진주 촉석루 제영시의 제재적 성격

하강진(Ha, Kang-Jin) 한국문학회 2008 韓國文學論叢 Vol.50 No.-

촉석루 제영시는 진주 지역의 문학성을 대표하는 문학 갈래로서 인정받고 있다. 촉석루는 역사적으로 흥폐를 반복했고, 누각 존립의 실태에 따라 형상화된 시적 의미도 다양한 편폭을 지니고 있다. 이는 촉석루 시를 이해할 때 치밀한 제재 분석이 전제되어야 함을 의미한다. 제재로서의 촉석루는 누각들의 변천 과정, 누각의 배치 형태, 누각의 심미적 요소 등의 특징을 포괄하는 개념이다. 기존의 연구에서도 이를 검토했지만, 결과가 불충분하거나 역사적 실체와 합치되지 않은 점이 더러 있다. 따라서 여러 문헌과 자료를 통해 본고에서 규명한 새로운 결과는 제재 접근에 있어서 중요한 정보를 제공할 것이다. 촉석루는 여러 차례 중수를 거쳤는데, 기존의 경우 일곱 번으로 보고 있으나 1786년과 1887년 두 차례 더 중수가 있었던 사실을 추가로 밝혔다. 이로써 18세기 이후 200여 년간의 중수 공백을 채울 수 있게 되었다. 그리고 1593년 제2차 진주성 전투에서 성이 함락될 때 촉석루는 전소되지 않았고, 일부가 훼손된 것으로 보는 것이 실제에 부합함을 알았다. 촉석루는 단독 건물로 존재한 것이 아니라 서각과 동각을 부속 누각으로 거느린 웅장한 건물 구조였음을 구체적으로 밝혔다. 흔히 이를 간과하고 있지만, 임란 전까지만 해도 촉석루는 쌍청당과 임경헌을 서각으로, 함옥헌과 청심헌을 동각으로 거느렸다. 부속 누각은 임란 때 모두 소실되었는데, 서각은 끝내 복구되지 않았고, 동각은 곧바로 중수되었다. 이중 청심헌은 적어도 1757년 이전에 벌써 훼철되었고, 함옥헌만 유일하게 존속되다가 20세기 초에 사라졌다. 이는 촉석루 본루만 기억되는 현재의 고정 관념과는 아주 다름을 보여준다. 촉석루는 부속 누각의 존재로 승경에 대한 심미적 흥취가 더욱 배가되었다. 한편 임진왜란의 특수한 경험은 촉석루의 제재 영역을 확장하고 주제의식을 전환시켰다. 즉 왜적에 대한 집단적 적개심, 전후 누각 중건에 따른 희열과 민족 자부심 등은 촉석루 제재에서 발견한 새로운 인식 내용이다. 특히 임진 사적을 대표하는 의암, 의암사적비, 의기사 등에 상징화된 충의 정신은 근대에도 여전히 촉석루 제영시에 적극적으로 수용되었다는 점이다. 의암사적비는 의암 위 언덕의 비각 안에 세워져 있다. 하지만 이 비석은 원래 촉석루의 부속 누각인 동각 위에 건립되었는데, 옛 지도나 개인 일기를 통해서 그 실재를 최초로 입증했다. 이보다 약간 뒤에 나라로부터 사액을 받아 의암 위에 정려각을 건립했는데, 19세기 이후 어느 때에 현 위치로 비석을 이전함으로써 지금과 같은 의외의 형태로 되었을 뿐이다. 이로써 의기 정표로서 의암사적비는 거의 동시대에 정려각과는 따로 존재했고, 애초의 위치는 지금의 장소가 아닌 촉석루 위쪽이었음이 새롭게 드러났다. 촉석루가 역사적으로 변천한 실체에서 보듯이 제재에 대한 치밀한 분석은 작품 해석과 감상의 기초적 단계로서 의의가 있는데, 본고를 통해서 충분히 다루지 못한 부분은 앞으로도 계속 논의할 필요가 있다. The Chok-seok Pavilion(矗石樓) was a subject material of many poems because the Chok-seok Pavilion, located on a cliff beside the Nam River(南江) in Jin-ju(晉州), had an excellent view and historicity at various times. It is necessary to understand the historical transition process of the Chok-seok Pavilion to appreciate highly literary poems on the Chok-seok Pavilion which is representative of Jin-ju. The Chok-seok Pavilion has been rebuilt nine times since it was founded about the middle of the time of Gor-yeo(高麗) dynasty at first time. Most literatures have described that the Chok-seok Pavilion was totally destroyed by fire during the second Jin-ju castle combat in 1593. It was adequate that the Chok-seok Pavilion was destroyed in part at that time. The Chok-seok Pavilion was a huge scale with annexes. The annexes in the east werethe Harm-ok Pavilion(涵玉軒) and Chungsim Pavilion(淸心軒).There were the Ssang-chung House(雙淸堂) and the Im-kyeong Pavilion(臨景軒) in the west at different periods. The pavilions in the west destroyed by fire during the Im-jin war(壬辰亂) have never rebuilt. The Harm-ok Pavilion continued to exit for about 400 years and, however, was disappeared at the beginning of the 20 century. This fact was mentioned in the article for the first time. The main themes of the poems on the Chok-seok Pavilion were the gusto of refined taste due to the aesthetic characteristic of the Pavilion and the pride of Jin-ju. After the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1593, many poems expressed the collective hostility against the enemy Japan, the delightful feelings about the reconstruction of the Chok-seok Pavilion, and the ethnical pride. This characteristic change of the topics diversified the subjects of the works. The representatives of the characteristic change were specific None-Gae's historical relics(論介事蹟) such as the Public-spirited Rock(義巖),the Monument of the Public-spirited Rock(義巖事蹟碑),the Shrine of Public-spirited Gisaeng(義妓祠). They became the symbolic spaces giving literary men deep impression. Owing to this, the topics of the Chok-Seok Pavilion extended to the integrated image of a beautiful scenery and fidelity to the country and deepened the subjects of the poems on the Chok-Seok Pavilion.

한국인 직무 스트레스 측정도구의 개발 및 표준화

장세진,고상백,강동묵,김성아,강명근,이철갑,정진주,조정진,손미아,채창호,김정원,김정일,김형수,노상철,박재범,우종민,김수영,김정연,하미나,박정선,이경용,김형렬,공정옥,김인아,김정수,박준호,현숙정,손동국 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Background and Purposes: Over the past three decades, numerous studies performed in Korea have reported that job stress is a determinant risk factor for chronic diseases and work disability. Every society has its own culture and occupational climate particular to their organizations, and hence experiences different occupational stress. An occupational stress measurement tool therefore needs to be developed to estimate it objectively. The purpose of this study is to develop and standardize the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) which is considered to be unique and specific occupational stressors in Korean employees. Subjects and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project: 2002-2004). A total of 12,631 employees from a nationwide sample proportional to the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were administered. The KOSS was developed for 2 years (2002-2004). In the first year, we collected 255 items from the most popular job stress measurement tools such as JCQ, ERI, NIOSH and OSI, and 44 items derived from the a qualitative study (depth interview). Forty-three items of KOSS, in the second year, were retained for use in the final version of the KOSS by using Delphi and factor analysis. Items were scored using conventional 1-2-3-4 Likert scores for the response categories. Results: We developed eight subscales by using factor analysis and validation process: physical environment (3 items), job demand (8 items), insufficient job control (5 items), interpersonal conflict (4 items), job insecurity (6 items), organizational system (7 items), lack of reward (6 items), and occupational climate (4 items). Together they explained 50.0% of total variance. Internal consistency alpha scores were ranged from 0.51 to 0.82. Twenty-four items of the short form of the KOSS (KOSS-SF) were also developed to estimate job stress in the work setting. Because the levels of the subscales of occupational stress were gender dependent, gender-specific standard norms for both the 43-item full version and the 24-item short form using a quartile for the subscales of KOSS were presented. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that KOSS might be an appropriate measurement scale to estimate occupational stress of Korean employees. Further and more detailed study needs to be conducted to improve the validity of this scale.

저염농도의 자리발효식품의 가공에 관한 연구

송대진,김재하,강영주,김수현,고영환,하진환 濟州大學校 工科大學 産業技術硏究所 1990 産業技術硏究報告 Vol.1 No.-

This study was carried out to obtain the basic data on salted and fermented damsel fish(Jari-Jeot), one of the important traditional marine foods in Cheju-Do. and also to seek salt lowering method for the development of a new local tourist food. The results are as follows : The best organoleptic results were obtained after 60 days' fermentation for 25.0, 12.5 and 10% of salt-added group, and around 45 days for 7.5 and 5% of salt-added group. In raw fish ingredient IMP was abundant which marked 17.7 μmole/g while in fermented fish hypoxanthine was predominant but ATP and ADP were not detected after 30 days' fermentation. Sixteen kinds of free amino acids were detected and identified in Jari-Jeot instead of 17 kinds of those in raw sample. The abundant amino acids in Jari-Jeot after 60 days' fermentation were lysine. alanine, glutamic acid, glycine and leucine, and those were consisted of approximately 60% of the total free amino acids. During fermentation the content of TMAO was decreased gradually and no TMAO was detected after 75 days' fermentation while that of TMA was increased during fermentation up to 45 days' and decreased afterwards. The fatty acid of low-salt Jari-Jeot was composed of 31.9% of saturated acids, 13.2% of monoenoic acids and 54. 9% of of polyenoic acids. While the content of EPA in polyenoic acids was 1.9%, that of DHA was 23.0%. In order to lower salt concentaration of fermented damsel fish, additon of Pediococcus halophilus culture as a starter together with 10-12.596 of salt, 4-5% of KCI, and 2% of glucose gave as good quality as traditionally made Jari-Jeot.

맥주박 바이오차 처리가 암모니아 배출량에 미치는 영향 평가

이재한(Jae-Han Lee),최하연(Ha-Yeon Choi),박성용(Seong-yong Park),천진혁(Jin-Hyuk Chun),강윤구(Yun-Gu Kang),윤여욱(Yeo-Uk Yun),이기범(Gibum Yi),오택근(Taek-Keun Oh) 한국토양비료학회 2021 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2021 No.11

암모니아(NH₃)는 대기 중 황산화물(SOx), 질소산화물(NOx) 등과 반응하여 황산암모늄, 질산암모늄과 같은 2차 미세먼지를 생성하는 주요 미세먼지 원인물질이다. 2017년 기준 국내에서 NH₃는 총 308,298 ton year<SUP>-1</SUP> 배출되었으며, 농업부문에서 약 79.3%의 비율로 가장 많이 배출되었다. 토양에 질소질 비료의 시용 시 발생되는 NH₃의 대기로 배출은 토양 내 질소 손실의 원인이 되기도 한다. 바이오차는 넓은 표면적과 표면의 작용기를 가지고 있어 토양 내에서 중금속이나 오염물질 등을 제거하는 특징이 있다. 본 연구는 다양한 온도에서 열분해된 맥주박 바이오차 처리가 NH₃ 배출량에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해 실시하였다. 바이오차는 충분히 건조된 맥주박을 300, 500, 700°C에서 각각 1시간 동안 열분해하여 제조하였다. 각 바이오차를 토양에 3% (w w<SUP>-1</SUP>)씩 혼합 후 NH₃ 포집을 위해 자체 제작한 아크릴컬럼에 작토층 높이인 20 cm 까지 토양을 채웠으며, 토양 수분함량은 20%로 조절하였다. 질소질 비료는 작물별 시비처방기준의 배추를 기준으로 요소를 각 처리구에 320 kg ha<SUP>-1</SUP>로 처리하였다. NH₃의 포집은 요소 처리 후부터 약 30일간 실험실 내에서 실시하였다. 배출되는 NH₃는 0.05 N H₂SO₄으로 포집하여, Indophenol blue method로 비색정량하였다. 그 결과, 시험 기간 중 총 NH₃ 배출량은 BB<SUB>700</SUB>처리구가 약 11.83 kg ha<SUP>-1</SUP>로 가장 높게 나타났다. BB<SUB>300</SUB>처리구의 총배출량은 약 7.34 kg ha<SUP>-1</SUP>로 가장 낮았으며, N처리구에 비해 약 30.5% 저감 되었다. BB<SUB>700</SUB>처리구는 N처리구에 비해 NH₃ 총배출량이 약 12% 증가하였는데, 이는 바이오차의 높은 pH에 의한 alkali effect로 판단된다. 실험 후 토양 분석 결과, 모든 바이오차 처리구에서 pH, EC, Av. P₂O<SUB>5</SUB>, T-C, T-N 등이 증가하였다. 특히, BB<SUB>700</SUB>처리구는 처리된 바이오차의 높은 탄소 함량으로 인하여, 토양 내 탄소 함량이 약 3.44%로 가장 높았다. 따라서, 비교적 낮은 온도에서 열분해한 BB<SUB>300</SUB>의 토양 처리가 농경지에서 배출되는 NH₃를 감축할 수 있으며, 본 연구 결과는 실제 농경지에서 배출되는 NH₃를 감축하기 위한 기초자료로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

자궁경부 세포 인식을 위한 가변 블록 기반 특징 추출 기법

강미영,하진영,김백섭,이헌길 강원대학교 정보통신연구소 2001 정보통신논문지 Vol.5 No.-

Most automated cervical cancer screening systems are recognized through the feature extraction process by segmenting the cell image. There are problems such that an efficient segmentation of the cell image is difficult, and segmentation and feature extraction process takes long time. To solve these problems, PapNet system based on the artificial neural network was developed. However, it takes long time to recognize because huge amount of pixel-based features is inputted into neural network. In this paper, we propose a feature extraction technique which is based on the variable size block and makes use of the color information. The proposed technique can reduce running time by decreasing the input number of neural network by dividing the region of the cell around the center into blocks. This technique shows the low false negative error ratio and the high recognition ratio by color clustering which makes use of the position information and the similarity among homogeneous cells, and by variable size block in proportion to importance ratio of the information.

李奎報 文學論의 形成 基底

하강진 東西大學校 1997 동서논문집 Vol.3 No.1

The purpose of this paper is to study the formative foundations of Lee Kyu-Bo's literary theory. His personal literary theory has originality in three respects, which are the subject, manner, and method of creative works. His literary theory is to lay stress on the writer's personality and the original expressions, and most of all, to pursue original language. Through this theory he tries to overcome the conventional writing method which was full of imitation and rhetoric. I think that his personal literary theory is based on romantic elements and deep thoughts. His romanticism which is represented with his temperament of madness(狂) and tenacity(癖) is a resistant movement opposed to conventional literary tradition and a writer's uncritical consciousness. His pluralistic thoughts which are inclusive of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism are a resistance to deny fixed ideas and unreasonable order. I conclude that his romantic temperament and trend of thought raise his original literary theory and work as formative foundations to produce a lot of works.

식품공장폐수의 활성오니처리중 오존에 의한 산화분해효과

강경수,최영찬,하진환,송대진 濟州大學校 工科大學 産業技術硏究所 1991 産業技術硏究報告 Vol.2 No.-

For the increase of treatment efficiency when waste water which included residual chlorine was biologically treated with activated sludge, elimination efficiency of COD and change of transmittance by activated sludge method were examined after the treatment of residual chlorine with ozone of 100 volt and l0ℓ-air/min., 0.8g-0_(3)/hr. in velocity. The results were as follows. 1) When the sample which included residual chlorine was treated with ozone of 0.8g-O_(3)/hr., COD removal rate by the change of pH and ozonization time was more efficient than acidity solution of pH 3.2(20%) and alkaline solution of pH 12.0(10%). Since the COD removal rate become 35% after 50 minutes of ozonization time at neutral solution of pH 7.2. 2) After the residual chlorine included sample was treated with ozone for 50 minutes to make the F/M rate of 0.1㎏·BOD/㎏·MLSS, the sample was reacted with activated sludge for 3, 6, 9 and 15 hours. The 6 hours reaction gave 85.8% COD elimination which showed higher efficiency than 60.5% by Na_(2)S_(2)O_(3) treatment togather with shorting efficiency of reaction time. 3) When such sample as polyphenol which gives dark brown color was treated with ozone for 50 minutes after being made into acidic, neutral and alkaline solution. the transmittance increased from 30- 40% to 70% and gave better result in alkaline solution.

Kim,Seong-soo : Possiblity of Low Salting Process in Gae-Woo Jeot(Salted and Fermented Gastrophoda) and Changes in Fatty Acid Composition during Fermntation 低鹽化 可能性 檢討 및 熱成중 脂肪酸 組成의 變化

姜永周,河璡桓,金永東,宋大鎭,金洙賢,金成洙 제주대학교 1990 논문집 Vol.30 No.-

To establish the way of processing of Gae-Woo jeot which used abalone intestine that has not been systematically used compare to its characteristic taste and fame as main ingredient and to develop as a local tourist good, the change of constituents the quality of salted fish products suring Gae-Woo jeot fermentation were examined. The results are as follows. 1. In the organoleptic test, Gae-Woo jeot which fermented through 65 days were dominant and the group of 105 salkt concentration were better than that of 20%. It was the best of 10% salted products to add small abalone. Both law salted(10%) and high salted (20%) Gae-Woo jeot were similar in general constityents, nutrients and texture. 2. Compositions of highly unsaturated acid were farely high to 45.6% and 46.1% in small abalone added froup and top sheel added group respectively. during 3 months fermentation low decreasing rate of 3~4% was shown. EPA(eicosapentaenoic acid) was approximately 7~8% and DHA(docosahexaenoic acid) was extremely low to be less than 0.3%. 3. In the changes General composition and pH, pH was within range of 4~5.5, 9~12% in protein, 3~5% in total sugar, 0.5~1% in lipid and approximately 1% in ash. 4. Gae-Woo jeot can be made with 10% low salting method, and 10% group gets all the better for taste, small abalone adding is recommended. 5. When low salt fermented fish of 10% is processed, it is highly recommended to put sorbitol, ethyl alcohol, lactic acid or other humectant for better taste and longer storage and good quality food additives must be developed for tourist and presently applied mil ordering transportation must be sought.

食品工場廢水의 活性汚泥處理中 오존에 依한 酸化分解效果

康京壽,崔永贊,宋大鎭,河璡桓 濟州大學校工科大學附屬産業技術硏究所 1991 尖端技術硏究所論文集 Vol.2 No.-

잔류염소를 함유한 發水를 活性汚泥에 의한 處理效率을 增加시키기 위하여 전압 100Volt, 유속 10ℓ-air/min, 0.8g-O₃/hr의 오존으로 처리했을때 COD의 除去效果및 투과율의 變化를 實驗한 結果를 要約하면 다음과 같다. 1. 잔류염소를 함유한 시료를 0.8g-O₃/hr의 오존으로 處理하였을때 pH의 變化 및 反應時間에 의한 COD의 除去率은 中性溶液(pH=7.2)에서 오존處理時間 50分 후 35%의 除去效果를 나타내어 酸性溶液(pH=3.2)의 20%, 알칼리性溶液(pH=12.0)의 10%의 除去效果보다 좋았다. 2. 잔류염소를 함유한 試料를 오존으로 50分間 處理하여 F/M比 0.1㎏·BOD/㎏·MLSS로 한 후 3. 6. 9 및 15時間 活性汚泥로 反應시켰을 때 反應時間 6時間 후 85.8%의 COD의 除去效果가 있어 티오황산나트륨(Na₂S₂O₃)으로 處理한 試料의 除去率 60.5%보다 좋았으며, 反應時間의 단축효과도 있었다. 3. Polyphenol色素 等 暗褐色을 띄는 試料를 酸性, 中性, 알칼리性 溶液으로 하여 오존으로 50分間 處理하였을 때 투과율이 30~40%에서 70% 以上 상승하였으며 알칼리성溶液에서가 투과율이 더 좋았다. For the increase of treatment efficiency when waste water which included residual chlorine was biologically treated with activated sludge, elimination efficiency of COD and change of transmittance by activated sludge method were examined after the treatment of residual chlorine with ozone of 100 volt and 10ℓ-air/min., 0.8g-O₃/hr. in velocity. The results were as follows. 1) When the sample which included residual chlorine was treated with ozone of 0.8g-O₃/hr., COD removal rate by the change of pH and ozonization time was more efficient than acidity solution of pH 3.2(20%) and alkaline solution of pH 12.0(10%). Since the COD removal rate become 35% after 50 minutes of ozonization time at neutral solution of pH 7.2. 2) After the residual chlorine included sample was treated with ozone for 50 minutes to make the F/M rate of 0.1㎏·BOD/㎏·MLSS, the sample was reacted with activated sludge for 3, 6, 9 and 15 hours. The 6 hours reaction gave 85.8% COD elimination which showed higher efficiency than 60.5% by Na₂S₂O₂ treatment togather with shorting efficiency of reaction time. 3) When such sample as polyphenol which gives dark brown color was treated with ozone for 50 minutes after being made into acidic, neutral and alkaline solution, the transmittance increased from 30-40% to 70% and gave better result in alkaline solution.

레이저와 2차원 배열의 광전검출기를 이용한 구조물의 변위측정 시스템의 개발에 관한 연구

강문필,이진이,김민수,김대정,최원하,강기훈,김종수,김훈 한국비파괴검사학회 2002 한국비파괴검사학회지 Vol.22 No.1

일반적으로 구조물은 외부의 정적 및 동적 하중과 외부환경으로 인하여 피로균열과 부식이 발생하며, 이것은 구조물의 변형을 유발하여 결국 파단으로 이어지기 때문에 균열과 부식의 검출 및 평가와 함께 구조물의 변형에 의한 진동, 변위 기울기와 같은 거동을 감시하는 것도 매우 중요하다. 이에 레이저 센서 시스템을 이용하여 이러한 거동을 측정하여 이상 유무를 모니터링할 수 있는 구조물 안전감시 시스템을 개발하였다. 본 시스템은 2차원으로 배열한 광전센서를 이용하여 구조물의 변형에 의해 유발된 광궤적의 변화를 감시하며 또한 데이터를 취득하고 신호처리 할 수 있는 운용 프로그램도 갖추고 있다. 본 연구에서는 개발한 안전 진단 시스템의 필드 적용에 앞서 실험실에서의 몇 가지 실험을 통하여 그 효용성을 검증하였다. A Safety Monitoring System using a laser and 2-D arrayed photo sensors is developed. To monitor of the deformation and small rotation of structure the developed optical system using 2-D photo sensor array was used to detect the variation of optical orbit of laser which was induced by deformation of the structure. Also, an operating program to manage the system and an algorithm for the data acquisition and the database are introduced. In this study, we demonstrated the capabilities of this system by laboratory experiments before applying the system to the field.