현암 김종희 회장의 생애와 경영이념 연구

김성수(Sung Soo Kim) 한국경영사학회 2009 經營史學 Vol.52 No.-

이 논문은 한국 화약산업의 개척자 한화그룹의 창업주 현암 김종희 회장의 생애와 경영활동 연구를 통한 경영이념 및 신 기업가정신(New Entrepreneurship)을 발굴하는 데 목적을 두었다. 현암 김종희 회장은 1922년 11월에 출생하여 1981년 7월(59세)에 영면 하였다. 비교적 짧은 생을 살았지만, 현암 김종희 회장은 1952년 30세 때에 화약산업의 불모지인 한국에서 한국화약㈜을 창업하였다. 그는 ‘다이너마이트’ 생산의 성공으로 혁신적인 화약류 국산화의 꿈을 실현한 훌륭한 기업가이다. 그는 한화그룹의 창업주로서 화약, 석유화학, 기계, 호텔, 건설, 무역 등 생전에 17개의 대기업집단을 이룬 창업 CEO이다. 그는 신의와 혁신, 도전과 개척 정신 그리고 변혁적 리더십 소유의 기업가로, 한국의 화약산업 개척자로서 화약산업사의 역사적 인물로 부각되며, 우리나라 화약산업의 기업 가사 연구의 중요한 경영사학적 사례를 제공한 기업인으로 평가된다. 그는 생애 경영활동을 통하여 사업보국 이념을 중심으로 ‘신용과 의리 그리고 봉사’로서 인류사회에 공헌하고자 하는 경영이념을 실현한 기업가이다. 특히 사업보국을 이념으로 발굴된 그의 신 기업가정신은 이 연구에 큰 의미를 준다. 즉, (1) 신의정신, (2) 도전과 개척정신, (3) 책임정신, (4) 근검절약정신, (5) 합리주의 정신, (6) 창의와 혁신정신, (7) 인재육성정신 등 7개의 기업가정신으로 나타나고 있다. 그리고 그의 혁신적 기업인 상은 (1) 인간성 중시의 변혁적 리더십을 소유한 기업인으로 대표되며, (2) 정도경 영을 실천한 기업인 (3) 경영이념(사업보국주의)을 통한 생산성 향상 정신을 실천한 기업인, (4) 혁신경영과 기술개발 노력을 실천한 기업인, (5) 위기극복과 문제점 해결능력을 갖춘 기업인 등으로 평가된다. 특히 (6) 국익증대의 선봉에 선 민간 외교관, (7) 스포츠 강국을 꽃피운 체육계의 거목이라는 경영인 상을 가진 기업가로도 높이 평가된다. The purpose of this study is to explore the chairman Chong-Hee Kim’s life and Managerial ideology, founder of Hanwha group. This research was to Highlight the entrepreneurship of chairman Chong-Hee Kim of Korea explosive founded (currently Hanwha Corp. Explosive Division), who carries the management principle which focuses on the devotion to business patriotism of social responsibility by providing best products and services with talent and technology. Also it aimed to revisit the life and the management principle of chairman Chong-Hee Kim who, with the business patriotism of righteousness and sense of mission, tried to found korea’s first gunpowder corporation. This research was mainly divided into two parts:literature-history research method and managerial history research method, and it analyzed the managerial accomplishment chronically according to the literature history documents, and managerial history method. This study took 12 months in which the document collecting process, writing process, and 6 party joint research processes were completed. The content of the research divided and categorized chairman Chong-Hee Kim’s life and managerial principle in the following order:(1) Social back ground at time of his birth (2) Elementary, middle and high school education in his teenage period (3) Business career begins (age 20-30) in his adolescent (4) 30s (age 31-40):president inauguration of the korea explosive founded, (currently Hanwha corp.explosive division), and his management his managerial growth process in his early adult life, in case, oct, 1952 korea explosive founded (gunpowder corp), oct, 1955 Incheon explosive plant acquired, jan,1959 all domestics industrial explosive suppled by korea explosives (5) 40s (age 41-50):his managerial revolution process in his middle the prime of the life, in case, Jan, 1964 Shinhan bearing industrial acquired, Nov, 1969 Kyungin energy established (6) 50s (age 51-59):genius management and establishment of the leading corporation in the Korean defense industrial and diversified management in his latter the prime of the life. In case, dec,1972, Hankook plastics industrial established, sept, 1974, union polymer established (currently Hanwha polydreamer), may 1975, Cheon-an Bukil foundation established, may 1976, sundo securities acquired (currently Hanwha securities). Next, the entrepreneurship through chairman Chong-Hee Kim’s managerial creed and ideology was examined. The 7 elements of Chong-Hee Kim’s new entrepreneurship of business patriotism that were examined are as follows : (1) Spirit of faithfulness (2) Spirit of challenge and pioneer (3) Responsibility for the fulfillment of obligation (4) Spirit of diligence and frugality (5) Spirit of rationalism for management (6) Spirit of creative and Innovation (7) Spirit of corporative social responsibility and service to society His entrepreneurship is based on the transformational leadership of rich humanity and management of righteousness, he is pioneer of schumpeter’s (J.A), and the creative entrepreneur who seeks for Innovation. The management philosophy of Hanwha (chong-hee, kim) is embedded in the Hanwha TRI circle ; the three circles Represent Trust, Respect and Innovation, respectively. They are the three pillars of how it’s conduct our business. Vision of Hanwha (chong-hee, kim) is just as committed being trustworthy, respected and Innovative as a responsible member of society as the Hanwha be to becoming dynamic global enterprise. As symbolized in the Hanwha TRI Circle, Trust, Respect and Innovation are core value as its interact with customer, serve our community and improve the everyday lives of people in general.

서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria Gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1996)

김재홍,황동규,전재홍,김윤석,김중환,김용준,이창균,임동진,김현수,조창근,김경문,박상훈,전우형,김희성,이호정,차명수,김갑형,김형석,김석우,황지환,박병순,권오상,이민수,송기훈,성소영,이인섭,부태성 대한화학요법학회 1999 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.17 No.2

Background : In recent years, gonorrhea has been panedemic and remains one of the most commom STDs in the world, especially in developing countries. Objective & Methods: For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of PPNG, we have been trying to study the patients who have visited the VD Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by means of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. Results: In 1996, 139 strains of N. gonorrhoeae were isolated, among which 53(39.0%) were PPNG. Conclusion: Our results suggests that after a peak of 74.3% in 1993, the prevalence of PPNG in Seoul is gradually declining.

서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1997)

김재홍,문득곤,김정수,김용준,임동진,박상훈,김희성,이민수,송기훈,김갑형,김형석,성소영,이인섭,김석우,황지환,조창근,김경문,부태성 대한화학요법학회 2000 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.18 No.3

Background : In recent years, gonorrhea has been pandemic and remains one of the most common STDs in the world, especially in developing countries. Objective & Methods : For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of PPNG, we have been trying to study the patients who have visited the Venereal Disease Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by means of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. Results : In 1997. 99 strains of N. gonorrhoeae were isolated, among which 45(45.5%) were PPNG. Conclusion : The prevalence of PPNG in Seoul, which had been decreased to 39% in 1996 after a peak of 74.3% in 1993, is increased to 45.5% in 1997.

김재철 회장의 생애와 기업가정신 연구

김성수(Sung soo Kim) 한국경영사학회 2009 經營史學 Vol.50 No.-

이 논문의 목적은 “성실한 기업활동으로 사회정의 실현”과 “도전과 정도경영”에 바탕을 둔 동원그룹의 창업자 김재철 회장의 생애와 경영활동을 통한 기업가 정신(Entrepreneurship)을 발굴하는 데 있다. 김재철 회장은 1969년 34세때 동원산업(주)를 창업한 현재(2009년 4월)까지 40여년간 한국수산업계를 선도해온 창업자이면서 전문경영자(CEO)이며, 식품산업으로 시작하여 1차산업에서 2차산업으로 그리고 3차산업의 금융 및 서비스산업까지 사업다각화로 동원그룹을 세계적(Global)기업으로 발전시킨 창조적, 혁신주의 기업가이다. 이러한 동원그룹의 김재철 회장의 연구는 다음과 같은 네 가지의 중요성을 가지고 있다. 첫째, 동원그룹 창업자 김재철 회장의 생애와 경영이념을 고찰하여, 동원창업자의 Entrepreneurship을 발굴하여, 한국기업가사 연구의 체계적 정립을 마련하는 데 있다. 둘째, 동원 김재철 회장은 슘페터(J. A, Schumpeter)가 지적한 혁신적(Innovation) 경영활동을 적용해서 “동원경영학”의 정립을 체계화시키는 데 노력하고 있다는 점이다. 셋째, 대표적 수산업의 CEO 김재철 회장 경영활동을 통하여 “동원수산경영”의 발전과정을 경영사학계에 보급시키고자 하는 기초자료 제공에 있다. 넷째는 앞으로 해양수산업의 관리자 및 CEO가 되고자하는 청소년 및 대학생들에게 기업가 정신(Entrepreneurship)의 중요성을 인식케 하는 기초자료를 제공하는 데 있다. 본 논문은 경영사연구방법론을 채택하였다. 경영사의 개척자인 미국하버드 경영대학원(Harvard University, Graduate School of Business Administration=HBS) 경영사 교수인 그라스(Norman Scott Brien gras)와 챈들러(Alfred, D. Chandler)박사 등이 개발하고 활용하여 전 세계 학계에 보급한 ‘경영사연구방법론’을 도입하여 활용하였다. 이에 따라 동원의 김재철 회장이 추구하는 가치와 정신은 고객/주주 제일주의, 1등주의, 현금흐름주의 등이며, 21세기 그의 정신은 (1) 창조정신, (2) 열성정신, (3) 도전정신 등 ‘Candoism’으로 요약된다. 또한 그의 기본사상은 (1) from the basic(기본의 철저한 준수) (2) fact finding(현장주의 업무수행 자세) (3) global standard(국제수준의 업무품질) 등으로 나타났다. 그리고 성실한 기업 활동으로 사회정의 실현을 선도하는 가치는 (1)생활문화의 New Leader로서 위상을 향상시키는 사업가치 (2) 고객을 존중하고 만족시키며, 동원그룹을 창조기업으로 승화시키는 고객가치 (3) 1등주의 인재육성과 성과조직을 인적자원관리의 최우선으로 하는 인재가치 등을 확인할 수 있었다. This study was to highlight the entrepreneurship of chairman Jae-Chul Kim the founder of Dongwon Industries Co., Ltd, who carries the management principle which focuses on the devotion to under the realization of social justice, the function of the enterprise will be done in honesty and loyalty. Dongwon creates fresh and new experiences into the customers’ lives. it will be the prime company that leads the lifestyle culture in the 21st century. Also it aimed to revisit the life and the management principle of chairman Jae-Chul Kim who, with the new management, tried to found world’s first human corporation social responsibility. This study was mainly divided into two parts:literature-history research method and managerial history research method, and it analyzed the managerial accomplishment chronically according to the literature history documents, and managerial history method. this research took 8 months in which the document collecting process, writing process, and 7 party joint research processes were complete. The content of the research divided and categorized chairman Jae-Chul Kim’s life stages and managerial principles in the following order:(1) social back ground at the time of his birth (2) elementary, middle and high school education in his teenage period (3) university and establishment of oneself in life, one’s youth period is the time of adventure and daring (4) president inauguration and the foundation of the Dongwon Industries Co., Ltd and his management and his managerial growth process in his early adult life, (5) genius management and new experience creator-Dongwon group of the leading enterprise in the world in his latter adult life Next, the entrepreneurship through chairman Jae-Chul Kim’s managerial principle was examined. The 10 element of Jae-Chul Kim’s new the Entrepreneurship that were examined are as follows : (1) Spirit of a Sincerity and Credit (2) spirit of creativity and Innovation (3) spirit of earnestness (4) spirit of challenge and cultivation(development). (5) spirit of customer satisfaction (6) spirit of human respect (7) spirit of Justice (right) management (8) spirit of responsibility and autonomous(self-control) (9) spirit of stage management or artistic management (10) spirit of corporate social responsibilities. Dongwon corporation’s chairman Jae-Chul Kim carries the entrepreneurship principles such as (1) management that gives happiness to the customers (2) management that respects people (3) management that creates new value (4) living up to the fundamental principle (5) applying significance to even a small matter (6) challenging any new tasks, etc. His entrepreneurship is based on the righteous managerial spirit, known as “I need to be the challenge and innovation”, which aims to reflect the past and analyze today’s critical situation. especially his righteous managerial spirit is leading the Dongwon Group as the global corporation through Business ethics, humanity, innovation, etc. therefore, he is pioneer of Schumpeter’s(J.A), and the creative entrepreneur who seeks for innovation. He is reviewed as one of the greatest 21st century manager who carries these 6 characteristics:(1) artistic mind of stage management (2) positive mind (3) emphasis on self-changing (4) faith and trust (5) keeping endurance and rule (6) having courage not to be afraid of failure (7) emphasis on social contribution.

한국인 직무 스트레스 측정도구의 개발 및 표준화

장세진,고상백,강동묵,김성아,강명근,이철갑,정진주,조정진,손미아,채창호,김정원,김정일,김형수,노상철,박재범,우종민,김수영,김정연,하미나,박정선,이경용,김형렬,공정옥,김인아,김정수,박준호,현숙정,손동국 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Background and Purposes: Over the past three decades, numerous studies performed in Korea have reported that job stress is a determinant risk factor for chronic diseases and work disability. Every society has its own culture and occupational climate particular to their organizations, and hence experiences different occupational stress. An occupational stress measurement tool therefore needs to be developed to estimate it objectively. The purpose of this study is to develop and standardize the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) which is considered to be unique and specific occupational stressors in Korean employees. Subjects and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project: 2002-2004). A total of 12,631 employees from a nationwide sample proportional to the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were administered. The KOSS was developed for 2 years (2002-2004). In the first year, we collected 255 items from the most popular job stress measurement tools such as JCQ, ERI, NIOSH and OSI, and 44 items derived from the a qualitative study (depth interview). Forty-three items of KOSS, in the second year, were retained for use in the final version of the KOSS by using Delphi and factor analysis. Items were scored using conventional 1-2-3-4 Likert scores for the response categories. Results: We developed eight subscales by using factor analysis and validation process: physical environment (3 items), job demand (8 items), insufficient job control (5 items), interpersonal conflict (4 items), job insecurity (6 items), organizational system (7 items), lack of reward (6 items), and occupational climate (4 items). Together they explained 50.0% of total variance. Internal consistency alpha scores were ranged from 0.51 to 0.82. Twenty-four items of the short form of the KOSS (KOSS-SF) were also developed to estimate job stress in the work setting. Because the levels of the subscales of occupational stress were gender dependent, gender-specific standard norms for both the 43-item full version and the 24-item short form using a quartile for the subscales of KOSS were presented. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that KOSS might be an appropriate measurement scale to estimate occupational stress of Korean employees. Further and more detailed study needs to be conducted to improve the validity of this scale.

제한된 적응증의 대퇴골 간부 골절에 사용된 역행적 골수정 삽입술

김성중,오창욱,인주철,김희수,전인호,경희수,박일형,김경훈 대한골절학회 2003 대한골절학회지 Vol.16 No.1

목 적 : 전향적 골수강내 고정술로는 치료가 힘들었던 대퇴골 간부 골절에 대해 역행적 골수강내 고정술을 시행한 후 그 결과를 분석하였다. 연구 대상 및 방법 : 대퇴골 간부 골절로 진단 후 슬관절에서 역행적으로 비확공성 골수강내 금속정(Unreamed femoral nail, Synthes R)으로 치료한 환자 중 최소 1년 이상 추시(평균; 21개월, 범위; 13개월-28개월)가 가능하였던 21명 24례의 환자를 대상으로 임상적, 방사선학적 평가를 시행하였다. 남자가 16명, 여자가 5명이었으며, 수술시 평균 연령은 41세(18-76세)이었다. Winquist-Hansen의 분류상 제1형이 10례, 제2형이 5례, 제3형이 3례, 제4행이 6례 이었으며, 전 례에서 동반된 골절 손상이 있었으며, 적용된 적응층에 따르면 동측 경골 골절이 8명, 동측 근위 대퇴골 골절)경부 및 전자부 골절) 5명, 동측 골반부 및 비구 골절 4명, 양측 대퇴골 골절 3명, 동측 슬관절 손상이 1명이었다. 방사선 소견상 골유합 시기 및 불유합, 부정유합 등을 평가하였고, 임상적 평가는 슬관절의 동통을 포함한 Neer 등에 의한 방법을 이용하였다. 결 과 : 대부분(87.5%)에서 일차적인 골유합을 얻을 수 있었으며, 평균 골유합 기간은 15.8주(범위; 12-20주)이었다. 추가적인 술식이 요구된 지연유합 또는 불유합은 3례가 있었으며, 그 외 ㎝ 이상의 단축이나 10도 이상의 부정유합 술 후 슬관절 감염 또는 불안정성이 발생한 경우는 없었다. 슬관절의 운동 평가에서 Neer score는 평균 86.9점으로, 모든 례에서 양호한 결과를 나타내었다. 평균 슬관절 운동영역은 120.2도 이었고, 3례에서 경미한 슬관절 동통을 나타냈다. 결 론 : 역행성 골수정은 동측 하지의 동반된 골절이나 다발성 골절이 있는 환자에서 대퇴골 간부 골절에 대하여 제한적으로 이용될 수 있는 유용한 방법으로 사료된다. Purpose : This is a retrospective study to analyze the results after retrograde intramedullary(IM) nailing in femoral shaft fractures with limited indications. Materials and Methods : Twenty-four femoral shaft fractures(21 patients) were operated with unreamed IM nail(Unreamed femoral nail, SynthesR) in a retrograde method and were followed for more than 1 years. There were 16 men and 5 women, and the mean age at index operation was 41 years (range 18-76 years). In Winquist-Hansen classifications, there were 10 of type Ⅰ, five of type Ⅱ, three of type Ⅲ, and ix of type Ⅳ. All the patients had associated fractures or injuries, and there were eight ipsilateral tibia fractures, five ipsilateral proximal femoral fractures(including neck and trochanter), four ipsilateral pelvic or acetabular fracture, three bilateral femoral fractures, and one ipsilateral knee injury according to the used indication, and clinical evaluation with Neer's criteria was done. Results : Most fracture(87.5%) were primarily united cases, and the mean time for union was 15.8% weeks(range 12-20 weeks). Three cases of delayed union or nonunion were developed, but a shortening over 1㎝ or malunion over 10 degrees angular deformity were not found. Evaluating the knee functions, the Neer score wes 86.9 in average and all the cases were above satisfactory grade. The average range of knee motion was 120.2 degrees, and the mild knee pain was developed in three cases. Conclusion : The retrograde IM nailing can be a useful option for femoral shaft fracture with limited indications, including ipsilateral fractures of other areas or multiple fractures.

사용종료매립지 환경현황 및 사후관리대책

김은호,박진식,김정권,안종수,성낙창,김수생,박출재 동아대학교 환경문제연구소 1996 硏究報告 Vol.19 No.1

In this study, we can be obtained the following conclusions about the present environmental conditons and the post management of the expired landfill. 1. The component ration in paper, vinyl·plastic and leather·rubber of combustible amounts to much more than others. In the future, decompositions will be delayed considerably, due to these. 2. Except heavy metals in leachate, each of analysis value change considerably, but are equal to the component of general leachate. 3. The soils of lower part in landfill do not differ greatly from surrouding soils. soil pollutions with heavy metals in general domestic waste proved to be concerned greatly. 4. All of landfill facilites are poor in enviromental, and the post management is rearly controlled, so the proper countmeasure preparation is urgent.

클럽 샤프트(Club Shaft) 특성에 따른 골프 스윙(Golf Swing)동작 분석

김성일,김기형,김형수,이현섭,김진욱,안찬규,김희진 한국운동역학회 2002 한국운동역학회지 Vol.12 No.2

본 연구는 클럽 샤프트의 대표적인 재질인 그라파이트(graphite)의 유연한(flexible) 클럽 샤프트(club shaft)의 특성에 따라 피험자가 운동학적(kinematics) 요인이 되는 관절의 각변위, 각속도, 각가속도, 클럽헤드의 속도와 가속도와 같은 변인들이 어떻게 적응하는지 비교 분석하여 보다 효율적인 드라이버 선택에 도움을 주며 샤프트 특성에 따른 신체관절의 움직임에 대한 자료를 제시하고자 하였다. 고속 카메라 2대의 속도는 500fps로 하였고 각 regylar,stiff, x-stiff, 자신의 클럽을 포함 각 4개의 클럽을 사용하여 각 클럽당 3번씩 촬영하였으며 목표방향에서 20m이상 벗어나는 경우의 촬영은 다시 촬영하였다. 본 연구에서는 디지타이징(digitizing)을 신체 9개 마커는 강체로 가정된 클럽과 신체분절 모델로 정의하였으며 2 대의 카메라(500fps)로부터 얻은 avi화일을 컴퓨터에 저장하고 자료로부터 Butterworth 6th order recursive digital filter를 사용하여 1차 자료를 smoothing 하고 DLT를 이용하여 3차원 좌표를 구성하도록 한다. 좌표값을 얻기 위하여 kwon3d v3.0을 이용하였다. 본 실험은 피험자 스스로 클럽의 특성에 따라 스윙의 속도를 달리 하기 때문에 스윙의 시간이 달라지며 어느 정도 클럽이 강성에 따라 스윙시간이 빨라지는 결과로 나타났다. 이것은 피험자가 샤프트가 강성(stiffness)에 따라 스윙 속도를 빨리 하게 되는 원인이 되는 것으로 생각된다. 어깨의 각변위는 클럽이 regular의 경우 임팩트에서 각속도를 계속 유지하고 있으며 stiff, x-stiff의 경우에는 어깨의 움직임이 임팩트에서 급격하게 감소되는 것을 알 수 있다. 이것은 팔의 동작과 클럽의 힘을 크게 하기 위한 동작으로 생각된다. 어깨 각속도는 클럽이 stiff할수록 각속도가 큰 감속하는 것으로 나타났다. 손목속도는 regular 클럽의 경우 손목의 감속이 늦게 되고 임팩트에서 손목의 감속이 적게 하는 것으로 나타났으며 stiff와 x-stiff의 클럽에서 임팩트 시에 순간적인 감가속으로 인해 클럽의 속도를 증가시키고 있다. 임팩트 시에 손목의 감가속은 클럽헤드의 임팩트 시 속도를 증가시키는 결과를 보였다. 클럽헤드는 regular 클럽이 임팩트전에는 속도 증가가 커지는 결과와 일치된 결과를 보이고 있다. The purpose of this study was to find the rational method to analyze golf swing with specific property of club shaft. Three subjects were filmed by two high speed digital cameras with 500fps. The phase analyzed was downswing of each subject. The three-dimensional coordinates of the anatomical landmarks were obtained with motion analysis system Kwon3d 3.0 version and smoothed by lowpass digital filter with cutoff frequency 6Hz. From these data, kinematic and kinetic variables were calculated using Matlab(ver 5.0) The variables for this study were angular velocity and accelerations, which were calculated and following conclusions have been made : 1) Golf swing time of stiff club is faster than that of regular club. 2) In shoulder joint motion of swing with the stiff club, x-stiff showed mort rapid negative acceleration than that of regular club. 3) In regular club, the velocity of club head would be more effective velocity, which was increasing, than those of other clubs before impact. 4) In wrist joint motion of swing with stiff club, x-stiff club showed faster than regular club in the downswing and impact more rapid negative acceleration.

糞尿와 都市 廢棄物과의 混合處理에 대한 硏究 (Ⅰ) : 肥料化를 中心으로한 實驗室的 考察 Experimental study for the fertilization

金熙鐘,金相烈,金秀生,孫晋彦,金燦國,成周慶,吳英敏 동아대학교 환경문제연구소 1977 硏究報告 Vol.1 No.1

우리나라에 있어서 都市廢棄物의 主인 糞尿와 固形廢棄物의 太宗인 無煙炭재를 同時에 效果的으로 處理할 수 있고 또한 堆肥化시킬 수 있는 好氣性 酸化方式의 最適條件을 얻기 위하여 生糞尿 및 煉炭재의 理化學的 및 生物學的 數値를 測定하고 이를 基礎로하여 上記 兩者를 混合處理 할수 있는 消化條件(溫度, 糞尿와 煉炭재의 配合比, 기타 固形物의 添加量, 注入되는 空氣量의 變化)에 따른 C.O.D., B.O.D.의 變化, 水分 및 電氣傳導度의 變化, 熱灼減量, N量의 變化 等을 硏究하였으며 이들 사이의 相關關係를 檢討하여 다음과 같은 結論을 얻었다. 1. 生糞尿에 固形廢棄物인 煉炭재나 紙類를 配合시켜 消化시키므로서 케이크속의 질소成分의 量을 增加 시킬수 있다. 2. 煉炭재의 配合은 糞尿의 消化速度를 增加 시킨다. 3. 糞尿의 處理를 위한 反應槽의 溫度는 50℃보다 60℃로 維持 시킬때 消化速度가 크다. 4. 反應槽의 溫度를 一定하게 했을때 空氣의 注入速度는 初期 反應時는 적게하고 後期 反應時는 크게 함이 效果的 이다. For the effective treatment and usable disposal of urban wastes in the area of Busan city, the composition of the nightsoil and anthracite bulky ash which is the main munic ipal solid wastes have been studied on the digestion of the compositive mixtures with the variable conditions that are ratio of compounding between nightsoil and ash, amount of solid additives and volume of air for the effective airation at 50, 65℃. The digestion has been detected by the physico-chemical and biological data; pH, specific gravity, content of moisture, C.O.D., B.O.D., electroconductance of the solution of the results, decrease of nition, and volume of total free nitrogen etc. The results are obtained as follows. 1) The characteristics of domestic nightsoil are different to the foreign data as table 5, but the data of anthracite ash almost are same except the composition of Fe₂O₃ and Al₂O₃. 2) Amount of total free nitrogen are increased by the digestion with the addition of solid waste, as effective absorption, to the nightsoil. 3) The digestion are accelerated by the compounding of ash, but the adding of sulfuric acid to fix the free ammonia reduced reaction. 4) The airation have to proceed slowly at initial step, and then endure enough volume of air at the later step.

Caffeine이 지구성 운동 수행능력에 미치는 영향과 억제성 아미노산에 의하여 활성화되는 이온통로의 조절작용

김은경,김영표,천병옥,이계영,김연정,임백빈,조영욱,김창주,김성수 대한스포츠의학회 1999 대한스포츠의학회지 Vol.17 No.1

To investigate the effect and mechanism of caffeine on endurance exercise, two experiments were performed. First, to test caffeine effect on aerobic exercise, 200-300g Sprague-Dawley rats were used and three groups, control group, low caffeine injection group and high caffeine injection group, were divided. Blood smpling by heart puncture were done at rest, after 30 min treadmill exercise, and after maximal exercise. Blood glucose, free fatty acid concentration were detected and following results were obtained. Glucose concentration showed significant difference between groups(p=0.0305) and also significant changes were exhibited between time(p=0.0004). Free fatty acid concentration had no difference between groups. but had significance between times(p=0.00065). Exercise endurance performance time showed significant difference(p=0.02350 in high caffeine injection group compared to control group. In this experiments, endurance exercise capacity was increased by caffeine injection. Therefore, second experiment was performed to investigate the effect of caffeine on ion current induced inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter. GABA and glycine. Single periaqueductal gray neuron was acutely dissociated and nystatin perforated patch clamp was performed under voltage clamping condition. Caffeine evoked outward current in PAG neuron dose dependent manner. 1mM of caffeine application had no response. but 3mM caffeine evoked about 32.5±8.539pA outward ion current and 10mM caffeine evoked about 215.46±19.4pA outward current. 10^-2mM GABA activated Cl￣current and recorded by inward current. Caffeine inhibited GABA activated Cl￣ current concentration dependent manner. 10^-2mM of caffeine had no effect on 1-^-2mM of GABA response. but 10^-1mM caffeine inhibited GABA activated Cl￣ current about 5.74±2.13%, 1mM caffeine inhibited about 17.25±2.70%, 10mM caffeine inhibited GABA response about 45.31±7.71%. 10^-1mM of glycine activated Cl￣ current and also recorded by inward current. Caffeine inhibited glycine activated Cl￣ current concentration dependent manner. 10^-2mM caffeine decreased glycine activated Cl￣ current about 4.61±1.650%, 10^-1mM caffeine decreased about 6.49±2.24%, 1mM caffeine decreased about 26.82±4.27%, and 10mM caffeine decreased glycine response about 94.47±1.39%. These results suggest that caffeine inhibite inhibitory amino acid, GABA and glycine, this response causes excitation of CNS and this seems to be the basic mechanism of increasing effect to aerobic exercise performance by caffeine.