아침형-저녁형의 측정을 위한 한국어판 조합척도의 교차 타당화

이형영,윤진상,국승희 大韓神經精神醫學會 1999 신경정신의학 Vol.38 No.2

연구목적 : 일주기 리듬의 유형을 분류하는 설문지는 일주기 리듬을 연구하고, 교대근무의 적응력을 예측하기 위해 개발이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 Smith 등 (1989)의 조합척도를 한국어판으로 표준화한 윤진상 등(1997)의 한국어판 조합척도(Korean translation of Composite Scale : KtCS)를 실제 직장인들에게 적용할 수 있는 지를 확인하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 간호사 115명(순환교대 근무자 85명, 주간고정 근무자 70명)과 여대생 247명을 대상으로 KtCS와 생활습관 설문지(Life Habit Questionnaire : LHQ)를 배포하였다. 간호사 군과 여대생 군 각각에 대해 KtCS 점수의 분포도를 검증하고 백분위 10이하의 점수를 받은 군을 저녁형, 백분위 90이상의 점수를 받은 군을 아침형, 그 중간의 점수를 받은 군을 중간형으로 정의하였다. 두 군 각각에서 KtCS 점수의 내적 일치도를 구하고, 요인 분석을 하였으며, 일주기 리듬의 유형에 따른 생활습관의 차이를 분석하였다. 결 과 : 간호사 군과 여대생 군 각각의 KtCS 점수는 부적으로 편포되어 있었으나 유의하지는 않았고, KtCS의 평균점수에서도 유의한 차이가 없었다. 간호사 군에서 Cronbach alpha는 .836이었으며, “취침과 가상의 선호시간”, “아침의 각성”, “기상시간”의 세 요인이 추출되었는데, 문항 11이 요인 1에 추가적으로 부하된 경우 외에는 본 연구의 여대생 군 및 윤진상 등 (1997)의 요인분석 결과와 거의 동일하였다. 여대생 군에서 KtCS의 내적 일치도는 Cronbach alpha .787이었고, “취침과 기상의 선호시각”, “기상시각”, “아침의 각성” 세 요인이 추출되었다. 또한 간호사 군과 여대생 군 각각의 생활습관에서도 일주기 리듬간에 유의한 차이가 있었다. 즉 각성, 수행, 업무 혹은 학습효과가 최고조에 이르는 시간대는 저녁형이 가장 늦고, 다음이 중간형, 아침형 순이었으며, 오전 학습효과는 아침형이, 저녁의 학습효과는 저녁형이 가장 높았으나, 오후의 학습효과에서는 저녁형과 아침형 간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 취침시각과 기상시각은 저녁형이 가장 늦었지만, 총 수면시간에서는 저녁형, 중간형, 아침형 간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결 론 : 간호사에서 KtCS의 심리측정 속성은 여대생에서의 분포도, 내적 일치도, 타당도가 매우 유사하였고, 윤진상 등(1997)의 연구결과와도 유사하여서, KtCS 활용의 일반화 가능성이 시사된다. Objectives : It is necessary to develop a questionnaire to classify the circadian rhythm for studying circadian rhythms and predicting shift work adaptability. This study attempted to confirm the general applicability of “Korean translation of Composite Scale : KtCS)” by Jin-Sang Yoon et al(1997), a Korean version of Composite Scale(CS) by Smith et al(1989). Methods : KtCS and Life Questionnaire(LHQ) were administered to 155 nurses(65 rotating shift nurses,, 70 nurses on a fixed day schedule) and 247 female university students. We tested the distribution of KtCS scores and then subjects were categorized on the basis of their KtCS scores into evening(E), intermediate(I), and morning(M) types. Cut-off points for these categories were set at the 10th and 90th percentiles. We obtained the results of the internal consistency and the structure of factors of KtCS. We also compared the difference of life habits according to the circadian rhythm types. Results : In both groups, nurses and female university students, the distributions of KtCS score were negatively skewed but not significantly and the KtCS mean score was not significantly different. In nurses, Cronbach's alpha was 0.836, and three extracted factors were ‘preferred times of performance and going to bed’, ‘rising time’ and ‘morning alertness’. In female university students, Cronbach's alpha was 0.787, and the same three factors as nurses were confirmed. However, only item 11 was loaded to factor 1 for the nurse group, whereas it was loaded to factor 2 for the student group. Life habits significantly differed among the three circadian rhythm types. The time of perceived peak alertness(mental and physical) was the latest in the E-type. The quality of academic performance during the morning was the highest in the M-type, and during the evening it was the highest in the E-type, but during the afternoon there was no significant differences among the three types. The bedtime and the rising time were latest in E-type, but the sleep lengths were not significantly different among the three types in both groups. Conclusion : The psychometric properties of KtCS in nurses were very similar to those of female university students and the previous findings of Jin-Sang Yoon et al(1997). This result supports that KtCS can be generally applied.

경막 내 colistimethate 투여로 치료한 다제 내성 cinetobacter baumannii 뇌실염

홍유아,유진홍,김진진,모은영,안건희,정희경,김진석,이현정,정미향,윤승배 대한감염학회 2009 감염과 화학요법 Vol.41 No.4

Acinetobacter species is a non-fermentative aerobic gram-negative coccobacillus that is an important pathogen found in nosocomial infections. Recently, multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR-AB) infections have been increasing and pose a serious problem. Most such infections present as bacteremia, pneumonia, or a wound infection; however, CNS infections are very rare. We herein present a case of ventriculitis caused by MDR-AB in a 37-year old man after a neurosurgical intervention. The patient was successfully treated with intrathecal colistimethate.

정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

Supine Bicycle Ergometer 운동이 뇌파와 기분상태에 미치는 영향

윤진환,정일규,김영표,김종오,이희혁,오봉석,김창주 대한스포츠의학회 2003 대한스포츠의학회지 Vol.21 No.1

In this study we investigated the effects of supine ergometer exercise on physiological and psychological relaxation. Seven healthy young men(aged 24.4±2.00years) volunteered for the experiment. The experiment consisted of the following three successive segments" A pre-exercise period of 10 min, during which the subjects rested in a supine posture with their eyes closed for the final 5 min; an supine ergometer exercise period of approximately 10 min, during which the subjects performed intensity of 50%HRmax exercises; A post-exercise recovery of 5 min, and a recovery of 10 min, which was similar to the pre-exercise rest period. The electroencephalo-graphic(EEG) activity of the central cortex of the brain were measured pre-exercise, post-exercise 5 min, and recovery phase 10min. Fast Fourier Transformation of the EEG was used to obtain power spectrum areas in the delta(0.5~4 Hz), theta(4~8 Hz), alpha(8~13 Hz) and beta(13~30 Hz) frequencies. We compared the relative power values(power %) of the electroencephalogram alpha bands(8~13 Hz) and korean edition of the profile of mood states(K-POMS) before and after the supine ergometer exercise. We also estimated the percentage of maximal heart rate(%HRmax) throughout the experiment to ascertain the intensity of the supine bicycle ergometer exercise. The results of %HRmax indicated that the intensity of supine exercises practised in the experiments ranged from low to moderate. The power % of EEG alpha bands had increased significantly after the supine ergometer exercise compared with the pre-exercise rest(p<0.05). From the POMS results, we observed that positive mood(vigour) increased and negative mood(tension, depression, and total mood)decreased significantly after the supine ergometer exercise(p<0.05). This study found that the subjects showed increased physiological and psychological indices of relaxation after supine bicycle ergometer exercise.

ATHB12, an ABA-lnducible Homeodomain-Leucine Zipper (HD-Zip) Protein of Arabidopsis, Negatively Regulates the Growth of the Inflorescence Stem by Decreasing the Expression of a Gibberellin 20-Oxidase Gene

Ora Son,허윤선,김윤경,이현정,김성한,김미란,남경희,이명석,김부용,박종범,박정안,이석찬,Atsushi Hanada,Shinjiro Yamaguchi,이인정,김승기,윤대진,Eva So¨derman,천충일 Sookmyung Women's University Research Institute of 2010 여성과 건강 Vol.6 No.1

아침형-저녁형의 측정을 위한 한국어판 조합척도의 예비연구

윤진상,신상문,국승희,이형영 大韓神經精神醫學會 1997 신경정신의학 Vol.36 No.1

Object : The Composite Scale by Smith et al.(1989) has been proposed as an improved measure of morningness-eveningness. This study attempted to endorse that a Korean translation of Composite Scale(KtCs) can be useful to differentiate people according to circadian-rhythm types. Method : KtCS and Life Habit Questionnaire(LHQ) were administered to 561 university students. LHQ consisted of items questioning sleep habits on weekdays(bedtime, rising time and sleep length), the time of perceived peak alertness(mental and physical), time of perceived peak performance(mental, physical and academic), and quality of academic performance during the morning, afternoon and evening. Subjects were categorized on basis of their KtCS scores into evening(E) types, intermediate(I) types, and morning(M) types. The cut-off points for these categories were set at the 10th and 90th percentiles. In addition 7 E-type and 7 M-type subjects were selected from the student population who had participated in the previous survey and then, oral temperature of each subject was taken every hour from 08:00 to 22:00. To assess both the internal and the external measurement properties of KtCS, descriptive statistics, reliability and validity were examined. Results : The distribution of KtCS scores was significantly, negatively skewed. The KtCS scores closest to the 10th and 90th percentiles were 26 and 41 respectively. The split-half reliability(.85), test-retest reliability(.91), and internal consistency(Cronbach alpha, .82) were obtained above the expected. Inter-item correlations were all positive and ranged from .10-.59 with a mean of .25. Item-total correlations varied from .33 to .63 with a mean of .45. Common factor analyses confirmed three factors : preferred times of performance and going to bed, arising time, and morning alertness. The validity of KtCS was further demonstrated through strong relationships between the scale and external criteria. A discernable difference in oral temperature between the M-type and the E-type across morning to evening provided additional evidence for validity of the scale. Conclusions : The results would suggest the possibility that KtCS can be employed as a tool for selection of E-type people or M-type people. It is as yet, however, uncertain that KtCS might be suitable to select people for night shiftwork because the subjects of this study are limited to university students. Therefore, future research among varying types of people are required to endorse this study.

교통사고환자 1046예에 대한 분석 및 Modified CRAMS Scale

윤완희,장일성,배진선,손기섭 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1989 충남의대잡지 Vol.16 No.2

We retrospectively evaluated the nature, distribution, and pattern of the traffic accidents in 1046 cases of traffic accidents transported to chungnam National University Hospital from Jan. 1987 Dec. 1988. We also evaluated the ability of the CRAMS Scale to predict injury severity and mortality, and the results were as follows: 1. The age distribution was most prevalent between 25-44 years(44.6%), the ratio of male to female was 2.9:1, and the ratio of male of female of the children and old age group was 1.6:1. 2. There was no significant difference in seasonal distribution. 3. Of 1046 cases, 39.8% was associated with Orthopedic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Plastic Surgery, and Genera Surgery were 38.8%, 20.3%, and 10.0% respectively. 4. In injury mechanism, motor vehicle accident was highest in incidence(50.7%), pedestrian accident, motorcycle accident, and bicycle accident were 23.4%, 18.6%, and 7.3% respectively. 5. The most frequently injured body region was head and neck(65.6%), and then extremity and pelvis was 37.3%, and abdomen was 10.9%. 6. Traffic accident developed in urban area was 1.4 times more frequent than rural area. 7. In elapsed time from arrival to death, 77.6% was died within first 24 hours and 33.6% was died at scene or less than 1 hour. 8. The overall mortality rate was 11.9% and in mortality rate according to department, Neurosurgery was 52.8%, Chest Surgery was 20.8%, and General Surgery was 13.6%. 9. Using a cuttoff score 7 or less, the Modified CRAMS scale identified the 16.6% of the traffic accident population which were critically ill as demonstrated by a 67.2% mortality rte compared to a 0.9% mortality of those with score of 8 or greater.

한국판 스미스클라인 비챰 '삶의 질' 척도에 관한 예비연구

윤진상,국승희,이무석 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.2

목 적: 정신의학에서는 환자의 주관적 관점에서 삶의 질(quality of life : QOL)을 평가할 수 있는 표준화된 적도가 절실히 요구되고 있다. 본 연구는 Dunbar등이 개발한 스미스클라인 비챰의 QOL척도(Smi-thkline Beecham'Quality of Life'Scale'SBQOL)를 한국판(Korean version of SBQOL:KvSBQOL)으로 표준화하고자 하였다. 이는 궁극적으로는 국내의 정신장애 환자의 QOL및 치료가 QOL에 미치는 영향을 평가하는데 응용하기 위한 것이었다. 방 법: 대학생 377명에게 KvSBQO교과 함께 공존타당도를 알아보기 위한 스트레스 설문지와 Eysenck의 성격차원검사를 실시하였고, 구성타당도를 알아보기 위해서 간이정신진단검사의 신체화 증상차원. Beck의 우울척도, 상태-특성 불안척도. 내-외 통제척도를 실시하였다. KvSBQOL은 세 가지 요소 즉 '현재의 자기'. '이상적 자기'. '아픈 자기'를 가정하여 응답하도록 하였고, 일주일 후 100명을 무선적으로 선발하여 '현재의 자기'요소에 관한 KvSBQOL만을 다시 실시하였다. 결 과: KvSBQO교의 '현재의 자기' 요소 점수는 정상분포였고. '이상적 자기'의 요소 점수는 유의미한 부적 편포를 보였으며. '아픈 자기'의 요소 청수는 유의미한 정적 편포였다. KvSBQO교의 새 요소 점수간에는 유의미한 차이가 있었다. KvSBQOL의 반분신뢰도는 .83, 검사-재검사 신뢰도는 .84였고. 내적 일치도 Cronbach alpha는 .898로 시간에 따른 안정성과 문항반응의 일관성이 높았다. KvSBQOL의 요소간 거리(이상적 자기와 현재의 자기)와 스트레스 점수, Eysenck의 신경중 차원 점수는 정적 상관이 있었으며, 외향적 차원 점수와는 부적 상관이 있었고. 신체화 증상. 우울. 외부 통제와는 유의미한 정적 상관이 있었다 오인분석에서는 '유능감', '정신적 안녕'. '안정성 '신체적 안녕' 및 '활력'의 5개 요인이 확인되었으며, 전체 설명변량은 34.24%였다. 동시회귀분석 결과, 신체화 증상, 우울, 불안 및 외부 통제의 심도가 KvSBQOL외 5개 요인 각각에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다 결론 . KVSBQOL의 신뢰도와 타당도는 높았다. 이는 KvSBQ0L이 정신과적 장애를 가지고 있는 환자들의 QOL을 측정하는 유용한 도구가 될 수 있음을 시사한다. 아울러 KVSBQL의 적용 대상의 범위가 논의 되었으며. KvSBQOL을 환자에게 적용하는 실용성과 관련하여 세 가지 정신상태 모두의 QOL를 평가하기보다는 '이상적 자기'와 '현재의 자기'의 요소거리만을 사용하는 방법이 제안되었다. Objectives : The SmithKline Beecham Quality of Life scale(SBQOL) by Dunbar et al. was developed in an attempt to produce a valid scale which would be justice to the complexity of human experience which constitutes perceived quality of life. This study was attempted to verify the reliability and validity of the Korean version of SBQOL(KvSBQOL). Methods: KvSBQOL was administered to 377 university students. Subjects were asked to rate the same 23 items in the aspect of three states, i.e.,'self now'-as they fe1t at present ,'ideal self-how they would feel as their ideal person ,'sick self-how they would feel as a person who is sick or unwell. The distribution and the differences of KvSBQOL for three mental sets, as well as the split-half reliability, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency for the self now were assessed. For the evaluation of concurrent validity, the Stress Questionnaire(SQ) and Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire(EPQ) were employed as the external criterion. Construct validity was assessed by examining the relationship between the inter-element differences and the scores of other scales : Somatization(SOM) of SCL-90-R(Symptom Checklist-90-Revision), Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), Stait-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAl) and Internal-External Control Scale(I-E Scale). And then, common factor analyses with varimax rotation and multiple regression analyses were carried out. Results : The element score of self-now was normally distributed, that of ideal serf was significantly negatively skewed, and that of sick self was significantly positively skewed. The significant inter-element differences(ideal self/self now, ideal self/sick self, self now/sick self) were found. The split-half reliability(.83), test-retest reliability(.84), and internal consistency (Cronbach alpha, .898) were found to be high. The inter-element distance(ideal self and self now) of the KvSBQOL score was positively correlated with the SQ score and neuroticism score of EPQ, while negatively correlated with extroversion score of EPQ. The inter-element distance showed significant correlations with SOM of SCL-90-R, BDI, STAI,1-I Scale scores. Parlor analysis of 23 items resulted in a five factor solution accounting for 34.24% of total explained variance. The five factors were interpreted as competence, psychological well-being, stability, physical well-being, and activity. The severity of somatization, depression, anxiety and external control contributed to five factors of KvSBQOL. Conclusions: These findings confined the high reliability and validity of KvSBQOL and suggest the possibility that KvSBQOL could be a useful measure of QOL in patients with psychiatric disorders.

부모보고형 자아탄력성 척도의 개발

윤현희,홍창희,이진환 서울대학교 심리과학연구소 2001 心理科學 Vol.10 No.1

자아탄력성이란 외적 스트레스와 내적 긴장에 대해 융통성 있고 효과적으로 대처하는 일반적인 능력을 의미한다. 최근 아동과 청소년들을 위협하는 유해환경이 급하고 이에 따른 정신적ㆍ행동문제가 심각해져 감에 따라, 내적 긴장을 적절하게 해소하고 환경적인 스트레스에 대처해 나갈 수 있는 적응능력의 중요성이 절실하게 인식되고 있다. 이에 아동과 청소년 개개인의 자아탄력성 정도를 알아보는 것은 두 가지 점에서 의미가 있다고 하겠다. 첫째, 학교 장면에서는 자아가 취약한 아동들에게 예방적 개입을 실시할 기회를 얻을 수 있을 것이며, 둘째, 임상 장면에서는 현재 아동이 겪고 있는 장애에 대한 아동의 대처능력과, 장애로부터의 회복 가능성을 판단해 볼 수 있는 자료가 될 수 있을 것이다. 아동은 언어적인 표현능력이 제한됨에 따라 아동을 평가하는 데 있어 부모가 가장 좋은 정보원이 된다. 이에 본 연구에선, 1차 연구에서 아동의 인지, 정서, 행동 특징들을 기술하는 문항에 부모가 응답하게 함으로써, 아동의 자아탄력성을 측정할 수 있는 문항들을 선별, 척도를 구성하였다. 이 때 문항분석은 1. 안면타당도에 의한 문항분석 2. 교사평정으로 구분한 교사평정으로 구분한 자아탄력성 상/하위 집단 차이에 따른 문항분석 3. 정상집단과 환아집단 차이에 따른 문항분석 4. 문항-척도 상관에 의한 문항분석 5. 요인분석 과정을 거쳐 최종적으로 24문항을 선정하였다. 2차 연구에서 척도의 타당도를 검증하기 위하여, 개발된 척도에 의해 탄력적/ 비탄력적인 값으로 평가된 아동의 간의 스트레스 정도에 따른 적응양상을 비교하여 보았다. Ego-Resilience refers to the general capacity for flexible and resourceful adaptation to external stressors and internal tension. As children-adolescent's behavior problems become severe, to know the individuals Ego-resilience level is important in two aspect. First, at school setting. We can distinguish ego-resilient individual from ego-brittle individual by administration of Ego-resilience scale. So, We can put ego-brittle individual in program to promote Ego-resilience. Second, at clinical settings, administration of Ego-resiliency scale can be helpful to know the individual's coping with his/her pathology and prognosis. It is difficult for children to know and express himself/herself exactly and objectively. In case of preschool children, their ability to read and write is limited. So parents are the most important information for children. This is the reason why construct Parent Form Ego-resilience Scale. The item in the scale are selected from the Korea Personality Inventory for Children Preliminary Form. All items need to answer 'yes' or 'no'. Item analysis is made through five steps. 1. clinical psychologists' judgement for the face validity 2. group(ego-resilient vs ego-brittle) contrast is done according to teachers judgement 3. group(normal vs abnormal) contrast is done according to psychiatric diagnosis 4. item-scale correlation 5. factor analysis According to the result of principal component analysis, five factors such as 'peer-relationship and optimism', 'empathy and self-acceptance', 'attention and self-esteem', 'comprehension' and 'leadership' are extracted. The cut-off score discriminating abnormal and normal is 16 point. According to KPI-C profile the Ego-brittle groups are subject to maladaptive when external and internal stress increases. To find out ego-brittle children and to let them put in the situation to promoting capacity for flexible and resourceful adaptation are important.

아침형과 저녁형 사람에서 야간의 졸리움, 수행 및 체온의 비교

윤진상,국승희,신일선,신만식,최영,이무석,이형영 大韓睡眠-精神生理學會 1994 수면·정신생리 Vol.1 No.1