김유신장군의 백제공격로에 관한 연구 -효령신화와 장군당을 중심으로-

김완수 ( Wan Soo Kim ) 택민국학연구원 2011 국학연구론총 Vol.0 No.7

7세기 신라가 일으킨 통일전쟁은 백제공격에서 비롯되었다. 이때 신라군을 지휘한 장수는 가락국 구형왕의 증손자인 김유신이었다. 『삼국사기』「신라본기」의 기록을 인용하면 서기 660년 5월 26일 경주를 출발한 신라 군사는 6월 18일 남천정(경기도 이천)에 도착하였으므로 5월말쯤에 군위군 효령면 장군리 앞 벌판에 유진하였다고 생각한다. 일찍이 신라군이 주도한 영토전쟁은 한강으로 진출하는 경로에 있었다. 이러한 사실을 참고하여 660년 7월 12일 백제 사비성을 공격하는 김유신군대의 진격로는 다음과 같이 예상한다. 즉 신라군은 경주를 출발하여 영천, 신녕, 부계, 효령, 장천, 선산, 상주(이천)로 진격하였다. 이 경주-상주 진로(進路)에서 영천에서 선산으로 나가는 중도에 있는 효령(장군리)은 장천으로 진입하는 길목에 해당된다. 이러한 북진공격로에 있는 장군리는 마을 앞으로 넓은 들(모혜벌)이 펼쳐있고 들 한가운데를 사창천이 흐르고 있다. 또한 사방이 산으로 둘러싸여 분지를 이루기 때문에 이곳에는 수만 명의 군사가 주둔(은폐)하기에 안성맞춤의 지형을 가지고 있다. 이러한 이점으로 장군리는 신라에 있어서는 한때 낙동강으로 진출하는 교통의 요지였다. 이러한 전술적, 교통상의 이점 외에 김유신장군에게는 장군리를 택한 또 다른 이유가 있었을 것이다. 그것은 이 지역가까이에 가야의 유민들이 살고 있었기 때문일 것이다. 필자가 이렇게 상정(想定)하는 이유는 가야후기를 나타내는 석곽묘가 장천(면)에 많이 남아있기 때문이다. 이상과 같은 이유로 장군리는 신라군의 대백제(對百濟) 북진공격로에서 꼭 필요한 경유지였기 때문에 유진할 수밖에 없는 천혜의 장소였음에 틀림없다. 이러한 전술적인 당위성과 함께 지금까지 전승에 의하여 ‘장군’이라는 마을이름이 계속 이곳에 남아있고 또 757년의 ‘군위’와 ‘효령’이라는 지명이 만들어진 유래 등을 종합하여 보면 이곳이 660년 여름 백제 정복전쟁을 위하여 김유신장군과 신라군이 이곳 장군리에 유진한 일이 역사적 사실로 인정된다. 그리고 공민왕 때 사공중상(효령사공씨의 중조)공의 상소에 의한 김유신사(장군당, 삼장군당, 김발한사)라는 사당건립에 대한 전승과 함께 이곳 장군리에 고려 말부터 효령사공(孝靈司空)씨의 집성촌이 이루어져 온 점 등을 감안하면 이상의 일이 모두 사실로 인정된다. 이와 같이 효령의 장군리 사람들은 장군당(김유신사)을 모셨다. 이로서 효령신화가 탄생한 것이다. The Shilla Kingdom’s war for unification in the 7th century began with the conquest of the Baekje Kingdom. General Yu-sin Kim, a great-grand son of King Guhyung of the Garak Kingdom, was the commander of the Shilla military at the time of the war. According to the History of Shilla in the Record of the Three Kingdoms, (The "Shillabongi" of "Samguksagi"), General Kim’s forces, which had left Kyeong-ju in May 660 A.D., were stationed on a field near Janggun Village, Hyoryeong Township, Gunwi District in Kyeongsangbuk Province. Originally, the territorial war led by the Shilla military was on the path to the Han River. Reflecting these facts, the route of General Kim’s force, which attacked Sabi Castle in Baekje on July 12, 660 A.D. is assumed to be as follows.Namely, his campaign began in Kyeongju, then moved to Youngcheon, Shinnyeong, Bukye, Hyoryeong, Jangcheon, Seonsan, and Sangju(Icheon). Hyoryung (Janggun Village), located at the waypoint of the Kyeongju-Sangju Route, which is on route for Seonsan via Youngcheon, is considered the entrance towards Jangcheon. Janggun Village, located on the attack route to the north, was well positioned to have numerous soldiers deployed in its wide-open plains (Mohyebeol), through which the Sachangcheon River ran, also in a basin surrounded by mountains. Because of this advantage, Janggun Village was said to be a major transportation point for the Shilla on the way to Nakdong River. However, there was another reason for General Kim to choose Janggun Village as the most ideal army post besides the strategic and logistical advantages. This being the emigrants from the Gaya Dynasty, who resided in this area. In fact, this assumption is based on Seokkwakmyo, the evidence which represents the latter period of the Gaya Dynasty andwas found in large amounts in Jangcheon-myun. Therefore, Janggun Village, an important pass on the attack route to the north, is believed to be the location that possessed great strategic value for conquering Baekje. As well as the strategic necessity, the fact that ‘Janggun’ still remains as the name of the region and that the origin of the names ‘Gunwi’ and ‘Hyoryeong’ can be traced back to 757 A.D. indicates the town’s historicity as the domain of Yu-sin Kim and his army during their campaign against the Baekje in the summer of 660. Additionally, considering the fact that a ancestral shrine was built for Yu-sin Kim by Sagongjungsang’s request when King Gongmin reigned, and the residence of Hyreongsagong family was largely formed during the latter part of the Goryo Kingdom’s period, these incidents are believed to be historical facts. Similarly, residents in Janggun Village set up a shrine named ‘Janggundang’ which means ‘a shrine for General Yu-sin Kim’. That is how the myth of Hyoryeong was born.

Social investment effects of public education, health care, and welfare service expenditures on economic growth

Kim Soo‐Wan,Ahn Sang‐Hoon 한국사회복지학회 2020 Asian Social Work and Policy Review Vol.14 No.1

The purpose of this study is to theoretically and empirically examine whether public spending in education, health care, and welfare service operates as a fruitful investment in welfare states, which has been implied in the literature of social investment arguments. Based on comprehensive review of existing literature, this study suggested a tripartite mechanism of social investment effect of such spending, that is “enhancement of human capital,” “support for labor force participation,” and “job creation.” To find the empirical evidence, a pooled time‐series cross‐section analysis was conducted with the data of 15 advanced welfare states from 1980 to 2015 using estimation technique of fixed‐effect model. The results confirmed that public spending in education, health care, and welfare service had a positive medium‐term as well as long‐term effect on economic performance, while cash‐type welfare spending had an obscure or no visible effect on economy. Government consumption that is a proxy and control variable of size of the welfare state showed a positive effect on real GDP in the medium term but a negative effect in the long run. In conclusion, this study suggests that reinforcing social services should be recognized and dealt with as essence of social investment strategy.

Kim's Femoral Stem의 임상적 고찰

김영민(Young Min Kim),김희중(Hee Joong Kim),진종수(Jong Soo Jin),문영완(Young Wan Moon) 대한정형외과학회 1991 대한정형외과학회지 Vol.26 No.5

선택적 후근절제술의 수술중 근전도 감시방법과 치료효과

김형일,김연희,김완호,김근수,김동찬 대한신경외과학회 1996 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.25 No.10

Selective posterior rhizotomy(SPR) has been known to reduce the spasticity as well as to improve the quality of life in patients with intractable spasticity. Twenty patients underwent SPR under intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring(IOM). Fifty-two percent of sacrolumbar rootlet were cut after electrical stimulation. Eighteen patients(90%) with spastic type of cerebral palsy showed marked reduction of spasticity and functional improvement without any complication. The patients who did not respond to SRP had mixed types of spasticity. IOM facilitate the selection of pathological rootlets regardless of anaesthetic level. intensity of electrical stimulation, and individual variability of responses. It is concluded that careful selection of surgical candidates and of pathological rootlets under IOM are important to reduce the spasticity. thereby to obtain a better outcome.

불응성 자가면역질환에서의 자가조혈모세포이식

민도준,양동원,민창기,김완욱,이상헌,박성환,김동욱,이종욱,조철수,민우성,김범생,김호연,김춘추 대한조혈모세포이식학회 2001 대한조혈모세포이식학회지 Vol.6 No.1

배경: 기존의 치료에 불응하고 예후가 불량한 자가면역질환 환자들에게 최근 고용량 면역억제 및 조혈모 세포이식이 새로운 치료방법으로 대두되고 있다. 저자들은 다발성 경화증(multiple sclerosis, MS) 및 류마티스 관절염(rheumatoid arthritis, RA) 등 2명의 자가면역질환 환자들에서 자가조혈모세포 이식을 시행하였다. 방법: 말초혈액 조혈모세포 가동화를 위하여 cyclophosphamide (4 g/㎡) 및 granulocyte colony stimulating factor (10 g/kg/day)를 투여하였고, CD34+ 세포를 분리·채집 하였다, 이식 전처치로 MS 환자에서 BEAM 및 antihymocyte globulin (ATG) (3.75 mg/kg), RA 환자에서 fludarabine (180 mg/㎡), ATG (10 mg/kg)와 busulfan (8 mg/kg)을 투여하였다. 결과: 호중구 수가 500/㎕ 이상으로 회복되는 기간은 MS 환자에서 9일, RA 환자에서 15일이었다. 혈소판이 20.000/㎕ 이상으로 회복되는 가간은 RA 환자에서 9일 이었고, MS 환자에서는 혈소판 감소증이 발생하지 않았다. 비혈액학적 독성으로 MS 환자에서 WHO 1도의 오심 및 점막염이 관찰되었다. MS 환자는 이식 6개월 후까지 시력감소가 남아있었으나, 이식전에 관찰되던 감각이상 및 운동장애 등의 신경학적 이상 소견은 더 이상 관찰되지 않았다. RA 환자는 이식 1개월 후 관절 증상 및 검사소견의 호전을 보였다. 결론: 불응성 자가면역질환 환자에서 고용량 면역억제 및 조혈모세포이식은 적은 독성으로 높은 치료효과를 기대할수 있으며, 향후 이 시술의 임상적 의의를 규명하기 위하여 전향적이고 장기적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다. Background: High-dose immunosuppressive therapy followed by autologous hemathpoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been proposed as a new approach to treat severe, refractory autoimmune diseases. We describe two patients with refractory autoimmune diseases (one multiple sclerosis 〔MS〕and one rheumatoid arthritis〔RA〕) who underwent T-cell-depleted autologous peripheral bleed stem cell transplantation for the first time in Korea. Methods: We mobilized autologous stem cells with cyclophisphamide (4 g/㎡) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (10 ㎍/kg/day). Stem cells were enriched ex vivo using CD34-positive immunoselection and reinfused after high-dose chemotherapy with BEAM and antithymocyte globulin (ATG) (3.75 mg/kg) in MS, or fludarabine (180 mg/㎡), ATG (10 mg/kg) and busulfan (8 mg/kg) in RA. Results: The engraftment with an absolute nerutrophil count greater than 500㎕ occurred on day 9 in MS and 15 in RA, respectively. The time to nontransfused platelet count greater than 2.000/㎕ was 9 day in RA. MS patient did not show ant episode of thrombocytopenia. Regimen-related non-hematopoietic toxicity was minimal. For 6 months since HSCT, them patient with MS had been free from previously existed sensory and motor abnormalities except decreased visual acuity. Then patient with RA and only one tender joint and two mildly swollen joints with improvement in laboratory parameters at one month after HSCT. Conclusion: These results underscore the feasibility and potential efficacy of intensive immunosuppression followed by autologous HSCT for treatment of intractable autoimmune diseases. The durability of remission, however, remains to be clarified.

카본블랙의 종류와 충전량이 NR Compound 의 동적 점탄성에 미치는 영향

김완영,이대수,김윤섭 全北大學校 1990 論文集 Vol.32 No.-

Bound rubber formation of NR(natural rubber) compound containing various carbon blacks was increased as I_2 absorption number or DBPA (dibutylphthalate absorption) value was increased. The increases of surface area of carbon black resulted in increases of heat build-up and tan δ at 60℃ but decreases of rebound property and wear loss of NR compound. It is speculated that more damping at the interface of carbon black and rubber occurs in the presence of carbon black of high surface area. Increasing the loading level of carbon black N220 in NR compound resulted in the acceleration of cure rate. Tensile strength, elongation at break, wear loss and rebound property were found to decrease but heat buildup and tan δ at 60℃ to increase with the content of carbon black. Therefore, it is concluded that increasing the loading level of carbon black may affects rolling resistance of tires adversely.

CORBA 클라이언트/서버 구조의 자바 통합 개발 환경의 설계 및 구현

김완수,김흥준,박순규 진주산업대학교 2000 산업과학기술연구소보 Vol.- No.7

Today, most of the well-known software development tools and methods faced with problems of scalability, modularity, granularity, and maintenance. These problems result in the fact that these tools and methods are standalone. In this paper, we propose a design and implementation of software development environment for Java application based upon CORBA-based Client/Server model. Proposed model has facilities to overcome a problem caused by updates and its distribution and is possible to overcome problems of scalability, modularity and granularity because it based upon Client/Server model.

소비 패러다임 변화에 대응하는 국내 식품산업의 동향

김완수 호남대학교산업기술연구소 2009 산업기술연구논문집 Vol.15 No.-

식품산업은 우리에게 먹거리 제공이라는 기본적 역할 외에도 사회적웰빙(로하스), 고령화, 환경친화적, 첨단기술의 융복합화, 안전성 등 점점 복잡한 소비트랜드에 부합되도록 고부가가치산업으로 활성화되고 경쟁력 강화가 이루어져야 세계식품시장의 선점을 모색할 수 있다. 이를 위해 현재 취약한 우리 식품산업의 글로벌 경쟁력을 성장시키고 고용확대 및 수출 산업화가 되도록 국가 및 지역차원의 식품클러스터 조성으로 식품산업이 육성되논 방안을 고찰하였다. Besides providing foods for survival of fundamental role, our food industry should invigorate high value-added industry and strengthen the competitiveness in order to come up to complex consumption trends such as social well-being(LOHAS), an aging society, eco-friendliness, fusion of high technology, safety, etc., resulting in allowing us to secure early dominance in food market internationally. For this, the purpose of this review paper was attempted to consider a measure for fostering food industry through creating national and regional food industrial clusters which would give nurturing global competitiveness of our weak food industry, extending employment and leading export-oriented industrialization.

분기쇄 아미노산 투여가 흰쥐 뇌 트립토판 농도 및 운동수행에 미치는 효과

김완수,안의수 成均館大學校 科學技術硏究所 1995 論文集 Vol.46 No.1

Prolonged physical activity results in fatigue which can be explained in working muscle, that is, peripheral fatigue. However, fatigue can also occur through changes in the central nervous system during prolonged exercise, which is known as central fatigue. It has been proposed that central fatigue is associated with altered brain 5-HT concentration. Increase in the ratio of plasma free tryptophan to branched-chain amino acids(BCAA) result in the increase of brain tryptophan, and then brain 5-HT. The purpose of this study was to describe the effects of prolonged exercise on changes in brain tryptophan and to examine the effects of BCAA administration on brain tryptophan and on endurance performance (exercise time to exhaustion). Sprague-Dawley male rats (200-250g) were randomly assigned on three groups, control group(GⅠ), placebo group (G Ⅱ), BCAA(0.3g/100g body wt.) gyoup (GⅢ). Rats(GⅡ, GⅢ) runned to exhaustion on animal treadmill at a speed of 25m/min (0°grade). The brain tryptophan concentration of GⅡ was higher than those of G Ⅰ (p<0.001)and GⅢ (p<0.001). However, the exercise time to exhaustion was not significantly different between GⅡ and GM (138.83±14.22VS 121.03±17.28). The results showed that BCAA administration before prolonged exercise was decreased the brain concentration of tryptophan but not improved endurance performance in rat.

확률논리와 조합논리 미형성 학생의 논리지도에 대한 연구

김영신,박애련,임수민,정재훈,김수완,송하영 경북대학교 과학교육연구소 2009 科學敎育硏究誌 Vol.33 No.1

Probabilistic reasoning and combinational reasoning are essential to build a logical thinking and a process of thinking dealing with everyday life as well as scientific knowledge. This research aims at finding the optimal period to teach reasoning to the students who haven't developed probabilistic reasoning and combinational reasoning. The treatment program was performed for 20 students from each grade who couldn't develop two parts of reasoning. The treatment program using baduk stones and cards was performed repeatedly, focusing on the specific activities. After four weeks of treatment program, the test to check the development of probabilistic reasoning and combinational reasoning was performed again and the changes of reasoning development were identified. After giving treatment program for reasoning development, 15.0%, 25.0% and 40.0% of improvement in the 4th, the 5th, the 6th graders respectively were shown. With regard to the combinational reasoning, the results showed the improvement of 20.0% in the 4th grades, 25.0% in the 5th graders and 63.2% in the 6th graders. As a result of research in the above, students, who were not formed probabilistic reasoning and combinational reasoning, could be known to be enhanced through learning, but to fail to be formed the qualitative change like the cognitive development. It is expected that this research can contribute to the improvement of students' cognitive level and there would be more active researches in different fields to improve the cognitive level of the 6th graders who are in their optimal periods to learn two parts of reasoning. 이 연구의 목적은 확률 논리와 조합 논리가 형성되지 않은 학생들에게 논리 지도를 위한 최적의 시기를 찾고자 하는 것이다. 초등학교 4, 5, 6학년 학생 430명을 대상으로 논리의 형성정도를 사전에 검사하였다. 검사도구는 GALT를 참고하여 개발하였고, 이는 과학 교육 전문가에게 타당도를 검증 받았다. 처리프로그램은 두 가지 논리가 모두 형성되지 않은 각 학년 20명의 학생을 대상으로 수행하였다. 이는 바둑돌과 카드를 반복적으로 수행하는 검사도구이다. 4주 뒤 사후검사에서 확률논리와 조합논리의 발달정도를 알아보는 검사를 다시 수행하였고 그 변화는 확인되었다. 확률논리의 경우 4, 5, 6학년에서 형성율이 각각 15%, 25%, 40% 증가하였고, 평균도 .15, .30, .50 증가하였다. T-검증에 의한 의미있는 결과는 6학년 중에서 얻어졌다. 그러나 과도기 학생 비율(21.7%)를 제외하면 형성 학생의 비율은 5.0%로 여전히 저조하였고, 다수의 학생(73.3%)은 미형성 상태를 유지하였다. 조합논리의 경우 4, 5, 6학년에서 형성율이 각각 20%, 25%, 63.2% 증가하였고, 평균도 .20, .25, .63 증가하였다. T-검증에 의한 의미있는 결과는 역시 6학년 중에서 얻어졌다. 그러나 처치 후 논리 형성 학생으로의 전이는 없었으며, 과도기 학생의 비율만 35% 증가하였다. 위의 연구결과, 확률논리와 조합논리가 형성되지 않은 학생들은 학습을 통한 향상은 이루어 졌지만, 인지발달과 같은 질적인 변화는 이루어지지 않았다. 이 연구로 인하여 확률논리와 조합논리의 학습 효과가 큰 6학년 학생들의 인지수준 개선을 위한 여러 분야에서의 더 활발한 연구가 이루어지길 기대한다.