最近環境問題 硏究動向

李英祚,羅炳旭 慶北大學校 東洋文化硏究所 1982 東洋文化硏究 Vol.9 No.-

1. Environmental detorioration has demonstrable harful effects on Human health, Fauna, Flora, Natural resources, Materials, Climate and Weather. We were conviced that virtually all forms of environmental damage were increasing in absence of powerful contermeasures and then environmental quality detorioration would continue to accelerate more or less. 2. Environmental policy is distinguished by several important characteristics in comparison with other public policy. 1) Most of Environmental policy includes coercive powers. 2) It stresses two aspeets of inputs into the policy process: technical and political inputs. 3) The role of scientific information and its exchange will pay a greater part in the formulation of environmental policy. 3. Present studies in the environmental problems focus on following. 1) Researches in the past neglected the relation between the socioeconomic system and its natural environment with the simplistic view of the course of environmental contamination, and most of the researches had been technically oriented. But these efforts, which are of course necessary, cannot be successful in approaching the aim that diminish the environmental pollution. The underlying problem can by no means be solved by an integration of applicable scientific methods. These problems can be solved by interdisciplinary research and communication between the groups. 2) In the present study the focus is on the receptor and how damage to it can be related to environmental changes, and ultimately to the source of these changes. Accordingly, damage is classified here into six broad receptor catagories. Within each catagory, two general types of damage are considered, financial losses and losses of amenity. To date, studies have used other terms to denote this dichotomy as "direct and indirect costs", "economic and social costs", "tangible and intangible costs" and "physical and psychic costs". 3) The policy instruments that can be used for the preservation of environmental quality were classified into four broad categories: moral suasion, direct controls, price incentives and direct governmental expenditure. The three, moral suasion, direct controls, and price incentives, are techniques to influence polluters' behavior. The forth approach involves direct governmental expenditure, largely for the construction and operation of projects that improve the environment. These all instruments must be satisfied with criteria such as dependability, permanance, adptability to economic growth, equity, economy, incentives for maximum effort, and political attractiveness for evaluating environmental policy. But each instrument has its strength and its limitations in achieving particular environmental objectives.

제주도 연안 초망 어선의 소음에 관한 연구

박성욱,서익조,오승훈,김병엽,이창헌,서두옥 濟州大學校 海洋硏究所 2002 해양과환경연구소 연구논문집 Vol.26 No.-

제주도 연안에서 이루어지는 초망 어업에서 수중음을 이용하여 멸치 어군을 유효하게 집어하기 위한 기초 자료를 얻기 위하여 어선의 주기관을 공회전시켰을 때의 선상과 어군이 유집되어 투망되는 수심 4m지점과 함께 수심 10m층의 수중 소음을 측정 조사하였다. 이때 사용한 선박의 공회전은 전진시의 800 rpm과 후진시의 1000 rpm으로 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 기관의 회전수 800 rpm에서 선수(B), 갑판(D), 선미(S), 연돌 위(F), 기관실 내(E)의 소음 준위는 각각 90, 93, 106, 107, 101 dB 이었으며, 기관 회전수 1,000 rpm에서의 소음 준위는 각각 93, 95, 110, 109, 103dB이었다. 2. 회전수를 800rpm으로 할 경우 100, 300, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 Hz에서 선수의 소음 준위는 4m인 경우 각각 92, 95, 102, 97, 94, 92dB 이었으며, 수심 10m인 경우 87, 88, 99, 96, 94, 93 dB이었고, 선체 중앙에서는 4m인 경우 94, 91, 100, 96, 94, 92dB, 10m인 경우 93, 92, 99, 95, 93, 91dB이었다. 선미에서는 4m인 경우 98, 94, 100, 97, 94, 92 dB이었으며 10 m인 경우 92, 93, 99, 96, 93, 92 dB로 나타났다. 3. 후진시 사용하는 회전수 1000 rpm으로 할 경우 100, 300, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 Hz에서 선수 소음 준위는 4m인 경우 각각 86, 91, 98, 95, 93, 92 dB로 나타났고, 10m인 경우 88, 87, 99, 96, 94, 92 dB로 나타났으며, 선미에서는 4m인 경우 88, 88, 99, 96, 93, 92 dB, 10m인 경우 88, 86, 99, 96, 94, 92 dB로 나타났다. In order to obtain a basic data for alluring a school of fish, anchovy with emitting underwater sound, an experimnet for measuring noise level was carried out on no-load operation of a engine. noise level was measured at the depths of four meters and ten meters and analyzed. Then, the revolution per minute of the ship used at this field experiment was 800 including 1000. The results were followed. 1. On 800 rpm, noise levels on board were 90, 93, 106, 107 and 101 dB in the order of bow, deck, stern, funnel, funnel and engine room. In addition, 93, 95, 110, 109 and 103 dB on 1000 rpm, respectively. 2. on 800 rpm, underwater noise levels of the depth of four meters at the bow were 92, 95, 102, 97, 94 and 92dB at the frequencies of 100, 300, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 Hz, respectively and those of the depth of ten meters were 87, 88, 99, 96, 94 and 93 dB. Underwater noise levels of the depth of four meters outside the engine room were 94, 91, 100, 96, 94 and 92 dB at the frequencies of 100, 300, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 Hz, respectively and those of the depth of ten meters were 93, 92, 99, 95, 93 and 91 dB. Underwater noise levels of the depth of four meters at the stern were 98, 94, 100, 97, 94 and 92 dB at the frequencies of 100, 300, 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 Hz, respectively and those of the depth of ten meters were 92, 93, 99, 96, 93 and 92 dB. 3. On 1000 rpm, underwater noise levels of the depth of four meters at the bow were 86, 91, 98, 95, 93 and 92 dB at the frequencies of 100, 300, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 Hz, respectively and those of the depth of ten meters were 88, 87, 99, 96, 94 and 92 dB. Underwater noise levels of the depth of four meters at the stern were 88, 88, 99, 96, 93 and 92 dB at the frequencies of 100, 300, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 Hz, respectively and those of the depth of ten meters were 88, 86, 99, 96, 94 and 92 dB.

정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

Interdiffusion and chain orientation in the drying of multi-layer polyimide film

Jo, Byoung Wook,Ahn, Kyung Hyun,Lee, Seung Jong Elsevier 2015 Polymer Vol.68 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Understanding the interdiffusion and chain orientation of partially miscible polyimide (PI) is essential to achieve a good adhesion performance between two consecutive layers when manufacturing multi-layer PI films. In the present study, bilayer PI films are made from two poly(amic acid) (PAA) solutions that are similar in their molecular structure using two different drying methods, direct multi-layer (DML) and layer-by-layer (LBL). The interdiffusion at the interface between two PAAs occurs during the drying process, and the extent of interdiffusion is affected by both the amount of solvent that acts as a plasticizer and the period of time they make a contact. Raman spectroscopy shows that the interdiffusion width increases with time (t) as ∼<I>t</I> <SUP> <I>β</I> </SUP>, and the exponent β increases as the PAA contains more solvent. This explains why the interdiffusion width of the cured PI made by DML is larger than that made by LBL. The variation in chain orientation of each layer is also investigated using the polarized Raman spectroscopy. The chain orientation is related to the interfacial stress between two layers as it affects thermal expansivity of PI. It is observed that the chain orientation of the bottom layer, which consists of relatively rigid chain structure, can be varied more significantly according to the drying condition. In the bilayer PI film made by the LBL method, the degree of in-plane chain orientation of the bottom layer becomes reduced compared to the single-layer PI when the layer is dried at lower temperature, which originates from the fast diffusion of solvent in the top layer into the bottom layer.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>Interdiffusion and chain orientation of polyimide play a crucial role in determining the interfacial bonding strength when manufacturing a multi-layer film. In this study, bilayer PI films were prepared by two different drying methods, direct multi-layer (DML) and layer-by-layer (LBL) method. During drying of the precursor solution, the degree of interdiffusion was significantly affected by solvent amount and contact time, thus the PI bilayer made by the DML method was observed to have a bigger interdiffusion width than the LBL. For chain orientation, the bottom layer was observed to be more vulnerable to the drying conditions. When the drying temperature of the bottom layer (T<SUB>b</SUB>) was low, the degree of in-plane chain orientation of the layer became smaller compared with that of a PI single layer. It was because the solvent in the top layer could easily diffuse into the bottom layer.</P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Effect of thermal history during drying and curing process on the chain orientation of rod-shaped polyimide

Jo, Byoung Wook,Ahn, Kyung Hyun,Lee, Seung Jong Elsevier 2014 Polymer Vol.55 No.22

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Chain orientation in polyimide (PI) film is influenced by the thermal history during drying and curing process. The amount of residual solvent and the degree of imidization, among other factors, play a major role in determining the chain orientation during the process. In the present study, poly(amic acid), the precursor of PI, coated on the glass substrate was imidized to PI through different drying and curing protocols. On the way of complete imidization, the residual solvent concentration and the degree of imidization were characterized using confocal Raman spectroscopy. The poly(amic acid) began to imidize quickly while retaining more solvent in the film as the initial drying temperature increased. The degree of in-plane chain orientation in fully imidized PI film made by different process protocols was compared using polarized Raman spectroscopy. The fully imidized PI showed the lowest degree of in-plane chain orientation when it was processed by the protocol with the highest drying temperature. The difference in the degree of in-plane chain orientation among different PI films significantly influenced the in-plane thermal expansion coefficient, while no significant change in crystallinity or glass transition temperature was observed.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Chain orientation of polyimide film made by different thermal history was investigated. </LI> <LI> Residual solvent content and imidization degree were measured during the process. </LI> <LI> The process path was proposed to explain the variation in chain orientation. </LI> <LI> Chain orientation most critically influenced thermal expansion coefficient of the film. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Evaluation of jet performance in drop-on-demand (DOD) inkjet printing

Byoung Wook Jo,Ayoung Lee,Seung Jong Lee,이승종 한국화학공학회 2009 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.26 No.2

Inkjet printing has been widely used in many applications and has been studied for many years. However, there are not many systematic researches on the mechanism of jet formation, nor is there any reliable platform that enables us to evaluate jet performance. In this study, an approach to practically evaluate the jet stability of the dropon-demand (DOD) inkjet printing has been proposed, based on which the transient behavior of the DOD drop formation has been studied experimentally for Newtonian liquids with a range of different viscosities (1.0-11 cp) but of a comparable surface tension. For more viscous liquids, the rate of the jet retraction after a pinch-off from the nozzle was found to increase as the thread motion became more sharp and conical as a result of the shape effect. The break-up time of the jet also increased because the rate of capillary wave propagation was lower for more viscous liquids. The jet stability graph, which can be drawn in terms of jet retraction and break-up time, was employed to characterize the jetting stability, and the degree of satellite drop generation was quantitatively evaluated by two critical jet speeds. The effect of an electric pulse imposed on a piezoelectric plate inside the printhead was also studied. The single-peak electric pulse was used in this experiment for simple analysis, and the jet speed variation was measured under different operating conditions. Both the optimal dwell time and the maximum stable jetting frequency were affected by viscosity and they were explained in terms of the propagation theory.

자기 표피효과를 고려한 인덕션 히터의 재질 및 두께 선정

조병욱(Byoung-Wook Jo),이병철(Byeong-Chul Lee),김도현(Do-Hyun Kim),김기찬(Ki-Chan Kim) 대한전기학회 2019 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2019 No.4

The Role of CDX2 in Intestinal Metaplasia Evaluated Using Immunohistochemistry

( Byoung Hwan Lee ),( Na Young Kim ),( Hye Seung Lee ),( Jung Mook Kang ),( Hyun Kyung Park ),( Hyun Jun Jo ),( Cheol Min Shin ),( Sang Hyub Lee ),( Young Soo Park ),( Jin Hyeok Hwang ),( Jin Wook Kim 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회 2012 Gut and Liver Vol.6 No.1

Background/Aims: Intestinal metaplasia (IM) has been regarded as a premalignant condition. This study evaluated the role of the transforming factor CDX2 according to the severity and type of IM. Methods: This analysis was performed on 383 subjects with IM in the antrum and/or body, with diagnoses that were categorized as controls, dysplasias, and gastric cancers. The IM grades were classifi ed into four groups as negative, mild, moderate or severe using the updated Sydney scoring system. The IM subtypes were categorized as type I, type II, and type III using high iron diamine and alcian blue (pH 2.5) staining. The CDX2 expression in the IM foci was evaluated using immunohistochemistry in specimens from the antrum and/or body. Results: CDX2 expression increased according to IM severity (p=0.001) but was not associated with the IM subtype (p=0.881) in the antrum specimens. Similarly, CDX2 expression increased according to the IM grade (p=0.001) but was not associated with the IM subtype (p=0.755) in the body specimens. CDX2 expression was also increased according to baseline disease in the antrum, especially dysplastic and GC group (p=0.003), but not in the body (p=0.582). However, status of Helicobacter pylori infection was not associated with CDX2 expression in the antrum (p=0.692) and body (p=0.271). Conclusions: These results show that CDX2 expression is associated with the IM grade regardless of the IM subtype and that it was more frequent in the dysplasia group. These results suggest that CDX2 expression might play an important role in the progression of IM in various environments that can affect neoplastic change. (Gut Liver 2012;6:71-77)

Comparison of enhancement and image quality: different iodine concentrations for liver on 128-slice multidetector computed tomography in the same chronic liver disease patients

( Byoung Goo Jo ),( Yun Gyu Song ),( Sang Goon Shim ),( Young Wook Kim ) 대한내과학회 2016 The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.31 No.3

Background/Aims: The objective of this study was to compare the degree of hepatic enhancement and image quality using contrast media of different iodine concentrations with the same iodine dose. Methods: From July 2011 to June 2013, 50 patients with chronic liver disease who underwent baseline and follow-up 128-slice multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) using contrast media with 350 mg I/mL (group A) and 400 mg I/mL (group B) iodine concentrations were included in this prospective study. The patients were randomly allocated to one of two protocols: 350 mg I/mL initially and then 400 mg I/mL; and 400 mg I/mL initially and then 350 mg I/mL. The bolus tracking technique was used to initiate the arterial phase scan. The computed tomography values of hepatic parenchyma, abdominal aorta and portal vein were measured. The degrees of hepatic and vascular enhancement were rated on a 4-point scale for qualitative assessment. The paired Student t test was used to compare outcome variables. Results: The mean hepatic enhancement was significantly higher in group B than in group A during the portal (p = 0.025) and equilibrium phases (p = 0.021). In all phases, group B had significantly higher mean liver-to-aorta contrast (p < 0.05) and mean visual scores for hepatic and vascular enhancement (p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study showed that a higher iodine concentration (400 mg I/ mL) in contrast media was more effective at improving hepatic enhancement in portal and equilibrium phase images and overall image quality using 128-slice MDCT in chronic liver disease patients

[Free Paper] Analysis of Clinicopathologic Factors Correlated with Invasiveness in Ductal Carcinoma in situ

Byoung Kil Lee,Young wook kim,Mi suk Yi,Hyun Jo Youn,Sung Hoo Jung 대한외과학회 2011 대한외과학회 학술대회 초록집 Vol.2011 No.11