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담수조류 그물말로부터 당 용액의 효율적 제조를 위한 가수분해 방법
김진석,김슬기,고은혜,김진철,김진석 한국잔디학회 2013 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.2 No.2
To explore hydrolysis methods for the efficient manufacture of sugar solutions from the freshwater alga Water-net (Hydrodictyon reticulatum, HR), acid hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis, and combined hydrolysis (acid followed by enzymatic hydrolysis) were investigated. In the one-step acid hydrolysis, the reaction of 8% solids content using 2% sulfuric acid at 120oC for 1 hour was desirable. In this case, glucose 27.44 g 100 g DM-1 could be obtained from the HR-d13 samples. In the two-step acid hydrolysis, the primary hydrolysis (HR powder : 72% sulfuric acid = 1 g : 1.5 mL) was carried out for 1 hour at 60oC, and then the secondary hydrolysis was done for 1 hour at 120oC after addition of distilled water 23.5 mL. In this case, glucose 35.11 g/100 g DM could be obtained from the HR-d13 samples. In the combined hydrolysis, 25% solids content using 2% hydrochloric acid were reacted for 1 hour at 120oC, and then citrate buffer and hydrolysis enzyme complexes (E1 1.0 mL+E2 0.2 mL g-1 dried matter) were added and reacted for 1 – 2 days at 50oC. In this case, glucose 33.5 g 100 g DM-1could be obtained from the HR-d23+26 samples. In conclusion, combined hydrolysis was likely to be more useful saccharification method of HR biomass at a practical level, considering the glucose productivity, generation of fermentation-inhibiting substances(hydroxyl methyl furfural, furfural), and limited use of strong acid. 담수조류인 그물말 (Hydrodictyon reticulatum, HR)의 실용적 당화조건 확립을 위해 산 가수분해 방법으로서 onestepacid hydrolysis과 two-step acid hydrolysis, 그리고 산가수분해 후 효소가수분해를 병행하는 combined hydrolysis를 검토하였다. One-step acid hydrolysis의 경우, 120oC에서 HR 4% 고형분을 2% 황산 용액에 넣어 1시간 동안 반응시킬 경우가 적정하였다. Two-step acid hydrolysis의 적정조건은 1차 가수분해시 HR 건조중: 72% 황산을 1 g : 1.5mL로 하여 60oC에서 1시간 반응시킨 다음, 증류수 23.5 mL를첨가하고 120oC에서 1시간 가수분해시키는 것이었다. Combined hydrolysis의 경우, 2% 염산에 25%의 HR 고형분을 넣고 120oC에서 1시간 반응시킨 후, citrate buffer로4% 고형분 함량이 되도록 희석하고 E1+E2 효소를 각각1+0.2 mL g DM-1 수준으로 첨가하여 50oC에서 1~2일 동안 반응시키는 것이 바람직하였다. Glucose 생성량, 발효억제물질(HMF, furfural) 생성량, 강산 사용제한 등을 종합적으로 감안할 때, combined hydolysis가 보다 유용할 것으로 판단되었다.
김진석 한국교육과정평가원 2003 교육과정평가연구 Vol.6 No.1
The purpose of this study is to review the type and pronunciation of English consonant clusters, to analyse the pronunciation of consonant clusters by observing actual teaching practice through 8 videotapes, and to present effective methods in teaching the pronunciation of consonant clusters, i.e, initial consonant clusters, medial consonant clusters, and final consonant clusters. To achieve this goal, the characteristics of consonant clusters in pronunciation are considered. The study is based on an experiment in which subjects were analysed on the pronunciation of consonant clusters. The results showed that English learners make errors in pronouncing consonant clusters due to the difference of syllable structure between Korean and English. For example, Korean students commit errors such as nasalization, lateralization, palatalization, and glottalization. These errors could be caused by the misapplication of typical phonological rules of Korean to English. The errors in consonant clusters considered in this paper are ‘vowel insertion’ and ‘assimilation’. The [Ə] insertion, which Korean speakers put in English consonant clusters according to the Korean syllable structure, makes the differentiation of the word ‘prayed’ from ‘parade’ difficult. Such errors on consonant clusters can be corrected through the formal pronunciation practice. In this study, the effective methods in teaching the pronunciation of consonant clusters will be presented. 이 연구는 중학교 2학년의 교실수업을 녹화한 8개의 비디오 테이프를 관찰하여 자음군 발음에 나타나는 오류를 분석하고, 이와 같은 오류를 학습자가 범하지 않도록 하기 위해 다양한 예문을 활용하여 자음군을 효과적으로 지도하는 방법을 제시하는 데에 있다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위해 영어 자음군의 발음 특성을 두자음군(Initial consonant cluster), 미자음군(Final consonant cluster), 중자음군(Medial Consonant Clusters) 등으로 세분하여 제시한다. 이 연구에서는 우리나라 학습자들이 영어와 한국어간 음절구조(syllable structure)의 차이로 인해 범하게 되는 자음군 발음의 오류를 조사하기 위해 중학교 수업을 녹화한 비디오 테이프를 전사하여 유형별로 분석하고, 그 분석결과를 바탕으로 학습자들의 오류를 최소화할 수 있는 다양한 지도방법을 제시한다.
불포화지반 특성을 고려한 물리적 사면 모델 기반의 산사태 취약성 분석
김진석,박혁진,Kim, Jin Seok,Park, Hyuck Jin 대한자원환경지질학회 2014 자원환경지질 Vol.47 No.1
Rainfall-induced landslides are caused by reduction of effective stress and shear strength due to rainfall infiltration. In order to analyze the susceptibility of landslides, the statistical analysis approach has been used widely but this approach has the limitation which cannot take into account of landslide triggering mechanism. Therefore, the physically based model which can consider the process of landslide occurrence was proposed and commonly used. However, the most previous physically based model analyses evaluate and consider the strength characteristics for saturated soil only in the susceptibility analysis. But the strength parameters for unsaturated soil such as matric suction should be considered with the strength parameters for saturated soil since the shear strength in unsaturated soil also plays important role in the stability of slope. Consequently this study suggested the modified physically based slope model which can evaluate strength characteristics for both of saturated and unsaturated soils. In addition, this study evaluated the thickness of saturated part in slope with rainfall intensity and hydraulic characteristics of slope on the basis of physically based model. In order to evaluate the feasibility, the proposed model was applied to practical example in Jinbu area, Gangwon-do, which was experienced large amount of landslides in July 2006. The ROC graph analysis was used to evaluate the validation of the model, and the analysis results were compared with the results of the previous analysis approach. 강우로 인해 유발되는 산사태는 강우침투로 인한 사면내 간극수압의 증가와 흙의 유효응력 및 전단강도의 감소로 인해 발생한다. 현재 광역적인 지역을 대상으로 산사태의 발생가능성을 분석하는데 주로 활용되고 있는 통계적 분석기법은 이러한 산사태 발생메커니즘을 고려할 수 없는 단점을 갖고 있다. 따라서 최근 들어 산사태의 발생메커니즘을 고려할 수 있는 물리적 사면모델이 산사태 취약성 분석을 수행하는데 많이 적용되고 있다. 그러나 사면 모델을 활용하는 기존의 연구는 강우의 침투로 발생하는 포화층 상부의 불포화층의 특성을 거의 고려하지 않고 포화층의 강도 특성만을 고려하여 분석을 수행하여 왔다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 포화층의 강도특성과 함께 불포화층의 강도 특성을 고려한 수정 전단강도 식을 활용하여 산사태 취약성 분석을 수행하고자 하였다. 또한 강우강도와 지반의 수리적 특성을 고려하여 지하수위 산정이 가능한 포화깊이비 계산식을 사면 모델과 결합하여 시간에 따른 지하수위 변화를 계산하고 이를 취약성 분석에 활용하였다. 본 연구에서는 실제 집중호우가 발생한 강원도 평창군 진부면 일대지역의 2006년 7월 14 ~ 16일의 강우강도를 이용하여 3일간의 안전율을 계산하여 산사태 취약성 분석을 수행하였으며 그 결과를 ROC 분석을 통해 실제 산사태 발생 위치와 비교하여 예측의 정확성을 분석하였다.
Liposomal drug delivery system
김진석 한국약제학회 2016 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.46 No.4
Lipid-based self-assembling vesicles were first described in 1961 and reported in 1964 by Dr. Alec D. Bangham (Bangham and Horne in J Mol Biol 8:660–668, 1964) at the Babraham Institute in Cambridge, UK, in which he wrote: ‘‘It is probable that at equilibrium each and every lipid bilayer forms an unbroken membrane-there being no exposed hydrocarbon/water interface-from which it follows that every aqueous compartment would be discrete and isolated from its neighbor, including a complete separation of the outermost compartment of the whole structure from the continuous phase in which it is suspended’’. It is thermodynamically possible for each lipid bilayer to form a discrete membrane, separating the vesicle from the continuous aqueous phase in which it is suspended. These ‘‘unbroken membranes’’ were called as ‘‘liquid crystal’’ or ‘‘smectic mesophase’’, ‘‘Bangasomes’’ after the name of Dr. Bangham, and finally ‘‘liposomes’’. The word ‘‘liposome’’ derives from two Greek words of ‘‘lipo-meaning fat’’ and ‘‘soma-meaning body’’. In the earlier days, these artificial vesicles (or liposomes) were used for the study of cell physiology such as ion (or drug) permeability, membrane fusion, membrane-bound enzyme properties or as a membrane model. More recently, much attention was brought to the uses of liposomes in medical fields as drug delivery systems and the first article of this kind was published in 1971 in FEBS Letters by Dr. George Gregoriadis and his co-workers, where amyloglucosidase and albumin were entrapped into liposome for the purpose of enzyme replacement therapy (Gregoriadis et al. in FEBS Lett 14(2):95–99, 1971). Since then, tremendous amounts of papers were published on the uses of liposomes as a drug delivery system (DDS). So, this mini-review is mainly focused on the use of liposome as DDS.