Toward Critical Reflection

Chung Young Cheol(정영철) 새한영어영문학회 2011 새한영어영문학 Vol.53 No.3

This study aimed at investigating the levels of reflection shown in college students’ journal writings and the teaching strategies for fostering students’ critical reflection. A qualitative research methodology was adopted to describe the issues in detail. 18 students participated in journal writing and 16 of these 18 participated in an open-ended questionnaire. The journals were analyzed in terms of van Manen’s (1977) three levels of reflection: critical reflection, interpretive reflection, and technical rationality. The analysis of the data supported previous studies which have found that participants mostly lacked critical reflection in their writings. There were more instances of interpretive reflection than of technical rationality. Personal writing, an additional level of reflection, was also found. Four suggestions for strategic teaching were made by the students as a way of fostering critical reflection. This study suggests a conclusion: An instructor needs to teach strategically for fostering students’ critical writing.

한국어 명사의 내재적/외재적 의미특징 연구

정영철(Young Cheol Chung),이정모(Jung-Mo Lee) 한국인지과학회 2004 인지과학 Vol.15 No.1

조현병 환자에서 Paliperidone Extended Release의 효능, 안전성 및 내약성 : 48주 개방형, 전향적 연구의 24주 중간 분석

최유라,정동청,김은영,김세현,이현정,이남영,장성만,심주철,주은정,김재진,이상혁,정영철,김용식,안용민,Choi, You Ra,Jung, Dong Chung,Kim, Eun Young,Kim, Se Hyun,Lee, Hyun Jeong,Lee, Nam Young,Chang, Sung Man,Shim, Joo Cheol,Joo, Eun Jeong,Kim, Jae 대한생물정신의학회 2013 생물정신의학 Vol.20 No.1

Objectives We investigated the tolerability, safety, and treatment response to flexible-dose paliperidone ER in patients with non-acute schizophrenia in whom previous antipsychotic drugs were ineffective. Methods This 24-week interim analysis of the 48-week multicenter, prospective, open-label study assessed effectiveness using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia-Severity (CGI-SCH-S) Scale, Personal and Social Performance (PSP) and Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI). Safety and tolerability were assessed using the Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Symptoms Scale (DIEPSS) and Liverpool University Neuroleptic Side Effect Rating Scale (LUNSERS). Results Effectiveness was assessed in 169 patients. Significant improvement in the PANSS total score was observed by week-1 and continued until week-24. The response rate was 33%. The CGI-SCH-S and PSP total scores significantly improved during 24 weeks ; however, no change occurred in the total DAI. Fifty-nine percent of patients reported adverse events, of which extrapyramidal symptoms were the most frequent (19.0%). The DIEPSS and LUNSERS scores were improved after 24 week. Conclusions Switching to the flexible-dose paliperidone ER from an ineffective antipsychotic drug was safe, tolerable, and showed a good treatment response in Korean patients with schizophrenia.

도라지 추출액과 한약재 함유 도라지 추출액에 의한 면역세포 활성 표지유전자 발현 분석

강신애(Shin Ae Kang),전성식(Sung Sik Chun),강신권(Shin Kwon Kang),정영철(Young Chul Chung),전은우(Eun Woo Cheon),조상욱(Sang Uk Cho),정경화(Kyung Hwa Jung),안순철(Soon Cheol Ahn),유학선(Hak Sun Yu) 한국생명과학회 2014 생명과학회지 Vol.24 No.5

초롱꽃과에 속하는 도라지는 항염증, 항산화, 항암작용뿐 아니라 간기능 강화에도 작용하여 한방에서 만성염증성 질환의 치료제로 널리 사용되고 있다. 이번 연구에서 마우스 대식세포주인 RAW 246.7 세포와 비장으로부터 분리한 T세포에서 도라지 추출액(CC), 도라지 추출물이 함유된 활맥단 추출액(HWAL, 도라지 82% 함유) 및 맥환추출액(MAEK, 도라지 7% 함유)을 처리하여 대식세포와 T세포의 활성과 관련 있는 유전자의 발현을 통해 면역증진 및 항염증 효과를 real-time RT-PCR 기법을 통해 확인해 보았다. 그 결과, 활성화된 T세포에서 많이 발현되는 c-fos (10배 이상), CD40L 유전자(6배 이상)의 경우, 맥환 추출액 처리군에서 가장 높은 발현이 유도되어 면역활성 효과가 높을 것으로 사료되었다. 도라지 추출액과 활맥단 추출액의 경우도 c-fos 유전자의 발현을 유의적으로 증가시켰지만 미약하였고, CD40L의 경우는 영향을 주지 않았다. 도라지 추출액을 처리한 군에서 면역활성을 유도하는 M1 대식세포에서 많이 발현되는 iNOS 유전자의 발현이 유의하게 증가되었다. 반면에 활맥단 추출액을 처리한 대식세포는 M2 표식인자인 Ym1, arginase1 (ARG1) 유전자의 발현이 유의적으로 상승하였다. 결론적으로 도라지가 다량 포함된 맥환 추출액은 면역활성을 유도하는데 탁월한 효과를 나타내며, 도라지 함유가 적게 포함된 활맥단 추출액은 항염증 작용에 탁월한 효과가 있을 것으로 사료된다. Extracts of Platycodon grandiflorum have been reported to show anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-metastatic, and hepato-protective effects. This study was designed to evaluate T-cell activation and M1/M2 differential macrophage activation by extracts of P. grandiflorum or P. grandiflorum containing various medicinal herbs. Using real-time RT-PCR, we analyzed expression levels of c-fos, and CD40L(T-cell activation markers) in splenocytes and iNOS, Ym1, and ARG1 in RAW 246.7 cells after treatment of CC (hot water extract of P. grandiflorum), MAEK (hot water extract of P. grandiflorum [82%]and six different plants), and HWAL (hot water extract of P. grandiflorum [7%] and eight different plants. The results showed that MAEK significantly elevated the expression of T-cell activation markers of splenocytes, with the c-fos gene activated more than 10-fold and the CD40L gene activated more than 6-fold. Although CD40L was significantly increased by CC and HWAL, the increase was only about 2-fold. In addition, CC and HWAL did not significantly activate the expression of the c-fos gene. On the other hand, CC elevated the M1 activation marker iNOS, and HWAL elevated the M2 activation marker Ym1 and ARG1 gene expression. In conclusion, MAEK could be used as an immune stimulant because of its ability to activate T cells (elicited c-fos and CD40L gene expression), whereas HWAL could serve as an anti-inflammatory agent because of its differential activation of M2 macrophages.

조현병 환자에서 비정형 장기지속형 주사제와 경구제의 6개월 추적관찰 기간 효과비교

박찬미(Chan mi Park),박은정(Eun jung Park),이승환(Seung Hwan Lee),김영훈(Young Hoon Kim),정영철(Young Chul Chung),원승희(Seung hee Won),이상규(Sang Kyu Lee),박선철(Seon Cheol Park),배경열(Kyung ryul Bae),최진아(Jin A Choi),최하진(Ha 한국보건의료연구원 2016 근거와 가치 Vol.2 No.2

Objectives: To compare the clinical outcomes between the schizophrenia patients using long-acting injection (LAI) and those using oral agent (Oral). Methods: A prospective multicenter registry conducted at 7 hospitals comparing a one-year treatment effectiveness of LAI to reduce recurrence and to improve medication adherence (MA) and quality of life (QOL). This interim analysis presents data from the first 6 months of the follow-up period. Results: Among a total of 393 patients enrolled in this study, 385 patients (LAI 87, Oral 298) were analyzed as the interim analysis. There were no significant differences in clinical global impression (CGI), global improvement (GI), positive and negative symptom scale (PANSS), and QOL (CGI, P=0.618; GI, P=0.599; PANSS, P=0.289; EuroQol five dimensions questionnaire, P=0.254; Korean version of 4th revision of Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale, P=0.416; visual analogue scale, P=0.581). LAI was associated with improved doctor’s perspective MA (P=0.021), but no difference was observed in patient’s perspective MA (P=0.355). Recurrence for 6 months occurred in 8 cases (9.2%) of LAI and in 43 cases (14.4%) of Oral. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that there was no significant difference in time to recurrence after enrollment between LAI and Oral. The multivariate Cox analysis also showed no difference (hazard ratio=1.710; 95% confidence interval=0.758~3.855). Conclusion: In patients with schizophrenia experiencing recurrence, the difference of effectiveness between LAI and oral therapy could not be observed during 6 months of follow-up.

정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

Hofstede의 4-D 모델의 관점에서 본 두 한국중학생의 미국학교 수업참여 특징 : Two Korean Students' Participation in American Classrooms

정영철 새한영어영문학회 2005 새한영어영문학 Vol.47 No.2

Based on the data collected from two junior high school students in the United States, this paper aimed at examining how the characteristics of their participation in American classrooms could be accounted for by Hofstede's(1980, 1986) 4-Dimensional Model of differences among national cultures. Hofstede's Model had, to a considerable degree, an explanatory power in explaining the patterns of the two students' participation in class, but the model did not explain everything shown in their class participation. The two students who had been educated in Korea considered the relationship between students and teachers hierarchical; their American classmates perceived the relationship to be horizontal(the dimension of power distance). They had difficulties adjusting to American learning situations which are unstructured or unpredictable(the dimension of uncertainty avoidance). However, the dimensions of femininity and collectivism did not fit this ethnographic case study. The two students showed masculine characteristics (i.e., competitive, goal-oriented attitude) in class participation much more than their American counterparts(masculinity vs femininity). They were expected to participate cooperatively in doing group activities, but they were very poor at working together with their group members(collectivism vs individualism). This study suggests a couple of implications for the Korean parents and for the Korean school teachers.

Age Constraints on Korean Adults' Learning English in the US : A Non-biological Perspective

Chung, Young Cheol 새한영어영문학회 2009 새한영어영문학 Vol.51 No.3

This study aims at qualitatively describing and explaining how the social and psychological variables combined with biological age are responsible for the differences between adults and children in learning English in the US. Most of the studies regarding the age factor have been performed under the assumption that there is a biologically critical period for foreign/second language learning(Penfield and Roberts 1959). However, the researcher claims that the differences in the speed and degree of learning English could be accounted for by viewing language learning through a non-biological perspective. The data collected from interviewing four parents was used for this paper. Seeing through the lens of the parents, their language learning and their children's were compared and the differences were analyzed. Four categories emerged from the data: second language input, motivation, social distance, and linguistic distance. The results showed that the parents lacked enough input, they were motivated instrumentally to learn English, and they felt a high social distance to American people and a high linguistic distance to English. On the other hand, the children showed the opposite inclinations in the aforementioned variables. A few implications are suggested.

환각의 신경해부학

조현상,정영철 韓國精神病理-診斷分類學會 1999 精神病理學 Vol.8 No.1

Hallucinations are a common symptom of psychiatric illnesses. Understanding of their related neuroanatomical mechanisms tell us the clues about brain dysfunctions of these disorders. In auditory hallucinations of schizophrenia, many studies suggest that auditory-language cortices may be involved in hallucinatory experiences and limbic and deep subcortical structures reflect the generators of or emotional responses to hallucinations. Due to methodological difficulties and somewhat nonspecific findings, we have troubles with distinguishing between primary effects, the activity associated with the hallucinations' origin, and secondary effects, activity reflecting the response to hallucinating experiences. In hallucinations, especially visual ones, of various organic disorders the relations of sleep/wakefulness cycles at their occurrences and possible release patterns are shared, and this finding suggests the visual hallucinations by organic etiologies may have a common mechanisms, the activation of brainstem-thalamuscortical networks. In the case of the relation to extracortical regions these hallucinations are so conspicuous and semiconscious that we may have considerable limitations to detailed explanation. As a matter of fact, hallucinating experiences must be the reflection of sensory modality-specific corical activities and we need to investigate the influnces of primary etiopathologies on cortices and their mechanisms.