看堂에 關한 硏究 ‒ 『作法龜鑑』의 「看堂論」을 中心으로 ‒

박성환,심상현 한국불교학회 2016 韓國佛敎學 Vol.77 No.-

The rituals of Korean Buddhism have very diverse characteristics. That is because Korean Buddhism is an “inter-penetrated or perfect inter-fusion” form of Buddhism (圓融佛敎). The meditation ritual reviewed in this paper is just one of many Buddhist rituals. The meditation ritual practiced in Korean Buddhism is not found in any other country. Its origin is unclear because there is no information regarding it. According to Baekpa Geungseon (白坡亘璇) (1767~1852), the meditation practiced in Korean Buddhism was first practiced by the doctrinal school of Korean Buddhism. The significance of Korean Buddhist meditation was so deep that it could only be interpreted and evaluated from the perspective of Mahayana Buddhism’s Three Virtues (三德) of the Buddha and three categories of pure precepts (三聚淨戒). Ultimately, Korean Seon (Zen) meditation came to be considered the “supreme teaching” (最上乘 行), and the Linji Chan School adopted it as a routine practice of the future Chan (Seon or Zen) School. This paper uses an analytical approach to determine its origin, development, critical points, and other aspects to understand Korean Seon as summarized by Master Baekpa Geongseon. The “critical points” concern the authors, sects, roots and branches. However, any conflicts that arose regarding the form and purpose of meditation were used as opportunities for the betterment of the Chan School tradition. 看堂에 關한 硏究 / 박성환(월타)⋅심상현(만춘) 573 Accordingly, the procedure used to prepare for sitting meditation (入禪) is embodied in the principle “one and many are the same without obstruction (一卽多多卽一).” Baekpa Geungseon explained that the three kinds of Chan practiced in Patriarchal Chan (祖師禪) all included meditation. He also explained that when coming out of sitting meditation (放禪), one must pay special attention to: realization resulting from practice (修證), expedient means (Skt. upāya) and transmission (especially the oral transmission of inner teachings or meanings from teacher to disciple in the enlightenment process). At the end of Baekpa Geungseon’s commentary, he explained the purpose of meditation as being a routine precept of the Chan School, saying, “Even though one's ignorance may be deep and profound, if one tries to practice every day, without fail, he may plant the seed of wisdom, i.e., enlightenment by virtue of permeation." In other words, the theory of the meditation ritual is a fundamental rule and procedure in Korean Seon school while practicing meditation. 한국불교는 圓融佛敎이기 때문에 의식의 종류와 형태가 매우 다양하다는특징을 지니고 있다. 본고에서 살펴본 간당작법도 그 가운데 하나다. 여타 불교국가에 자취를 찾아볼 수 없는 점으로 미루어 한반도가 고향임은 알 수 있으나 생성에 대한 여타 정보는 어느 것 하나 정확한 것이 없다. 백파 긍선의 평론에 따르면, 간당작법은 본래 교가에서 이미 사용하던 것이라 했다. 작법의 의미도 심중하여 대승보살의 계법인 三聚淨戒와 부처님께갖추어진 三德의 관점에서 정리⋅이해하고 평가하였다. 궁극적으로 본 작법을 性品을 닦아 자타를 이롭게 하는 最上乘行이라 결론짓고 이런 점을 장차禪家의 日用常規로 원용하려는 근거로 삼아 임제선의 입장에서 기존의 작법절차에 새로운 의미를 부여하였다. 백파에 의해 정리된 작법의 의미파악을 위해 본고에서는 발단⋅전개⋅위기⋅절정⋅결말 등 분석적 입장에서 접근을 시도했다. 발단과 전개에 관한 것은 이미 언급하였고, 위기에 관한 것은 作者, 數理, 宗派, 本末 등에 관한 것이다. 그러나 이로 인해 야기될 수 있는 갈등 요인을 백파는 오히려 선가에로전용할 수 있는 전환의 소재로 삼고 있다. 결과 入禪에서 보이는 일련의 절차가 一卽多多卽一의 원리에 입각한 것으로서 조사선 내에 삼종선이 모두 갖추어져 있음을 말하였다. 또, 放禪에서의절차는 不同時 소식에 안주함을 경계하여 同時 소식을 거듭 일깨움으로써 修 證⋅方便⋅傳授에 소홀함이 없도록 하였다. 또, 논의 말미에서 “비록 無明이두텁고 무거워 주객을 가리지 못하는 사람일지라도 또한 능히 매일 수행하면, 보고 들음이 훈습되어 반야의 바른 因을 심게 되리라.”라고 하여 본 간당작법을 선가의 일용상규로 삼은 목적을 밝혔다. 한마디로 「看堂論」은 근현대 한국불교 선가에서 거행하는 행선시 간당작법에 대한 규범이다.

태조의 석각천문도와 숙종의 석각천문도의 비교

박성환 한국과학사학회 1986 한국과학사학회지 Vol.8 No.1

효율적인 영어학습을 위한 영미소설의 응용 : W. Golding의 『파리대왕』 W. Golding's Lord of the Files

박성환 부산외국어대학교 교육대학원 1999 敎育論叢 Vol.- No.-

In recent years the primacy of the spoken language is generally emphasized, and literature is thought of as embodying as a static kind of language, far removed from the utterances of daily communication. Many people think that much of literature is not efficient in the demands of particular uses in business, trade, advertising, and so on. However, the learners of practical English should become more familiar with patterns of social interaction and culture in the country which uses the target language. The created world of literature portrays these in contextual situations, and this gradually reveals the codes or assumptions which shape such interaction. Moreover, literature, which speaks to the heart as much as to the mind, provides materials with some emotional colour, that can make fuller contact with the ethos of people using the target language, In this light, learning English language through resources of literature, especially English novels, is one of very efficient teaching methods. In 'acquisition' of the language, the person who is doing acquiring meets words in the full context of some kind of genuine human communication. Conversation is about things which the acquirer understands and which are already clear in his mind. When he does spear, those around him react in terms of their attempts to communicate. This kind of acquisition takes time and patience. By contrast, 'learning' begins with selection of some clearly defined element which is to be learned. There are however some advantages to acquisition as compared with learning. What has been learned may be forgotten, while what has been acquired is relatively permanent. What has been acquired serves directly as the basis for smooth production either of speech or of writing. In acquisition the image from which we reconstruct what we are after is rich and well integrated, while learning it is impoverished and unintegrated. The higher the quality of the image the more easily we will be able to get back one part of it when we encounter another part. Those who are attracted to the culture and desire to become as much like the native speakers of the target language as possible will acquire a big amount of the language. Your success in helping people to acquire language in a classroom will therefore depend not only on the techniques you use, but also on how you, and what you do, affect their attitudes towards the language and the people who use it. Resources from literary fictions can be used to produce this kind of teaching method. This paper explores the teaching method to cultivate linguistic competence, performance competence, and communicative competence using resources from an English novel. Of all the genre of literary works, a novel is very relevant to apply to teaching methods of language. I select William Golding's novel, Lord of the Flies. The novel deals with the manner of a boys' adventure story, and the language is generally extremely plain and functional. So it provides the fittest resources for foreigners to acquire English. This paper suggests that activities-centered teaching method is one of the most efficient methods to teach practical English applying this novel. The student-oriented presentation and discussion in the study-group are strongly recommended as effective practical strategy. They will suggest the importance of a global perspective in teaching practical English language in Korea.

영어교육을 위한 영미시의 활용 : 창의적 의사소통능력의 제고를 위하여

박성환 부산외국어대학교 교육대학원 2000 敎育論叢 Vol.2 No.-

근대 및 정보화 사회의 분화와 문화

박성환 한국사회학회 1999 한국사회학회 심포지움 논문집 Vol.- No.-

재무제표 표시의 양적 중요성 판단에 대한 실태분석

박성환 大田産業大學校 2001 한밭대학교 논문집 Vol.18 No.-

This paper examines the practices of materiality judgements in the presentation of financial statements applied to statement of financial position. Most of the firms are too conservative in materiality judgements. By these practices, the financial statement users may be misled, because the financial statements include the immaterial information by separate presentation of many items with relatively immaterial and small amount. The current accounting standards allow individual account to exercise considerable discretionary judgement in evaluating information and concluding on its materiality. To improve the information usefulness, Accounting standards need to include the quantitative guidance of the proper application of materiality.

『베니스의 상인』의 Jessica와 르네상스시대 영국 유태인의 정체성

박성환 부산 외국어 대학교 2000 外大論叢 Vol.20 No.1

The converted female Jew Jessica in The Merchant of Venice, is doubly distinguished. Unlike Shylock, her father, she is noble and gentile, but she remains a daughter to Jewish blood despite her conversion. Different from Portia and Nerrisa, she is more samed than saving in her marriage to Lorenzo, a Christian English. Representations of Jessica in the play turn on alternating characterizations of her as a latent Christian and as a racialized and thus unintegrable Jew. In an age of soaring population and foreign immigration, English feared of uncontained female sexuality found expression in a narrative of alien culture that fused notions of blacks, Jews, and women. Jessica's ambivalent status and multiplicitous nature---as Jew and Christian and as "fair" beloved descended from blackened Chus, her father's countryman---constitutes an emblematic figure for the play's discontinuities. The ambiguous mix of comedy and tragedy, humanism and racialism, patriarchal imperialism and festive rebellion in The Merchant of Venice corresponds to the inherent incompatibility of the identities Shakespeare atempts to unite in Jessica. The nature and effects of Jessica's difference can illuminate how Shakespeare may have struggled with competing notions of Jewishness circulating in early modern England and how he worked to resolve them by creating not one Jew but two. This paper argues that only attention to the shifting emphasis on gender, class, and religion in Shakespeare's representation of Jessica can elucidate The Merchant of Venice's relation to Renaissance England's emerging ideology of race and to the bitter effects of that ideology that persist even today.

正面 milling 切削의 다듬질面 粗度에 關한 硏究

朴性煥 大田開放大學 1987 論文集 Vol.7 No.-

Pip vs. Huck : Great Expectations와 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn의 比較文學的 考察

朴성桓 부산 외국어 대학교 1988 外大論叢 Vol.6 No.1

This paper is to study the literary resemblance and difference, parallels and reverses between Charles Dickens' Gerat Expectations and Mark Twin's Adventures of Huckleberry Fonn. To do this I employed Comparative literature methodically. Comparative Literature, in brief, is the comparison of one literature with another or others, and the comparison of literature with other shpere of human expression. Comarative Literature aims to give scholars, teachers, students, and readers a better, more comprehensive understanding of literature as a whole rather than of a departmental fragment or several isolated departmental fragements of literature. In Great Expectations Dikens reflects and criticizes the values and structures of Victorian society. The major theme of the novel is : about "gentleman" in his Victorian society. Pip wants to be a gentleman for Estella's sake and it soon becomes clear that, in his desire for Estella, romantic dreamjing and social pretension are inextricably mingled. Both the romantic dream and the social pretension are destroyed by the return of Magwith. Pip, in his return, learns genuine love and self-sacrifice from the disillusionment. At last the learns that being a "gentleman" is less important than being a "gentle man". In Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain also reflects and criticizes moral and social depravity in his society before the Civil War (1861-65). Events in the novel take during 1840s before the outbreak of the Civil War when Missouri was still a slave-owning state. Huckleberry Finn is a book in which the hero tries to escape from society and civilization in an attempt to gain personal freedom and identity in the wilderness. Here I have investigated parallels and inversions as well as equivalents of some themes and leit-motif in the two novels illuninating the connection of their works with wocial matrix in whcih they were produced. For a total understanding of the two novels will give readers a model of a better, more comprehensive understanding of literature as a whole, enhancing their literary sentiments.

이익형태별 주가반응의 차이

박성환 大田産業大學校 1996 한밭대학교 논문집 Vol.13 No.1

This paper provides evidences whether there are the differences of price income on various income change patterns (unexpected earnings patterns) classified by using consolidated earnings and individual earnings data for the extended research period (1993~1994). The results are as follow: 1) The price behaviors for testing period support the results of prier researches showing the usefulness of audited consolidated earnings. 2) There are significant differences among income change Patterns. These results show that according to change patterns, even though the unexpected consolidated earnigs are same, they can have a different effect on investors' belief.