은행의 금융중개기능 약화 원인과 정책과제

강종구 한국은행 2005 經濟分析 Vol.11 No.3

During the recent period of recession, Korean banks' loans to SMEs have decreased greatly. Banks' weakened financial intermediation role could impair the effectiveness of monetary policy as well as that of resource allocation. This paper identifies factors affecting Korean banks' recent weak financial intermediation role, through theoretical and empirical analyses. From these analyses, it derives policy measures for strengthening Korean banks' financial intermediation role. The results of the empirical analysis show that the weakening of Korean banks' financial intermediation role has been mainly caused by structural changes in the banking industry. Firstly, in the course of financial consolidation among banks in Korea, the cost to banks of lending to SMEs has increased. As banks have attached more importance to short-term profits, they have reduced their long-term credits. Loans to firms have declined as foreign and domestic banks prefer to lend to households. On top of this, Korean commercial banks have reduced their riskier assets such as SME loans and long-term loans, out of a preference for safer asset holdings. In order to improve banks' financial intermediation role, the Korean financial authorities need to take the following policy measures: strengthening local banks' business capabilities, heightening corporate governance structures and accounting systems, increasing the allocation to internal reserves of banks' profits, and enlarging the number of instruments available for sharing the risks of bank lending. 최근 경기침체가 지속되고 있는 가운데 은행의 경우 중소기업을 중심으로 기업대출이 위축되고 있어 금융중개기능이 약화되고 있다는 우려가 대두되고 있다. 은행의 금융중개기능이 약화되면 자금배분의 효율성뿐만 아니라 신용경로 등을 통한 통화정책의 효과가 저하될 수 있다는 점에서본 연구에서는 최근 은행의 금융중개기능이 약화된 원인을 이론적실증적으로 분석하고 이를 바탕으로 금융중개기능을 강화하기 위한 정책과제를 모색하였다. 우리나라 은행의 금융중개 현황을 은행의 자산구성 변동 추이를 통해 보면 최근 은행의 기업대출 및 신용대출 비중이 하락한 반면 가계대출, 담보대출, 국공채 등 안전자산에 대한 투자비중과 단기 대출 및 단기 유가증권 보유 비중은 상승한 것으로 나타남에 따라 은행의 금융중개기능은 전반적으로 약화된 것으로 보인다. 최근 들어 은행의 금융중개기능이 약화된 원인을 실증적으로 분석한 결과 경기순환적 요인보다 주로 은행산업의 구조적 요인에 의해 은행의 금융중개기능이 약화된 것으로 나타났다. 먼저 은행의 대형화와 겸업화가 진행되는 과정에서 은행의 중소기업대출 관련 비용이 상승하였다. 또한 은행들이 단기 수익성에 치중하는 경영 행태를 보임에 따라 장기대출 등이 축소되었다. 아울러 국내에 진입한 외국계 은행의 경우 기업대출보다 가계대출면에서 비교우위에 있는 점도 기업대출이 축소된 원인으로 작용하였다. 이밖에도 은행이 안전자산을 선호하는 경향이 심화됨에 따라 상대적으로 위험도가 높은 중소기업대출 및 장기대출 등을 기피하게 되었다. 이러한 분석을 바탕으로 은행의 금융중개기능을 강화하기 위한 방안으로 지방은행의 영업기반 확충, 국내기업의 지배구조와 회계의 투명성 제고, 은행 이익금의 내부유보 확대, 은행대출의 위험분담(risk sharing) 수단 확충 등을 제시하였다.

(6S, 7S)-Trans-Laurediol의 합성 연구

강석구,임종석 성균관대학교 1992 論文集 Vol.42 No.2

2-데옥시-D-리보스를 출발물질로 하여 2,3-이소프로필리덴디옥시 알데히드의 염기조건에서의 에피머화 반응을 주요 반응 단계로 하여(6S, 7S)-trans-Laurediol을 합성하였다. A synthesis of (6S, 7S)-trans-laurediol starting from 2-deoxy-d-ribose using the epimerization reaction of 2,3-isopropylidene aldehyde with treatment of base is described.

웹기반 학급경영시스템의 설계

김종우,강인구 제주교육대학교 초등교육연구소 2004 초등교육연구 Vol.8 No.-

人口豫測模型에 관한 硏究(1985)

崔鍾碩,申鉉山,姜正求 충남대학교 자연과학연구소 1986 忠南科學硏究誌 Vol.13 No.1

In this paper, the population projection is estimated by the method of extrapolation which is based on logistic curve. It is required that each time interval of input data is one year. But census is not usually done punctually. So we try to use the raw census data and corrected them by appropriate transformation. For the population projection, we use four kinds of data : Model Ⅰ annual report from 1955 to 1985, Model Ⅱ linear correction of inter census population from 1955 to 1985, Model Ⅲ Compound interest correction on inter census population from 1955 to 1985, Model Ⅳ five years moving average correction of all inter census population. Estimation by model Ⅰ is not good because of large error caused from wrong estimation of population between census. We get a low projection model Model Ⅱ P=5,314/(1+1.4904 EXP (-0.050756t)) × 10 exp((4) from the second try, a high projection model Model Ⅲ P=5,429/(1+1.5438 EXP (-0.04973t)) × 10 exp(4) from the third try and a medium projection model Model Ⅳ P=5,379/(1+1.5190 EXP (-0.050392t)) × 10 exp((4) from the fourth try. We can guess at a saturation population and at a demographic transition point by virtue of an estimation of this logistic curve. The saturation population of Korea is estimated as 5,314×10 exp (4) by model Ⅱ in this paper. We have found the fact that the domographic transition point of Korea has been rapidly advancing since 1963.

볼 엔드밀 가공의 유연 절삭력 모델에 관한 연구

최종근,강윤구,이재종 한국공작기계학회 2003 한국생산제조학회지 Vol.12 No.2

This research suggests a cutting force model for the ball end milling processes. This model includes the effect of tool run out and tool deflection. In the proposed model, the flutes of ball end mills are considered as series of infinitesimal elements and each cutting edge is assumed to be straight for the analysis of the oblique cutting process, in which the small cutting edge element as been analyzed as an orthogonal cutting process in the plane including the cutting velocity and the chip-flow vector. Therefore, the cutting forces can be calculated through the model using the orthogonal cutting data obtained from the orthogonal cutting test. In order to enhance the performance of the model, the flutes of ball end mill are defined to keep geometric consistency at the peak of the ball part and the junction with he end mill part. The divided infinitesimal cutting edges are regulated to be even lengths. Some experiments show the validity of the developed model in the various cutting conditions.

일부 생산직 근로자의 소음과 사회심리적 요인이 혈압에 미치는 영향

박종구,강명근,차봉석,고상열,장세진,고상백 大韓産業醫學會 1997 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.9 No.2

This study was conducted to assess the effects of noise exposure and psychosocial factor on blood pressure in manufacturing workers. The study subjects are 414 workers(243 males, 171 females) employed at the noisy department. The mean age of low exposed group(<85dB) was 34.65±9.53 years, and that of high exposed group(≥85dB) was 36.37±11.15 years. The difference in mean age was not significant. The mean and distribution of working duration, smoking status, drinking status were not significantly different between two groups. The mean systolic blood pressure of the low exposed group was 120.01±12.06 mmHg, and that of high exposed group was 126.27±13.84mmHg. The mean diastolic blood pressure of the low exposed and the high exposed group were 77.18±10.83 mmHg, and 83.46±11.22mmHg respectively. These differences of blood pressure were statistically significant(p<0.05). The workers in noisy department have significantly less work environmental satisfaction, higher job demand, and higher social support. The mean values of psychosocial distress were higher in the workers of the noisy department, but the difference was not statistically significant. This study was to speculate whether the work environmental satisfaction and social support modify the association between the noise exposure level and the blood pressure. The result showed that work environmental satisfaction could not modify the association between the blood pressure and the noise exposure. Social support at work did not modify the association. Furthermore, we evaluated the high job strain from a combination of ratio of the high job strain group for hypertension in diastolic blood pressure were statistically significant, but not in systolic blood pressure. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to determine whither the independent variables contributed to explaining the blood pressure. After controlling for possible confounders, we found that the noise exposure level was a correlated of the diastolic blood pressure. But no association between the noise exposure level and the systolic blood pressure. No significant result was found for psychosocial factor.

정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

피로와 의료이용, 업무상 사고 및 질병결근

장세진,고상백,강동묵,김성아,정진주,이철갑,강명근,현숙정,조정진,차봉석,박종구 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Objectives: This study examined the relationship of fatigue to medical utilization, occupational accident and sickness absence. Subjects and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project, 2002~2004). A total of 30,146 employees categorized within the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were recruited. A structured-questionnaire was used to assess the participants' sociodemo-graphics, job-related factors, health-related behaviors, personality trait, self=perceived fatigue (MFS) and the frequency of medical utilization, occupational accident and sickness absence. Data on medical utilization and occupational accident were confirmed from company health records. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used to elucidate the relationship of self-perceived fatigue to medical utilization, occupational accident and sickness absence. Results: In logistic regression analyses, self-perceived fatigue was associated with medical utilization (outpatient), occupational accident and sickness absence although the strength of the associations was higher in the blue collar workers except for medical utilization. For medical utilization, the white collar worker's adjusted odds ratios of outpatient utilization for workers scoring in the third quartile and the highest quartile, compared to workers scoring in the lowest quartile were 1.50 (95% CI: 1.20-1.87) and 2.16 (95% CI: 1.69-2.75), respectively. The blue collar workers' adjusted odds ratios of outpatient utilization for workers scoring in the second (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.06-1.43), third (OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.22-1.66) and highest quartile (OR:1.83, 95% CI: 1.55-2.17), respectively, compared to workers scoring in the lowest quartile were statistically significant. However, no associations were found between fatigue and inpatient utilization for either the white or blue collar workers. The blue collar workers' adjusted odds ratios of being injured for workers scoring in the second, third and highest quartile were 1.41 (95% CI: 1.00-2.00), 1.57 (95% CI: 1.10-2.22) and 2.41 (95% CI: 1.69-3.44), respectively, compared to those scoring in the lowest quartile, but, those of the white collar workers were not significant. There was more likely to an increased risk of sickness absence in workers scoring in the second, third and highest quartile compared to those scoring in the lowest quartile in both white and blue collar workers, but the magnitudes of risk were higher in the blue collar workers than the white collars workers. Conclusion: This result suggests that fatigue is a determinant predictor of medical utilization, occupational accident and sickness absence, and that the pattern of risks for the three outcomes differs according to the occupational type. Some limitations of this study and considerations for future study were also discussed.

두부외상으로 인한 기질성 정신장애 환자 자료의 K-WAIS 요인분석

오상우,김홍곤,강종구 大韓神經精神醫學會 1997 신경정신의학 Vol.36 No.5

본 연구는 두부 외상후 기질성 정신장애로 진단된 환자의 자료를 토대로 K-WAIS의 요인구조를 탐색해 보았다. 연구 대상자는 17세에서 72세의 남녀 138명으로, 8개월 동안 호남지역에 소재하고 있는 대학병원 신경정신과와 정신과병원에 내원한 두부 외상으로 인한 기질성 정신장애 환자들이었다. 자료분석은 주성분분석모형을 이용하여 요인분석을 하였다. 기초구조 계산법으로는 주축분해법을 사용하였고, 기초구조에 대한 회전방법으로는 직각회전방식을 사용하였다. K-WAIS의 요인구조를 알아본 결과, 두부 외상후 기질성 정신장애로 진단된 환자집단에서는 2개 요인(언어적 이해력 요인과 지각적 조직화 요인)이 추출되었는데, 이 들 2개 요인들의 전체변량은 73.7%이었다. 언어적 이해력 요인은 어휘문제, 이해문제, 산수문제, 기본지식문제, 공통성문제, 숫자외우기로 구성되어 있었으며 전체변량의 62.0%를 설명하고 있었다. 지각적 조직화요인은 동작성검사에 속하는 모양맞추기, 차례맞추기, 토막짜기, 바꿔쓰기, 빠진곳 찾기 소검사로 구성되어 있었으며, 전체 변량의 11.7%를 설명하고 있었다. 본 연구에서 밝혀진 K-WAIS의 요인구조는 두부외상후 정신장애로 진단된 환자의 K-WAIS 자료를 임상적으로 해석할 때 중요한 의의를 지닌다고 볼 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, K-WAIS 단축형을 제작할 때 기초자료가 될 것으로 생각한다. Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the factor structure of the K-WAIS. Methods : The sample was consisted of 138 patients with organic mental disorder due to head trauma. A principal component analysis was used worth varimax rotation. Results : Two factors in a sample patients with organic mental disorder due to head trauma were abstracted from the K-WAIS by factor analysis. Variance of the two factors was 73.3%. And variance of factor 1(verbal comprehension) factor 2(perceptual organization) were 62.0% and 11.7%, respectively. Conclusion : Two factors in a sample patients with organic mental disorder due to head trauma were abstracted from the K-WAIS using the principal component analysis by varimax rotation.

Performance Analysis of Water-Water Heat Pump System of 100 kW Scale for Cooling Agricultural Facilities

Kang, Youn Ku,Ryou, Young Sun,Jang, Jae Kyung,Kim, Young Hwa,Kim, Jong Goo,Kang, Geum Chun Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery 2014 바이오시스템공학 Vol.39 No.1

Purpose: In this study, the performance of cooling system with the water-water heat pump system of 100kW scale made for cooling agricultural facilities, especially for horticultural facilities, was analyzed. It was intended to suggest performance criteria and performance improvement for the effective cooling system. Methods: The measuring instruments consisted of two flow meters, a power meter and thermocouples. An ultrasonic and a magnetic flow meter measured the flow rate of the water, which was equivalent to heat transfer fluid. The power meter measured electric power in kW consumed by the heat pump system. T-type thermocouples measured the temperature of each part of the heat pump system. All of measuring instruments were connected to the recorder to store all the data. Results: When the water temperature supplied into the evaporator of the heat pump system was over $20^{\circ}C$, the cooling Coefficient Of Performance(COP) of the system was higher than 3.0. As the water temperature supplied into the evaporator, gradually, lowered, the cooling COP, also, decreased, linearly. Especially, when the water temperature supplied into the evaporator was lower than $15^{\circ}C$, the cooling COP was lower below 2.5. Conclusions: In order to maintain the cooling COP higher than 3.0, we suggest that the water temperature supplied into evaporator from the thermal storage tank should be maintained above $20^{\circ}C$. Also, stratification in the thermal storage tank should be formed well and the circulating pumps and the pipe lines should be arranged in order for the relative low-temperature water to be stored in the lower part of the thermal storage tank.