Do Unions Increase Training to Improve Firm Competitiveness?

Lee,Young Myon,Na,In-Gang 한국인적자원관리학회 2012 인적자원관리연구 Vol.19 No.2

노동조합은 임금수준, 직장안정, 그리고 근로조건뿐 아니라 근로자의 삶을 향상시키는데 중요한 역할을 수행하고 있다. 노동조합은 또한 노동비용을 증가시키고, 시장에서 기업의 경쟁력을 저해하는 역할을 수행할 수 있다. 높은 노동비용을 부담하는 유노조 기업이 시장에서 어떻게 생존할 수 있는지를 탐색하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 경쟁이 심화되는 시장에서 경쟁우위를 유지하기 위하여서는 높은 수준의 인적자원 그리고 훈련 프로그램의 적극적 참여를 통한 기술과 지식의 지속적인 향상이 전제되어야 할 것이다. 노동조합에 의한 독려를 통한 근로자의 교육 및 개발에의 참여가 경쟁우위의 유지에 공헌할 것이다. 단순 통계 분석에서 유노조 기업이 근로자에게 더 높은 임금을 주며, 더 많은 교육을 제공하고 있다. 이러한 사실이 노동조합의 높은 임금요구에 따른 노동비용 상승 분을, 높은 생산성을 가져오는 교육으로 상쇄하고 있음을 반영하고 있다. 그러나 노동조합이 교육 및 개발비용에 미치는 효과는 다른 통제 변인들이 추가되었을 경우 사라지고 있다. 더욱이, 노동조합이 다양한 측정의 성과에 미치는 영향 역시 유의적이지 않았다. 반면에, 일인당 훈련비용은 다양한 측정의 성과에 유의적인 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 시사점을 제시 하고 있다. Unions in Korea have had strong impact on improving the life of workers, including wage level, job security, and working conditions. This strong impact, however, also increased labor cost and may have actually hindered companies' competitiveness in the market, particularly in the global market. The question asked in this paper is how do unionized companies with higher labor costs survive in the market? To maintain competitive advantage in the highly competitive global market, highly qualified human resources and continuous upgrading in skills and knowledgethorough active participation in training program, are necessary conditions. The worker's participation, promoted by the union, in training and development may contribute to maintain the competitive advantage of the company. Simple statistics show that unionized companies pay workers more and train them more than nounionized companies do. This may lead to the explanation that unions get more from the company but compensate higher labor cost with more training which may lead to higher productivity. As shown in Korea Investors Service dataset, the absolute levels of per capita sales, ordinary revenue, and net revenue are higher in unionized companies with higher per capita labor cost. However, the effect of unions on training and development cost disappears when some other control variables are included in the model. Furthermore, the union variable was neither statistically significant in the random effect model for company performance on attitudinal measures such as job competency and workers’ motivation nor on financial measures such as per capita value-added, sales, and revenues. Meanwhile, the per capita training cost variable keeps its statistical significance in most of the models analyzed. To survive and prosper under the globalized competition, union may need to bargain not only wages and job security, but also company's competitiveness to help the company survive in the market. One simple but strong way of helping the company to be competitive in the market is upgrading skills and knowledge of union members.

술후 동통에 대한 케토프로펜 주사의 효능

황병연,박명식,이준모,송경진,이강욱,이승환 최신의학사 1993 最新醫學 Vol.36 No.2

Predicting postoperative total calcium requirements after parathyroidectomy in secondary hyperparathyroidism

( Byung Heon Kang ),( Soon Young Hwang ),( Jeong Yeop Kim ),( Yu Ah Hong ),( Mi Yeon Jung ),( Eun Ah Lee ),( Ji Eun Lee3 ),( Jae Bok Lee ),( Gang Jee Ko ),( Heui Jung Pyo ),( Young Joo Kwon ) 대한내과학회 2015 The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.30 No.6

Background/Aims: To prevent hypocalcemia after parathyroidectomy (PTX), parenteral calcium is required in addition to oral calcitriol and calcium. After switching to oral calcium, patients can be discharged from the hospital. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical characteristics and outcomes of PTX performed at a single Korean center and to investigate the associated laboratory factors used to analyze the total amount of postoperative calcium required. Methods: We enrolled 91 hemodialysis patients undergoing PTX from November 2003 to December 2011. We collected clinical and laboratory data preoperatively, 12 and 48 hours postoperatively, at discharge, and 3 and 6 months postoperatively. Results: In total, 59 patients underwent PTX with autotransplantation (AT), 6 underwent total PTX without AT, 11 underwent subtotal PTX, and 15 underwent limited PTX. Total PTX without AT showed the lowest recurrence rate. At all postoperative time points, the mean levels of serum calcium, phosphorus, and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) decreased significantly, compared with preoperative levels; however, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) increased significantly from 48 hours postoperatively to discharge (p < 0.001). On multiple linear regression analysis, the total amount of injected calcium during hospitalization showed a significant correlation with preoperative ALP (p < 0.001), preoperative iPTH (p = 0.037), and Δphosphorus at 48 hours (p < 0.001). We developed an equation for estimating the total calcium requirement after PTX. Conclusions: Preoperative ALP, preoperative iPTH, and Δphosphorus at 48 hours may be significant factors in estimating the postoperative calcium requirement. The formula for postoperative calcium requirement after PTX may help to predict the duration of postoperative hospitalization.

산모혈과 제대혈에서 연농도에 관한 조사

이덕희,문종국,배강우,이용환,김진하,박강원 大韓産業醫學會 1996 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.8 No.3

This study was conducted to evaluate the blood lead levels in 141 pregnant women who were not occupationally exposed to lead and their umbilical cord, and to identify some differences in blood lead levels by living area. The subjects were all delivered at St. Benedict Hospital in Pusan and the blood lead levels were measured by graphite furance atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The summarized results were as follows. 1. The geometric mean lead levels in maternal and cord blood were 8.0±1.8μg/dl, 5.0±0.6μg/dl respectively. 2. Lead levels in maternal(8.7±1.7μg/dl) and cord blood(5.4μ±0.7μg/dl) of industrial area(n=24) were higher than residential area(n=124) which were 7.9±1.7μg/dl and 5.0±0.6μg/dl respectively(p<0.05). 3. Maternal blood lead concentration was significantly correlated to cord blood lead concentration(r=0.6090, p<0.001), but other variables(maternal age, paternal smoking, birth weight, etc) were not correlated.

전자 상거래를 위한 공개키 기반 구조 제시

이강석,염흥열 순천향대학교 부설 산업기술연구소 1998 순천향 산업기술연구소논문집 Vol.4 No.1

As the business of electronic commerce(EC) through Internet spreads widely and rapidly, both the government and the enterprise are faced with new problem, which is the privacy protection in Internet. They make efforts to solve this problem. In electronic commercial transactions one party can't trust the other party of transaction, because he can't see them directly. Generally, EC is based on the trust to the other party. But, the trust infrastructure of EC have not yet established. Furthermore, there are so many problems to be solved, which restrict the governments and international transaction. And, these problems are how to deal with the intellectual property rights, how to provide the information privacy, and which cryptographic algorithms to be used. The unique solution to these problems is to introduce the cryptographic technologies to EC, to establish the Public Key Infrastructure(PKI), and then to apply it for the creation of new security service. That is, we need the interoperable PKI policies and the establishment of international standards for EC. In this paper, we present the basic structure of PKI, requirements for PKI, and the components in PKI, and new PKI applications. Also, we present the security algorithms and components for establishing the PKI.

일차배양된 설치류 호흡기 상피세포로부터의 점액소 분비에 대한 수종 약물의 영향

이충재,석정호,이재흔,허강민,박지선,배소현,노삼길,박상철 충남대학교 의학연구소 2003 충남의대잡지 Vol.30 No.2

1. PKC activator인 PMA는 일차배양 HTSE세포로부터의 뮤신분비를 0.1μM 농도에서 30%, 1μM 농도에서 80% 가량 증가시켰다. 2. 식물 유래 성분으로, flavonoid의 일종인 TFR은 일치배양 HTSE 세포로부터의 뮤신분비를 10μM 농도에서 50%, 100μM 농도에서 80% 가량 증가시켰다. 3. 양이온성 폴리펩티드인 PLL 및 PLA는 일차 배양 HTSE 세포로부터의 뮤신분비를 0.01 - 10μM 농도에서 용량의존적으로 감소시켰다. 4. 결론적으로, 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과들은 새로운 거담제 및 점액용해제나 단백분해 효소제가 아닌 호흡기 류신의 생성/분비를 조절해 줄 수 있는 신개념의 약물을 개발함에 있어 극히 일부분이나마 단서를 제공하고 있다고 하루 수 있을 것이다. In the present study, we tried to investigate whether phorbol myristate acetate(PMA), trihydroxymethoxy-flavanone rutinoside(TFR) and cationic polypeptides significantly affect mucin release(secretion) from cultured hamster tracheal surface epithelial cells. Confluent primary hamster tracheal surface epithelial (HTSE) cells were metabolically radiolabeled with 3H-glucosamine for 24 hr and chased for 30 min in the presence of each agent to assess the effect on 3H-mucin release. The results were as follows : (1) Both PMA and TFR significantly increased mucin release from cultured HTSE cells ; (2) Cationic polypeptides including po1y-L-lysine(PLL, mw 7,500) and poly-L-arginine(PLA, mw 10,800) significantly inhibited mucin release from cultured HTSE cells, in a dose-dependent manner. This finding suggests us that PMA and TFR be further studied for the possible use as mild expectorants and cationic polypeptides might function as a regulator for hyper-secretion of mucus, both by direct acting on airway mucin-secreting cells, during the treatment of chronic airway diseases.

Risperidone이 백서의 억제된 자발적 교대행동에 미치는 영향

이기철,이정호,김진규,정홍경,천강훈,류정환,최영민,전성일 대한생물치료정신의학회 1998 생물치료정신의학 Vol.4 No.2

Objectives : Recently, some case reports have shown that risperidone is effective to refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Possible explanations for efficacy of risperidone in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder maybe due to that it is both serolonin and dopamine receptor antagonist. On the basis of serotonin-dopamine interaction hypothesis, a biological etiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder, the effect of risperidone was evaluated to the suppressed spontaneous alternation behaviour of animal model of obsessive-compulsive disorder in rats. Methods : The apparatus for spontaneous alternation behaviour was a black plexiglas T-maze with distinctive black and white goal boxes. Black gullotine doors separated the start box and the goal boxes from the main body of the T-maze Small cups were placed in the corners of both goal boxes(all arms measured 50×10cm) 24 hours prior to experiment, rats(Spraque-Dawley) were food-deprived. The food-deprived rats were put into T-maze, in which both goal boxes were baited with small amounts of chocolate milk. Each rat was given 2 set of 7 trials during which it was placed in the start box and allowed to choose the one of the goal boxes for checked. After baseline of the number of choices of spontaneous alternation behaviour was stabilized, the pontaneous alternation disrupted by nonselective 5-HT agonist, 5-MeODMT (1.25mg/kg/IP). The experimental animals were stratified into 5 groups, fluoxetine(10mg/kg/IP), risperidone(0.1mg/Kg/IP), haloperidol(0.1㎎/Kg/IP), fluoxetine(10mg/Kg) with haloperidol(0.1 mg/Kg), and saline(0.5cc/IP) control group. Each drugs were injected for 21 days as a chronic treatment. The protective effects were evaluated on the nest day of discontinuation of the each drugs among 5 groups. Results : 1) After 21 days of the drug treatment, the risperidone group and the fluoxetine group showed significant difference from the haloperidol group and the saline control group on the protection of the 5-MeODMT induced suppression of spontaneous alternation behaviour. 2) The fluoxetine group and fluoxetine with haloperidol group showed significant difference between before and after treatment in the protection of 5-MeODMT induced suppression of spontaneous alternation behaviour. The risperidone group also showed significant difference between before and after treatment in the protection of 5-MeODMT induced suppression of spontaneous alternation behaviour, but the protective effect of risperidone was superior to fluoxetine. Conclusion : These findings suggest that both risperidone and fluoxetine have a favorable effect in the protection of 5-MeODMT induced suppression of spontaneous alternation behaviour. We think that risperidone can be possible alternatives to SSRIs in the treatment of refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder in clinical situation.

인천시 남구지역 땅이름의 조사연구 : 남촌ㆍ선학ㆍ연수ㆍ청학ㆍ동춘ㆍ문학ㆍ관교동

이강로 仁川敎育大學畿甸文化硏究所 1974 기전문화연구 Vol.5 No.-

만성정신질환의 욕구에 대한 수요자와 공급자 측면의 비교연구(Ⅰ) : 만성정신질환자의 정신보건 욕구사정 도구 개발 예비 연구 The Development of Needs Assessment Tool for Mental Health of Chronically Mentally Ill(Preliminary Study)

이종국,한은선,안강호,김명식,김장배,손봉희,이주호 용인정신의학연구소 1999 용인정신의학보 Vol.6 No.2

해방 직후 남·북한의 친일파숙청 논의 연구

이강수 전남사학회 2003 역사학연구 Vol.20 No.-

Directly after the liberation, liquidation Discussion of pro-Japanese in the South and the North of Korea was geared to the Soviet Union and the U.S. military government's policy towards the pro-Japanese group. The U.S. military government ruled the South of Korea carried out a policy made the best use of pro-Japanese group to establish a anticommunist state. On the other hand, the Soviet military government ruled the North of Korea positively supported a vestiges of Japanese imperialism's liquidation to establish a pro-Soviet state. In result, when the South of Korea spread over liquidation Discussion of pro-Japanese group, the North of Korea practically was promoting liquidation of pro-Japanese group. A liquidation Discussion of pro-Japanese group in the South of Korea divided into two with approval or opposition over the U.N. trusteeship as its starting point. Firstly, liquidation Discussion of pro-Japanese group, when unification of parties movement developed, was discussed under the direction of deprivation pro-Japanese group of the right of casting a ballot and eligibility for election from a political point of view and socially and economically speaking, nationalization of pro-Japanese group's a land and key industries to build up a new society. But when the violent clashes between rightists and leftists over the U.N. trusteeship in the end of 1945 run to an extreme, exclusion principle of pro-Japanese group began to wobble. The upheaval of the U.N. trusteeship schematized the United States=immediately independence=the rightists=patriot and the Soviet Union=the U.N. trusteeship approval=the leftists=traitor. He was ascertained a patriot or traitor by standard changed from pro-Japanese act to the U.N. trusteeship opposition and anticommunist movement In spite of ideological warfare, discussion on pro-Japanese group category was taken concrete shape. Through approval or opposition over the U.N. trusteeship was discussed in 1946, it became to reach a social agreement for pro-Japanese group punishment. The Nationalist party(國民黨) and Korea Independence party(韓國獨立黨) organized the New Korea Definition Corporation(新韓定義社), and Kim, seung-hak(金承學), who affiliated with a State minister of the Korea provisional government(臨時政府) wrote out a list of pro-Japanese group. Democracy National Front(民主主義民族戰線) organized The Judging Committee of pro-Japanese group and national traitor. Directly after the liberation, A process for pro-Japanese group punishment was discussed and then a special court and organization was established. In succession, the South of Korea Transition Legislation Parliament(南朝鮮過渡立法議院) materialized to make a 'the law of committee of investigation for a national traitor, collaborator assistant Japan and racketeers' and 'composition of special court and the law of legal procedure'. And than the Constitutional Assembly formed a special committee of investigation and court. A liquidation discussion of pro-Japanese group in the North of Korea had fewer controversy than the South of Korea, because the North of Korea promoted the Soviet Union military government's exclusion policy of pro-Japanese group and socialism reform. After going through an election of the People Committee(人民委員會) and the North of Korea Labor Party(北朝鮮勞動黨)‘s reply for the U.S.-Soviet Joint Commission in 1947, A rule against pro-Japanese group in the North of Korea concretized. Than It became to adjust under the influence of a liquidation discussion of pro-Japanese group that the South of Korea's political force, the South of Korea Labor Party(南朝鮮勞動黨) and the South of Korea Transition Legislation Parliament progressed. But the North of Korea didn't keep within the limits, stage a purge the pro-Japanese group in practice. In 1945 October, after call the Five Province Party Convention(五道黨大會), the North of Korea settled the liquidation problem of pro-Japanese group by a law and institution. And in 1946 February, after the Temporary People Committee of the North of Korea)北朝鮮臨時人民委員會) was established, it progress steadily to form a part of democratic and socialism reform.