정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

Interrelation of Cyclin D1, Cyclin E, and p27Kip1 Expression on Tissue Arrays of Breast Cancer

Sehwan Han,Young-Duck Kim,Hong-Yong Kim,Hong-Joo Kim,Kyeongmee Park,Byung-Noe Bae,Suk Yong Ryu,Ki Hwan Kim 대한암학회 2002 Cancer Research and Treatment Vol.34 No.5

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical impact of the alteredexpression of cell cycle regulators in stage I and II breastcancers.Materials and Methods: The interaction between cyclinD1/E and p27Kip1 expressions were analyzed usingtissue microarray (TMA) technology in 133 breast cancers.Data from the immunohistochemical assays of 3molecules were merged, and analyzed, with a Ki67labeling index of the same tumors.Results: Cyclin D1 was expressed in 72 breast carcinomas(54.1%) and cyclin E in 60 (45.1%) out of the 133breast carcinomas. Expressions of cyclin D1 and cyclinE were inversely related to each other, and significantlyassociated with the estrogen receptor (ER) expressionand differentiation of the breast carcinoma. The expressionof cyclin E was significantly decreased in tumorsexpressing cyclin D1 (p=0.022). There was a trend forcyclin D1 expression to increase in tumors expressingp27Kip1 (p=0.053), but the expression of cyclin E didnot correlate with p27Kip1 expression. The Ki67 labelingindex was markedly increased in tumors expressing cyclinE, whereas it was significantly decreased in the cyclin D1or p27Kip1 expressing-tumors. From survival analysis,cyclin E expression was the only significant variable forthe prediction of poor survival.Conclusion: The abnormal expressions of cell cycleregulatory molecules are prevalent, and interrelated witheach other in breast cancer. Integration of TMA technologyallowed a high-throughput analysis for correlating molecularthe in situ findings, with the clinico-pathologicinformation. Among the three molecules studied, thecyclin E had a prognostic implication for stage I and IIbreast cancer. (Cancer Res Treat. 2002;34:388-393)

Expression Profiles of Retinoblastoma Protein and p27Kip1 According to HER2 Amplification Status in Primary Breast Cancer

신재호,Sung-Jin Park,Hyun-Jin Cho,Geumhee Gwak,Byung-Noe Bae,Ki Whan Kim,Hong-Yong Kim2,Kyeongmee Park,Sehwan Han 한국유방암학회 2009 Journal of breast cancer Vol.12 No.1

Purpose: Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2)/neu amplification affects the cell proliferation through the modulation of multiple G1 cell cycle regulators in breast tumor cells. We performed this study to investigate whether retinoblastoma protein (pRB) and p27Kip1 were differently expressed according to the HER2 amplification status in human breast cancer. Methods: HER2 amplification was assayed by fluorescence in situ hybridization and the expression of cell cycle regulators were assayed by immunohistochemistry on 153 consecutive invasive breast cancers. The proliferative activity of breast cancer was analyzed according to the HER2 amplification and cell cycle protein expression status. Results: HER2 amplification was observed in 39 (25.5%) of 153 breast cancers. In the HER2 amplified breast cancers, the pRB expression was significantly increased (p=0.011) whereas there was no significant relationship between HER2 amplification and p27Kip1 expression. There was an inverse correlation between pRB expression and Ki-67 labeling index in the HER2 amplified breast cancers (p=0.036). In contrast, Ki67 labeling index was significantly decreased as p27Kip1 expression increased in HER2 non-amplified breast cancers (p=0.028). In HER2 non-amplified breast cancers, we could not observe any association between the pRB expression and Ki67 labeling index. Conclusion: The proliferation of the breast cancers was associated with pRB expression in HER2 amplified tumors whereas it was associated with p27Kip1 expression in HER2 non-amplified tumors. The results of the current study indicate that the cell proliferative activity of the breast cancer is under different growth signal pathways according to HER2 amplification status.

地域成長 理論에 관한 考察

洪起容 단국대학교 1985 論文集 Vol.19 No.-

The fact that regions grow at different rates is well known. In spite of a great deal of approaches toward regional growth, there is still no general acceptable explanation of regional growth differences. It is generally agreed that general themes of describing regional growth have been developing along two main routes; macro-economic and economic geographers approaches. In this sense, the purpose of this article is to review existing global regional growth theories; neolclassical approach, export-base model, cumulative growth, polarization hypothesis and econometric model. The follows are specific problems of theorizing its models in regional growth differences as; 1) The base of neoclassical model of regional growth which offers a theoretical justification for regional growth which offers a theoretical justification for regional growth is the aggregate production function. The main theme of this theory could be interpreted that regional growth is a consequence of factor mobility and capital move from lower-to higher-yielding regions, and all regions gain as a result of such movements. However, this approach has a serious disadvantage such as far too aggregative, resource shifts between industries within a region, excessive concentration on the influence of supply factors and constant returns to scale. Morever, capital movement in developing countries is largely depended upon its industrial policy due to relatively low rate of regions savings. 2) The export base model of regional growth emerged from several historical studies of the growth and development of resource based regions. Main forces of regional development are regional specializaion, comparative advantages, favorable raw materials endowed and external demand for a regions output. Many scholars pointed out that this model is too simplest form and some factors including local initiative and government policies are ignored as well as lack of suitable data to analyze in small countries like Korea. 3) The polarization hypothesis process occurs at different levels of spatial aggregation. It stresses the tendencies of economic mechanisms polavised in both geographical and economic space through the process of cumulative causation and economies of scale. The weakness of this hypothesis could not explain that the powerful internal and external economies reaped by growth centres give diseconomies such as urban congestion, polution and high land values. Additionally the government may influence regional resource allocation to stimulate regional growth for the less development regions. 4) Regions growth in a complex process influenced by many geographical and spatial factors. Econometric model as a devise to analyze and forcast this complex process of regional growth has become inceasingly interested. This model offers a good compromise between economic base and input-output by providing information which also give a move flexible approach to analysis of regional growth. The limitation of existing econometric regional growth model stems from the quality and availability of adquate data as well as regional industrial structure with available production conditions. 5) Cumulative causation model is a partial reconsiliation which accumulate aggregation economies. labour productivity and the technological progress over time into growth paths. Since the growth rate is influenced by many factors, it is difficult to clearly explain major contributing factors into regional growth and cumulative changes over time.

美國과 蘇聯의 地域政策

洪起容 단국대학교 미소연구소 1991 미소연구 Vol.5 No.-

This study presents some comparative findings of regional policies between the USA and the USSR in terms of its objectives, institutional structure, policy means and actual practices. The general consensus on regional issues is that it is the responsibility of the state to work toward the more balanced development of the region with the socially and economically backward. Since two world leading countries, the USA and the USSR, have entirely different national ideologies to obtain the maximum people’s satisfaction by means of capitalism and socialism respectively, it is not surprising that the issues of regional policy have long been of concern to planners. Therefore, this study attempts to find out its practical differences in various aspects. The major findings can be summarized as follows: 1. The major aims of regional policy in both countries have similar objectives and wish to eliminate inequalities between geographical regions. They differ, however, in policy means; federalism in the USA and centralization in the USSR. In other words, the Soviet regional economic policy entails a highly centralized economy by the highest organs of party and state, while the regional policy of the USA has been implemented on the basis of decentralization with a privatizational concept. 2. It seems that the results of regional policy in two countries must be seen as a combination. Neither is the product of two extreme concepts, Marxist dogma and pure capitalism. 3. The Soviet Union is as committed to the principle of regional equality among its constituent republics as the USA is. The Soviet government believes that the important elements of regional development are the optimum usage of the region’s raw materials, improvements in living standards, physical and social infrastructure, employment opportunities and diversification of industrial economy. On the other hand, early U.S. program of regional policy was formed initially by the developing national infrastructure provisions including roads and canals among the states. To overcome a great economic depression and to improve economic and social conditions, the U.S. Government concentrated upon resource development, agricultural development and the development of electrical power. The Tennessee Valley Authority program and the Appalachian regional development project were examples. Recently, the regional policy in the USA has additionally accepted urban oriented issues with privatism. The decentralization and dispersal population and economic activity was perceived to be part of a general economic transformation. In conclusion, the policy differences between two countries can be stated that the USA has more heavily emphasized the market flow principle, while the USSR prefers the directive resource allocation with a view to communist ideology.

15세기 한자 초성음에 대하여

洪龍基 명지대학교 대학원 1998 대학원논문집 Vol.2 No.-

This study tried to look into the practical sound Korea Chinese characters in the 15th century to the subject of the initial of Chinese characters transcribed at the initial of the Korean script as a part of study on the sound of Korean Chinese characters. It can be said that the Korean script settled as our transcription system from the 15th century has been handed down to us untill now, so from the point of phonological respect, it provide relatively correct data in examining our then pronunciation of the 15th century. In this aspect, it can be inferred that how the initial sound of Chinese characters in the 15th century was roughly realized in the 23 characters system of the Korean script. Thus, this paper avoided discussion of the relatively clearly distinguished sounds of 23 characters, and mentioned only sounds about academical world has not had consistent opinion in the restructuring of sounds. This can be briefly arranged as follows. First, it is inferred that aspirats and unaspirates were in differentiation at the time of accepting Korean Chinese characters, /t^h/, /p^h/,/ts^h/ including /k^h/ were not diferentiated from unaspirates maintaining the same time, but /k^h/ was later diferentiated than other aspirates as the pronunciation position of /k^h/ was the same as that of /h/. In particular, /k^h/ was considered to have gone through this differential process, its differentially accepted sound was fixed, and incorporated into the sound of Korean Chinese characters in the 15th century. Second, for a sonant, there were no sonants at the sound of Korean Chinese characters in the 15th century, parallel writing of each letter was considered a fortis, the nearest Korean sound to a voiced sound. Third, in the sound of Korean Chinese characters in the 15th century, only phonetic value of zero sound and /ŋ/ was perceived. Also linking of 'ㅇ' to 'ㆁ' is likely to be the union of transcription, not that of sound. Fourth, 'ㅿ' was recognized as /η/ and /z/ at the time of accepting the sound of Chinese characters based on the fact that '日'-initial remains zero sound and /s/ in the restructured sound of middle ancient Chinese characters and our pronunciation, and realized as zero phoneme and /s/ phoneme in the 15th century. Thus, 'ㅿ' correspondent to '日'-initial was considered normative phoneme.

중국의료기관의 조세체계와 조세특례에 대한 연구

홍기용,피경란 한국세무회계학회 2003 세무회계연구 Vol.13 No.-

중국은 90년대에 들어 개혁개방을 실시하면서 의료기관에 대한 경영주체 및 조세체계에서 많은 변화가 일어났다. 중국의 의료기관은 비영리의료기관에만 머물지 않고 영리의료기관의도입을 하기에 이르렀다. 따라서 정부가 직접 운영하던 의료기관이 민간부문으로 상당히 이전되면서 조세체계의 정비가 대두되었다. 중국은 비영리의료기관에 대해서 일정부문 면세제도를 두고 있으나 영업성적 및 경영주체에 따라 일부 과세하고 있다. 중국의 조세체계에 대한 문제점과 개선점을 지적하면, 첫째, 의료기관의 성격을 비영리성과 영리성에 따라 구별하여 구체적인 조세체계를 마련할 필요가 있다는 점이다. 둘째, 현재 비영리의료기관에 대해 조세특례를 인정하고 있지만 복지정책의 중추가 되는 의료서비스라는 특성을 감안하여 전면적인 조세특례를 인정할 필요가 있다. 셋째로는 영리의료기관의 경우에는 세법에 따라 과세하고 있지만 의료서비스가 일반 기업의 재화 혹은 용역과 다르다는 점에서 조세체계를 동일시하는 것은 바람직하지 않다는 점을 지적하였다. 중국은 개혁개방이 된지 일천하고 조세체계의 경우에도 국제수준에 부합하지 않은 면이 많다. 이점에서 이 연구는 중국의 의료기관에 대한 합리적인 조세체계의 방안을 모색해 봄으로써 중국이 WTO가입과 함께 조세체계도 국제수준으로 유지할 수 있는 방향을 제시하는데 기여할 것으로 기대한다.

鐵筋콘크리트 暗渠의 最適設計에 관한 硏究

金勇熙,柳泓烈 東亞大學校 大學院 1983 大學院論文集 Vol.7 No.-

This study is concerned with structural analysis and the optimum design of the reinforced concrete culvert using the ultimate strength design, and having multi-constraints and multi-design variables. The variables adopted in this mathematical model consist of design variable including sectional sizes and steel areas. The cost function is taken as the objective function in the formulation of optimal problem. A number of constraint equation involving flexual stress, trust stress, steel ratio, deflection, side limit is derived in accordance with ACI Code reguicement on the base of ultimate strength design theory. Both objective function and constraint eguation derived into terms of design variable generally become high degree nonlinear programming problems. SLP is introduced as an analytical method of nonlinear optimization problem in this study. Optimal algorithm that can optimize a structure synthetically carrying on both analysis and design of a structure. Form this research it is found that the algorithm developed in this study is applicable to optimization of reinforced concrete box culvert and converges to optimal solution with 3 to 4 iteration regardless of initial variables. The result shows that optimal design can be possible an economical design.

생분해성 PLA를 이용한 안경테의 적용 및 그의 물성 연구

홍기헌 ; 김용석 김천대학교 2011 김천대학교 논문집 Vol.32 No.-

Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) is well known as a biodegradable thermoplastic polyester with good physical properties. In recent year, environmental deterioration caused by synthetic plastic is serious. So, PLA is a one way to solve the problem. This study investigated the optimum conditions of injection moulding and the properties of the biodegradable eyeglass frame, such as tensile strength, elongation, mould shrink-age, dyeability and elastic deformation. Biodegradable eyeglass frame (temple) can be made with injection moulding machine in the optimum conditions. Materials were used PLA only and plasticizer modified PLA, respectively. Tensile strength and elongation of PLA was around 600kgf/cm' and 6 10% respectively. Those of plasticizer modified PLA was 560kgf/cm' and 25% respectively. PLA temple has brittle characteristics not flexibility. But the property was not significant with respect to the various injection moulding conditions. And tensile strength decreased and elongation increased with addition of the plasicizer. Dyeability was excellent for all sam-ples. After high deformation, the frame can not recover completely. Elastic recovery of plasticizer modified PLA was better than that of PLA only.

중국 기업공시제도의 개선방향에 관한 연구

홍기용,박희선 한국세무회계학회 2002 세무회계연구 Vol.11 No.-

중국은 1980년대에 증권시장이 형성된 후 상장회사의 운영이 더욱 확대되었으며, 그동안 증권법을 제정하였고 관련법규들도 개정을 하는 등 각종 제도를 정비해 왔다. 이 과정에서 기업정보의 공시도 많은 발전을 가져왔지만 아직도 공시제도의 운영이나 관리가 선진국가들에 비해 미흡한 수준이다. 최근 중국은 시장경제의 발전 특히 WTO의 가입으로 국제경쟁력강화와 국제관례에 부합되도록 기존의 회계 및 경제법규들을 점진적으로 개정하여 가고 있다. 그러나 효율적 증권시장의 운영과 투자자 권익을 보호하기 위한 현행 기업공시제도에 대한 개정은 개정의 폭이나 내용의 중요성 측면에서 볼 때 부분개정의 형식에 의한 것으로서 증권법체계가 완전히 정비되지는 못하였다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 이 논문은 문헌연구를 통하여 현행 중국의 기업공시제도 문제점을 검토 및 분석하고 향후 개선방향을 아래와 같이 제시하였다. 첫째, 정부주도의 공시관리체제를 민간관리체제로 이양, 둘째, 전자매체공시의 보편화를 추진, 셋째, 공시되는 정보의 정확성을 제고, 넷째, 회계정보의 다양성 및 적시성을 확보, 다섯째, 공시책임자제도의 도입 등이다.