administration comparing with that lithium alone group. but generally showed significant elevation of blood alcohol level then comparing with that nitrazepam or glutethimide alone subgroup. It is suggestive of the fact that lithium alone effect the blood alcohol level in these cases.

소의 대동맥 내피세포에서 산화저밀도 지단백에 의한 아포프토시스에 백일해 독소 및 콜레라 독소가 미치는 영향

손호영(Ho Young Son),강성구(Sung Ku Kang),강무일(Moo Il Kang),차봉연(Bong Youn Cha),이광우(Kwang Woo Lee),장상아(Sang Ah Chang),최윤희(Yoon Hee Choi),문성대(Sung Dae Moon),안유배(Yoo Bae Ahn),손현식(Hyun Sik Son),윤건호(Kun Ho Yoon) 대한내과학회 1999 대한내과학회지 Vol.56 No.5

N/A Objectives : Oxidized LDL is thought to play a key role in atherogenesis. Among their wide variety of biological properties, oxidized LDL injures the endothelium as an early event of atherogenesis. However, the mechanisms by which oxidized LDL injures endothelial cells are not definitely known. In order to evaluate the involvement of GTP-binding protein on the mechanism of apoptosis, we studied the effects of pertussis and cholera toxin on oxidized LDL-induced apoptosis in bovine aortic endothelial cells(BAECs). Methods : Oxidized LDL elicited apoptosis in cultured BAECs as shown by characteristic morphological and biochemical changes. Chromatin condensation and nucleus fragmentation were visualized by using fluorescence microscopy of intact cells staining by acridine orange/ ethidium bromide. DNA fragmentation was quantified by an ELISA with specific antibody for bromodeoxyuridine- labelled DNA fragments and confirmed with DNA ladder formation. Results : Studies using a combination of bacterial toxins which change the function of GTP-binding protein suggest that oxidized LDL-induced apoptosis was regulated by GTP-binding protein. Oxidized LDL-induced apoptosis was not changed by pretreatment of BAECs with pertussis toxin. In contrast, pretreatment with cholera toxin completely prevented the oxidized LDL- induced apoptosis. Conclusion : These results show that oxidized LDL induces apoptosis of BAECs and suggest that cholera toxin-sensitive G-proteins are involved in signal transduction of oxidized LDL-induced apoptosis of BAEC.

Finding key vulnerable areas by a climate change vulnerability assessment

Kim, Ho Gul,Lee, Dong Kun,Jung, Huicheul,Kil, Sung-Ho,Park, Jin Han,Park, Chan,Tanaka, Riwako,Seo, Changwan,Kim, Ho,Kong, Wooseok,Oh, Kyusik,Choi, Jinyong,Oh, Young-Ju,Hwang, Gangseok,Song, Chang-Keun Springer Netherlands 2016 Natural hazards Vol.81 No.3

<P>Extreme climate events such as typhoons, heat waves, and floods have increased in frequency with climate change. Many municipalities within the Republic of Korea (ROK) have experienced damage from these events, necessitating countermeasures. Vulnerability assessment has been suggested in the implementation of a national plan for reducing damage resulting from climate change. Thus, in this study, we assess the vulnerability of the ROK and identify key vulnerable municipalities in support of the national adaptation plan. We create a framework for assessing the vulnerability of all 232 municipalities of the ROK with respect to 32 items in 7 fields. The framework regards decision makers' comprehension and availability of data as important factors. We assess the vulnerability index of each municipality by using variables of climate exposure, sensitivity, and adaptation capacity. The weights of variables are determined by the Delphi method. We used the representative concentration pathways 8.5 climate scenario to reflect future climate exposure for the vulnerability assessment. From the analysis, vulnerability maps are prepared for the 32 items of 7 fields, and key vulnerable municipalities are identified by aggregating the maps. The distribution of vulnerable municipalities changes with the future climate conditions. These maps provide a scientific and objective basis for the ROK government to establish adaptation plans and allocate resources. The ROK government can utilize the results to identify the characteristics of highly vulnerable areas, and municipalities can use the results as a basis for requesting support from the national government.</P>

球狀黑鉛鑄鐵의 鹽浴窒化

張忠根,金水泳,李相益 충남대학교 자연과학연구소 1977 學術硏究誌 Vol.4 No.1

Liquid nitriding is being is used for machine parts to improve fatigue strength and resistance to wear and seizure in spheroidal graphite cist iron. The difference in matrixes with as cast, pesrlite or ferritic structure in the iron has an important effect on nitriding. in the present work, spheroidal graphite cast irons with different matrixes nitrided by the tufftride process at 570 C for 1-6 hrs for a bask study on the nitriding of spheroids1 graphite castiron. The relationship between maximun hardness and nitriding time can be obtained as follows. In ferritic matris, hardness of matrix increased from 250Hv for 6hrs of nitriding time. In pearlite matrix, hardness of matrix increased from 390Hv to 560Hv. for 6 hrs of nitrding time.

단어생성시 기능적 자기공명영상을 통한 운동 언어중추의 국소화

정상욱,김주용,송인찬,이경민,이상건,장기현 대한신경과학회 1998 대한신경과학회지 Vol.16 No.5

웹 환경의 구성 요소를 고려한 보안 문제에 관한 연구

장상철,이진호,정도건 高麗大學校附設 컴퓨터科學技術硏究所 1999 JOURNAL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING TECHNOLO Vol.2 No.-

웹의 출현 이후, 급속한 기술의 발전으로 인해, 어느덧 우리사회의 전통적인 사회적인 프로토콜의 패러다임까지 변화시키기에 이르렀다. 웹의 역할은 이제, 웹 상에서 교환되는 정보의 기밀성뿐만 아니라, 웹을 사용하는 주체들의 안전성까지 보호받아야 될 필요성까지 포함할 정도로 매우 커지고 있다. 즉, 웹상에서 이루어지는 트랜잭션과 트랜잭션을 만들고 있는 객체까지도 보호받아야 될 대상에 포함되었다는 의미하는 것이다. 이를 위해, 실제 발생한 보안 사고들의 문제점과 대응책들이 발표되고 널리 공개되어 왔다. 본 논문에서는 웹환경을 웹클라이언트, 웹서버, 네트워크 프로토콜의 3가지로 크게 분류하여, 지금까지 노출된 웹환경의 전반적인 보안관련 문제점들과 다양한 공격 방법들을, 웹을 구성하고 있는 구성요소별로 살펴보고, 보다 다양한 관점과 넓은 범위에서 문제점을 분석하고 대응책을 제안하였다. The rapid development of technologies in WWW brought us to require new ones from traditional paradigms in our society. Now, the role of WWW has enlarged more and more to keep not only the privacy of data in transmit on WWW, but also the security of subjects who play in WWW. It means that the security should be expanded to include those who make a transaction on the WWW as well as a transaction on the WWW itself. For this, so many accidents happened before and their recommendation patches have been published. In this paper, we classified the WWW environments as 3 composite elements : a web client, a web server, and a network protocol. Also, we analyzed the problems of WWW security and the attacks over the weakness, and, suggested the responses against them in a WWW environmental respect with more views and wider extent.

운전조건에 따른 멀티-히트 펌프의 신뢰도에 관한 연구

이상재,전용호,박종운,김영재,장근선,권영철 선문대학교 2001 공학계열 논총 Vol.4 No.-

본 연구의 목적은 두 실내공간을 가변적으로 냉난방하기 위해 모세관을 이용한 2실 히트펌프를 개발하는 것이다. 멀티형 히트펌프의 다양한 부하변동을 극복할 수 있는 새로운 냉매 회로를 구성하기 위해 전자팽창 밸브와 여러 개의 모세관을 조합한 냉매 제어회로를 설계하였다. 모세관을 이용한 냉매 제어회로를 구성하여 한 대의 압축기로 각기 다른 용량대의 두 공간을 제어할 수 있는 2실 멀티형 히트펌프의 성능 및 신뢰도를 평가하고자 고성능 멀티 칼로리미터를 사용하였다. 정격시험을 통해 얻어진 멀티형 히트펌프의 냉난방능력은 설계기준의 약 93% 정도를 그리고 냉방시험에서는 단독시험이 설계기준의 약 13%정도, 난방시험에서는 동시시험 시 설계기준의 약 5%정도가 향상되었다. In order to develop the multi-heat pump system for two zones with different capacity, the optimum refrigerant control circuit using capillary tubes was designed. The system characteristics of multi-heat pump was investigated from the rating test and the reliability test, by using the multi-calorimeter with a high performance. The results of the rating test showed that the capacity of the multi-heat pump system satisfied about 93% of the design value. In particular, the capacity of cooling single mode increased about 13% and the capacity of heating multi mode increased about 5%, compared to the design value. And the rating refrigerant, the compressor capacity and the accumulator capacity for the multi-heat pump were obtained.

병원표준화심사의 질 향상 관련 항목에 대한 평가와 개산방안

김창엽,이상일,이건세,신영수 한국의료QA학회 1995 한국의료질향상학회지 Vol.2 No.1

Background: Korean Hospital Standardization Program(KHSP), as a hospital accreditation program initiated and promoted by Korean Hospital Association since 1981, has played a key role in the hospital quality improvement in structural aspect particularly. Recently, however, KHSP has been critisized by hospitals and health personnels in that it is unpractical to be utilized as an initiative to improve hospital quality. In particular, the section of quality assurance in KHSP, strongly influenced by old version of Hospital accreditation of Joint Commission in U.S.A., has been required to be fundamentally sevised. For design of new criteria in quality assurance section, a survey for evaluation of existing program and collection of opinions for ideal one was conducted. Methods: For a month in 1994, structured questionnaires were administered by mailing to 470 hospital staffs from 200 hospitals, participated in the survey for the 1994 KHSP in each hospital. The total number of respondents was 116. Results: Less than half of the respondents(34.5%) value positively on the impact of current KHSP in general on the quality improvement of their hospitals. Moreover, most responses indicated that KHSP should be reorganized towards more practical and applicable one. Current KHSP criteria for quality activities in hospitals were regarded as a unpractical one which should be basically renewed. For new criteria and standards, most respondents emphasized the importance of applicability of those in real siuations. Conclusion: For the KHSP to be effective, new evaluation criteria for quality activities should be more practical and fully accommodated to hospital situations in reality.

VDSL 시스템의 Near-Far FEXT 문제를 감소시키기 위한 PBO 방법의 성능평가

김성곤,김창선,이창호,변건식 동아대학교 정보기술연구소 2001 情報通信硏究所論文誌 Vol.9 No.1

VDSL(Very high bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line) is the latest digital subscriber line technique for high speed communication on unshielded twisted-pair wires and offers bit rates up to 52 Mbps for telephone wires shorter than 1500 meters. The need for PBO(Power Back-Off) in the upstream direction of VDSL has recently been recognized in several standardization contributions. When the users are distributed along a cable bundle with different lengths, those furthest away from the central office may have almost no bit rate capacity in the upstream if all modems use the maximal allowed transmit power. This is due to the very strong FEXT(Far-End Crosstalk) that users on short wires introduce to the system. This problem is similar to the near-far problem and power control in CDMA systems. PBO is a way to reduce this problem and achieve a more even distribution of the available capacity among users with different wire lengths. In this paper, three different methods(Constant PBO, Reference length PBO, Reference FEXT PBO) were simulated. As a result, they each have pros and cons, but Reference FEXT PBO is superior to the others.

3분 및 4분 상완골근위부 골절에서의 외반형 및 내반형에 따른 임상적 비교

최창혁,권굉우,김신근,이상욱,신동규,이승진 대한골절학회 2002 대한골절학회지 Vol.15 No.4

목 적 : 수술적으로 치료한 3분, 4분 상완골 근위부 골절을 외반형과 내반형으로 재분류하여 임상적 결과를 비교하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : Neer 분류상 3분, 4분 상완골근위부 골절로 분류된 21례에 대해 수술적 치료를 시행하고 12개월 이상 추시된 증례를 대상으로, 골절부위의 각형성, 상완골두의 방향성, 그리고 우세 전위결절의 양상에 따라 외반형과 내반형으로 재분류하여 UCLA shoulder rating scale에 따른 기능적 평가를 시행하였다. 결 과 : 단순 방사선 소견을 기준으로 Neer의 3, 4분 상완골 근위부골절을 외반형과 내반형 및 각각의 아형(subtype)으로 분류할 수 있었다. 견관절 반치환술을 시술한 2례를 제외하고 분석한 각 그룹의 UCLA 기능적 평가는 외반형에서 양호 이상의 결과가 9례중 8례(89%), 내반형에서 10례중 4례(40%)로 외반형에서 더 우수한 임상적 경과를 보였다. 결 론 : 상완골 근위부 골절에서 골두의 방향성은 골절의 각형성 및 우세 전위결절의 양상과 높은 상관관계를 가졌으며, 내반형의 경우 혈행과 신경장애가 좀더 빈번하고 예후도 불량한 것으로 나타났고, 이러한 경우 수술시 도달 방법, 연부조직 상태에 대한 평가가 더욱 신중하게 고려되어야 할 것으로 생각되었다. Purpose : We reclassified three-and four-part proximal humerus fracture by Neer's classification into valgus & varus type, and compared the results of these groups. Materials & methods : 21 cases classified as three- and four-part fracture in Neer's classifiation were treated surgically and followed for 12 months. We reclassified the 21 cases vlagus and varus type fractures, according to angulation of fractures, facing of humeral head, and dominant displaced tuberosity. Functional evaluation was done by UCLA shoulder rating scale. Results : Neer's three- and four-part proximal humerus fractures could be reclassified based on angulation, facing of humeral head, and dominant tuberosity displacement. The functional results according to UCLA shoulder rating scale were good or excellent in 8 of 9 cases of valgus type(89%), and at 4 in cases of varus type(40%). The clinical result of the valgus type was better than that of the varus type. Conclusion : Based on reclassification system of proximal humerus fractures, clinical results and radiographic findings including angulation, facing of head and domonant tuberosity displacement showed close relationship. Neurovascular complication were more frequent in the varus type. Therefore, careful evaluation including surgical approach and soft tissue status should be considered in the varus type of complex proximal humerus fracture.