다제내성 그람양성균에 대한 Linezolid(Zyvox^(�))의 시험관내 항균력 비교

박대원,정희진,엄중식,황병연,김성범,이재갑,이연주,정혜원,정성주,박재형,이진수,손장욱,김우주,김민자,박승철 대한감염학회 2003 감염과 화학요법 Vol.35 No.5

배경 : MRSA, VRE, VRSA같은 다제 내성 그람 양성균의 등장에 따라 glycopeptide를 대체할 새로운 항생제의 개발이 필요하게 되었고 결과적으로 새로운 항생제인 linezolid라는 항생제가 개발되었다. Linezolid는 이전의 항생제와는 다른 새로운 계열의 oxazolidinone으로 경구 이용률이 우수하다. 원내 및 원외감염의 중요한 원인균이 되고 있는 MRSA, VRE에 대한 적절한 경구용 항균제가 없는 국내에서 폐렴 및 피부 연조직 감염에서 경구용으로 사용해 볼 수 있는 약제이다. 본 연구에서는 고대 구로 병원에서 분리된 MRSA, VRE 등을 대상으로 다른 여러 항균제와 비교한 linezolid의 시험관내 항균력을 조사하고자 하였다. 재료 및 방법 : 연구대상은 1998년 1월부터 2000년 12월까지 본원에서 입원 및 외래를 통하여 피부 연조직 감염증 및 호흡기 감염증, 요로감염증으로 진단된 환자들의 가검물로부터 분리된 MRSA 60균주, VRE 43균주, PRSP 25균주를 액체배지 또는 한천배지 희석법을 통하여 linezolid 및 기타 항균제에 대한 최소발육억제농도를 구하였다. 결과 : 실험에 사용한 S. aureus는 모두 MRSA였고 이들은 linezolid에 대해 MIC_(90) 2㎍/㎖(MIC 범위 1-2㎍/㎖), Enterococcus spp는 모두 VRE로 linezolid의 MIC_(90)은 2㎍/㎖로 MIC 범위는 1-4㎍/㎖였다. 한 개의 균주에서 MIC 4㎍/㎖로 중등도 감수성을 보였으나 MIC breakpoint가 (8㎍/㎖인 내성균주는 없고 모두 감수성을 보였다. S. pneumoniae의 경우 penicillin 내성이었고, linezolid MIC_(90) 1㎍/㎖ (MIC 범위 0.5-1㎍/㎖)로 전부 감수성을 보였다. 결론 : Linezolid는 MRSA를 위시한 VRE, PRSP 등의 다제 내성 그람 양성균에 대하여 우수한 시험관내 항균력을 보임을 알 수 있었다. Background : The emergence of multi-drug resistant Gram-positive cocci, such as MRSA, VRE, and VRSA, necessitated to develop new antibiotics, which could replace the glycopeptide. As a result, a new antibiotics named linezolid was developed. Linezolid is different line of oxazolidinones with a good oral bioavailability, compared to other antibiotics. Since appropriate oral antibiotics are not presently available for MRSA, which is a major cause of nosocomial and community acquired infections, the introduction of linezolid will have favorable effect on treatment of infections such as pneumonia or skin infections. In this study, we investigated the antibiotic effect of linezolid on MRSA and VRE isolated from patients who were treated in Korea University Guro Hospital. Material and Methods : By using broth microdilution and agar dilution method we measured minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) with sixty S. aureus, forty three Enterococcus spp., and twenty five S. pneumoniae isolates from patients who were diagnosed as skin, soft tissue, respiratory, and urinary infections in Korea University Guro Hospital from January, 1998 to December, 2002. Results : All of S. aureus used in this study were MRSA, and MIG_(90) of linezolid was below 2 ㎍/㎖ (MIC ranged between 1-2 ㎍/㎖). All of Enterococcus spp. were VRE, and had MIG_(90) of 2 ㎍/㎖ (MIC ranged between 1 to 4 ㎍/㎖). One of the VRE showed intermediate susceptibility with MIC of 4 ㎍/㎖. However, none was resistant with MIC breakpoint above 8 ㎍/㎖. All of S. pneumoniae were resistant to penicillin, but they were susceptible to linezolid with MICao of 1 ㎍/㎖(MIC range 0.5-1㎍/㎖). Conclusion : In conclusions, linezolid has an excellent in vitro antibiotic effect on multi-drug resistant Gram-positive cocci, such as MRSA, PRSP, and VRE.

Gabriel's Self-Recognition in Joyce's "The Dead"

朴炳珠 忠州大學校 1997 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.32 No.1

제임스 조이스(1882-1941)는 22세에 더블린을 떠나 유럽에서 생활했지만 그의 작품의 대부분은 더블린이 소재가 된다. 약관의 나이에 「더블린사람들」을 써서 작가로서의 역량을 유감없이 보여주었으며 이후 현대영국소설가로서 확고한 위치를 점했다. 이 단편집은 너무 소심하고 순응주의자들이어서 현실을 있는 그대로 직시하지 못하는 사람들에 대한 이야기의 모음집이다. 특히 단편 「즉은 사람들」은 놀랄만한 업적으로 평가된다. 즉 앞 14편의 작품들을 파괴하지 않고 종장으로서 마비의 주제를 일관성 있게 추구하고 있기 때문이다. 조이스 비평에 있어서 핵심주제라고 할 수 있는 더블린사람들의 도덕적. 물질적 마비를 확장해서 자유초절의 모티브까지 연결시키고 있는 이 작품은 열린 결말이 특히 주목된다. 매년 되풀이되는 파티장면이 반 이상의 내용이지만 후반부에 주인공 가브리엘의 자기인식이 이 단편의 이해에 몹시 중요하다. 주인공 가브리엘은 아주머니가 개최한 즐거운 크리스마스 파티에 참석하고 돌아오면 근처의 호텔에서 아내의 사랑을 확인하려는 욕망과 그 좌절을 겪는다. 파티의 손님중 하나가 부른 노래 때문에 아내는 여러 해전 자기를 사랑하다 폐렴으로 죽은 젊은이를 떠올린 것이다. 가브리엘은 그녀가 자신에게 몰입되어 있다고 생각하지만 실상은 다른 남자를 생각하고 있었던 것이다. 아내에 대한 소유욕을 상실하고 마침내 아내에 대한 이해와 자기인식으로 잠이 든다. 개인의 정체성 상실과 그 극복이라는 시각에서 볼 때 이 소설의 주제는 아일랜드의 더블린에 국한된 것이 아니라 현대인의 정신적 위기진단으로 해석한 수 있다. 사회 속에서. 남녀를 제시함과 동시에 개인적 문제를 제시하는 점은 주목할 만하다. 고독한 현대인 가브리엘은 자의식적 문필가로서 국립대학 졸업생이며 대학선생이다. 그는 이 소설의 의식의 중심이며 파티에 참석한 손님들을 사회적 지적 열등자라고 느끼면서 이기적인 만족을 하지만 여러 번 자신의 이기주의가 깨지고 마침내 아내 그레타 때문에 자기인식에 이른다. 아내의 계시에서 받은 충격으로 이기적 자아를 깨닫고 변화한다는 점에서 자기반성적 특질을 보이는 것이다.

공초점레이저주사현미경을 이용한 심미수복재와 상아질의 접착계면에 관한 연구

박병철,조영곤,문주훈 대한치과보존학회 2000 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.25 No.3

The purpose of this study was to evaluate on the interfacial morphology between dentin and restorative materials. In this in vitro study. the cavity wall reiterated with 3 different kinds of tooth colored restorative materials [resin-modified Glass monomer cement (Fuji Ⅱ LC) , composite resin (Z-100) , composer (Dyract)] . The thirty extracted human molar teeth without caries and/or restorations are used. The experimental teeth were randomly divided into three groups of ten teeth each. In each group, Wedge shaped cavities (width: 3mm. length: 2mm, depth: 1.5mm) were prepared at the cementoenamel junction on buccal and lingual surfaces. The adhesive of composite resin were mixed with rhodamine B. Primer of composite resin, Prime & Bond 2.1 of Dyract and liquid of Fuji Ⅱ LC were mixed with fluorescein. In group 1, the cavity wall was treatment with dentin conditioner, and then reiterated with Fuji Ⅱ LC. In group 2, the cavity wall was treatment with Prime & Bond 2.1 and then reiterated with Dyract. In group 3, the cavity wall was etching with 10% maleic acid, applied with primer and bonding agent and then reiterated with Z-100. The interface between dentin and restorative materials was observed by fluoresence imaging with a confocal laser scanning microscope. The results were as follows : 1.In Glass ionomer group, adaptation of resin modified Glass-ionomer restoration against cavity wall is tight, but the crack formed inside of restoration were observed. 2.In Dyract group, the penetration of resin tag is shorter and the width of hybrid layer is narrower than composite resin group. 3.In Z-100 group, primer penetrated deeply through dentinal tubule, Also bonding agent was penetrated along the primer, but the penetration length is shoater than primer part, and in 3-D image. the resin tag is conical shape and lateral branch is observed.

나노구조형 Carbon/TiO_2 광촉매의 제조 및 특성

박수진,김병주,이종문 한국공업화학회 2003 공업화학 Vol.14 No.3

본 연구에서는 나노구조형 cellulose/TiO_2를 탄화시켜 나노구조형 carbon/TiO_2 광촉매를 제조하였으며, 이때 담지체인 carbon과 촉매인 TiO_2의 미세구조가 carbon/TiO_2 광촉매의 광활성에 미치는 영향에 대하여 고찰하였다. Carbon/TiO_2의 제조 과정에 따른 화학적 조성의 변화는 EDS를 통해 알아보았으며, 표면 관능기는 FT-IR을 통하여 분석하였다. 또한 시료의 미세구조와 비표면적은 XRD와 BET를 통해 각각 알아보았으며, 제조한 광촉매의 광활성은 UV하에서 전분 분해실험을 통해 알아보았다. 실험 결과, 탄화과정 후에도 TiO_2상은 anatase형을 취하고 있으며, 제조된 carbon/TiO_2 광촉매는 순수한 TiO_2보다 다소 높은 광활성을 나타내는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이는 탄화과정이 진행됨에 따라 초기 담지체인 cellulose의 질량손실에서 기인된 carbon표면의 TiO_2양의 상대적인 증가와, TiO_2의 결정 크기의 증가로 인한 결정의 광흡수가 증가 때문인 것으로 사료되며, carbon/ TiO_2가 담지체의 특성 때문에 순수한 TiO_2보다 상대적으로 큰 비표면적을 가지기 때문인 것으로 사료되어진다. In this work, nanostructured carbon/ TiO_2 photocatalysts were made by the carbonization of cellulose/ TiO_2 which was prepared by anchoring the TiO_2 on the surfaces of cellulose particles in order to improve the photoactivity of pure TiO_2. The surface properties of the photocatalysts were studied in the context of FT-IR and XRD measurements. The specific surface areas and elemental compositions of the photocatalysts were studied in volumetric N_2/77 K measurement and EDS, respectively. The photoactivities of the photocatalysts were evaluated using a photo-decomposition method under UV light. The experimental results showed that the TiO_2 crystal phases of the carbon/ TiO_2 had an anatase-from revealed by WAXRD. The carbon/ TiO_2 was observed to have a better photoactivity than that of pure TiO_2. This result was probably due to the relatively increased specific surface areas of the carbon/ TiO_2, compared to pure TiO_2 and to the growth TiO_2 crystals that caused increased light absorption of TiO_2 in carbon/ TiO_2.

로렌스의「국화냄새」: 엘리자베스의 자기인식

박병주 韓國交通大學校 2013 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.48 No.-

This paper aims to analyze Lawrence’s ‘Odour of Chrysanthemums’ and identify Elizabeth’s Self Recognition. In reading the short story we must pay attention to Elizabeth’s mental change. During her marriage life she had always complained about her tipsy husband and late home-coming. The sense of her alienation leaded to her discovery about the meaninglessness of their life together. She claims to possess her husband, to shut off the possibility of growth. At last after her husband’s death she realized that she had been wrong to struggle against her husband. ‘Odour of Chrysanthemums’ tells one deep truth: you are what you are: you may make others pay for it and will certainly pay for it yourself. You may be given a moment of vision: usually too late. It is obvious that we can find out the possibility of her change at the end of story.

문화학습을 통한 영어능력향상 방안 : 정의적 의사소통능력을 중심으로

박병주,김재명,조홍섭 忠州大學校 2003 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.38 No.1

This paper aims to explore the relationship between English literature and language teaching. It is often said that teaching English literature does not have a great influence on improving English skills. It is mainly because teachers concentrate on analysing literary works in terms of literary theory and translating English text into Korean. According to recent research, literature is suitable for student-centered education. It is also suitable for a whole language approach, by which four language skills can be developed at the same time. Given that the affective side of language learning contributes in a significant way to enriching learners' language learning, we would like to propose the need for integrating a humanistic approach in this paper. This paper shows that teaching literature based ON AFFECTIVE SIDE OF LEARNER is characterized by cooperative and interactional activities in their relation to such factors as self-esteem, autonomy, and motivation. This paper suggests a paradigmatic shift from traditional approach to affective approach through English literature which emphasizes process, self-esteem, social skills, cooperative learning, dynamic curriculum, intrinsic motivation, meaning based activities. It is important to select a suitable text for increasing a learner's spontaneous pleasure in reading. Literary works written by major authors but not difficult for language learners are recommended in that they satisfy the need of both the course and the learners.

ZnO 투명전도막의 전기적 특성에 미치는 Al₂O₃의 도핑 농도의 효과

박강일,김병섭,이성욱,김현수,이세종,곽동주 경성대학교 공학기술연구소 2003 공학기술연구지 Vol.10 No.-

Al doped Zinc Oxide(ZnO:AI) films, which is widely used as a transparent conductor in optoelectronic devices such as solar cell, liquid crystal display, plasma display panel, thermal heater, and other sensors, were prepared by using the capacitively coupled DC magnetron sputtering method. In this paper the effect of doping amounts of Al₂0₃ on the electrical, optical and morphological properties were investigated experimentally. The results show that the structural and electrical properties of the film are highly affected by the doping. The optimum growth conditions were obtained for films doped with 2 wt% of indium which exhibit a resistivity of 8.5×10^(-4)Ω-cm associated with a transmittance of 91.7 % for 840 nm in film thickness in the wavelength range of the visible spectrum.

황해 동남 해역의 수괴지표성 요각류 및 모악류의 분포와 수괴특성

박주석,이삼석,강영실,이병돈,허성회 동의대학교 기초과학연구소 1993 基礎科學硏究論文集 Vol.3 No.1

Distribution of indicator species of copepods and chaetognaths were studied as an indicator species of water mass in the southeastern area of the Yellow Sea. Undinula darwini, Lucicutia flavicornis, Pleuromamma gracilis, Euchaeta resselli, Euchaeta plana and Sagitta enflata were found to be reliable indicator species for determining warm water mass. Of these species, E. plana and E. russelli have a weak tolerance on the low temperature. Sagitta crassa was indicator species of neritic waters: Sagitta bedoti was that of mixing waters. Centropages agdominalis represented neritic cold waters. In February U. darwini, L. flavicornis, P. gracilis, E. russelli, E. plana and S. enflata occurred in the western waters of Cheju-Do where warm waters over 14℃ occupied. Centropages abdominalis occurred in the northern area beyond Chindo with water temperature less than 10℃. E. plana, E. russelli and S. bedoti were found at the regions between Cheju-Do and Chindo where the water temperature was 12∼14℃ corresponding to the mixing waters. Based on cluster analysis and T-S diagram in February three different water masses were identified from the south to the north. In August, water masses were analyzed at two different layers, 0∼20m and 20m∼bottom layers, separated by thermocline depth. In 0∼20m layer, E plana and E. russelli were found from the western waters of Cheju-Do to Daehuksando. In 20m∼bottom layer, E. russelli and E. plana occurred at the northwestern waters of Cheju-Do with the water temperature warmer than 12℃. C. abdominalis was found at the northern area beyond Chindo. Based on the cluster analysis and T-S diagram in August three different water masses at 0∼20m and 20m∼bottom layers were identified from the coast to the offshore. C. abdominalis was found at the adjacent water of Chindo at 0∼20m layer and the northern area beyond Chindo at 20m∼bottom layer. This fact suggested that the cold water mass existed at the adjacent waters of Chindo in summer.

전통무예의 내재적 가치

박병주 한국스포츠리서치 2004 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.15 No.6

The goal of martial arts is to experience the meaning of life to change human. Training of martial arts requires total immersion of mind. Through the training of martial arts, we can cultivate strong power of concentration demanding mental concentration, patience to overcome the limit of physical strength, self-control to conquer himself, and courage to overcome fear over opponent. Therefore, it is valuable to cherish the great meaning and intrinsic value of traditional martial arts.

신합성 물질인 Protein kinase A 억제제, H-87의 MDR1 유전자 발현의 조절

박주인,김선희,정병선 부산대학교 유전공학연구소 1992 분자생물학 연구보 Vol.8 No.-

In this study, we examined the effect of H-87, specific inhibitor of protein kinase A, on in vitro sensitivities of mouse leukemia cell line P388 resistant to several antitumor agents. H-87 significantly potentiated the cytotoxic effects of ADM, VCR and VBL on P388 cells resistant to these antitumor agents. Thus we examined the mechanism of overcoming multidrug resistance by H-87. In northern blot analysis, H-87-treated resistant P388 cell lines showed less MDR1 gene expression than untreated control cells. As a result of CAT assay, the expression of MDRI promoter was inhibited by H-87 in a concentration-dependent manner. To compare the effect of H-87 with that of staurosporine(PKC inhibitor), we examined the effect of staurosporine on in vitro sensitivities of mouse leukemia cell line resistant to several antitumor agents. The expression of MDR1 gene in multidrug resistant P388 cells was decreased by staurosporine. The activity of MDR1 promoter was increased by TPA(PKC activator) and forskolin(adenylate cyclase activator). Therefore, we speculate that PKA and PKC may play important roles in the regulation of MDRI gene expression.