우리나라 노인여성의 골다공증성 척추골절로 인한 경제적 부담 추계

강혜영,강대룡,장영화,박성은,최원정,문성환,양규현,Kang, Hye-Young,Kang, Dae-Ryong,Jang, Young-Hwa,Park, Sung-Eun,Choi, Won-Jung,Moon, Seong-Hwan,Yang, Kyu-Hyun 대한예방의학회 2008 예방의학회지 Vol.41 No.5

Objectives : To estimate the economic burden of osteoporotic vertebral fracture (VF) from a societal perspective. Methods : From 2002 to 2004, we identified all National Health Insurance claims records for women ${\geq}50$ years old with a diagnosis of VF. The first 6-months was defined as a "clearance period," such that patients were considered as incident cases if their first claim of fracture was recorded after June 30, 2002. We only included patients with ${\geq}$ one claim of a diagnosis of, or prescription for, osteoporosis over 3 years. For each patient, we cumulated the claims amount for the first visit and for the follow-up treatments for 1 year. The hospital charge data from 4 hospitals were investigated to measure the proportion of the non-covered services. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 106 patients from the 4 study sites to measure the out-of-pocket spending outside of hospitals. Results : During 2.5 years, 131,453 VF patients were identified. The patients had an average of 3.38 visits, 0.40 admissions and 6.36 inpatient days. The per capita cost was 1,909,690 Won: 71.5% for direct medical costs, 20.6% for direct non-medical costs and 7.9% for indirect costs. The per capita cost increased with increasing age: 1,848,078 Won for those aged 50-64, 2,084,846 Won for 65-74, 2,129,530 Won for 75-84and 2,121,492 Won for those above 84. Conclusions : Exploring the economic burden of osteoporotic VF is expected to motivate to adopt effective treatment options for osteoporosis in order to prevent the incidence of fracture and the consequent costs.

Investigation of the April 2000 forest fire damage in Kang-won Province, Korea, using RADARSAT data

Kang, Sung Chul,Seo, Jin Won,Lee, Tae Hee,Park, Sang Eun,Hong, Suk Young,Moon, Wooil M. 대한원격탐사학회 2000 International Symposium on Remote Sensing Vol.16 No.1

The series of forest Fires in Kangwon Province in April, 2000, were one of the mast serious ones in the Kang-won Province in recent years. The fire damaged areas are extensive and this paper investigates the utility of the satellite image data, particularly the RADARSAT SAR data. One of the main objectives of this study included evaluation of potential usefulness of the C-band RADARSAT data in the detection of forest fires in mountainous areas. Among several fire damaged sites, the area near Samchuk (city) was selected as the main study area and mufti-temporal RADARSAT(raw) data were acquired and the processed results were comparatively investigated with the IRS-1c data acquired shortly after the fire. To identify the burnt area from the undamaged background in the optical imagery, supervised classification and NDVI processing were carried out and tested with the IRS-1C data. For this experiment, several sets of raw RADARSAT standard and Fine mode (S4, F3, ascending orbit) data were processed and the final image was formed. In addition to the final image, sigma nought (σ°) was catnputed and compared for the burnt area against the undamaged areas. Because of the steep slopes in the study area and subsequent deviation from the flat surface scattering models, the fire scars in the sigma nought (σ°) image were not apparent. However, fire scars are slightly detected in the difference and ratio images obtained from the signal intensity data acquired at different dates (bath before and after fire). Texture analysis of the image data including the burnt areas were carried out using the Multiplicative Markov Random-Field (MMRF) algorithm. The detection of the fire damaged area from both standard mode and fine mode RADARSAT was not as straightforward as in optical data. However, Previous studies with ERS-1 S_AR and RADARSAT data in Indonesia and in the North American Plains indicate that C-band SAR data provide us with an effective tool for studying the forest fire damages. However, the application of C-band SAR data to the analysis of the forest fire areas requires careful processing of the data with realistic scattering models.

The Political and Administrative Culture of Modernizing Korea and Its Impact Upon Political Integration

Kang,Chi Won(姜致遠) 국민대학교 법학연구소 1979 法政論叢 Vol.1 No.1

다슬기(Semisulcospira libertina)의 생식세포 형성 및 생식시기에 관한 연구

강태완 춘천교육대학교 과학교육연구소 1998 과학교육연구 Vol.22 No.-

In this studies, histological changes of the Semisulcospira libertina which inhabited in the Gulgi-ch’on. Kang won-do, were observed during the period from March to Octover in 1997. The results of these investigations were summarized as follows: 1. Semisulcospira libertina was a gonochorism, and ovoviviparity. 2. Young melania snails of S. libertina were discharged from the mid June to the end of August.

조혈모세포이식술이 골수기질세포의 기원 및 조골세포로의 증식 및 분화에 미치는 효과

강무일,조성원,오은숙,백기현,이원영,오기원,김혜수,한제호,윤건호,차봉연,이광우,손호영,강성구,김춘추 대한내분비학회 2000 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.15 No.4·5

A Study on the Energy Consumption of Energy Poverty Households

Kang-Guk Lee,Gyu-Yeob Jeon,Won-hwa Hong 한국생활환경학회 2017 한국생활환경학회지 Vol.24 No.4

This study was conducted to identify requirements and improvements for policies related to energy welfare by investigating and analyzing household characteristics, residential building information, elements of energy use, and energy welfare status among the energy poverty. In this study, the energy consumption of the energy poverty and support policies are investigated, and characteristics of each are analyzed. The average number of household members in the energy poverty group was 2.3, and the average monthly household income of the households was 93.3 million won. The average expenditure on energy use per year was 947,957 won, which was the highest in January, February, and December. The most desirable energy welfare policy was the reduction or reduction of electricity cost.

광범위 베타 락탐계 항생제 분해 효소를 생성하는 폐렴간균에 의한 균혈증이 발생한 환자에서 감영의 위험 인자 및 치료 결과

강철인,김성한,방지환,김홍빈,박상원,최영주,오명돈,김의종,최강원 대한감염학회 2003 감염과 화학요법 Vol.35 No.2

목적 : 본 연구는 ESBL을 생성하는 K. pneumoniae에 의한 균혈증 환자에서 감염의 위험 인자 및 치료 결과를 알아보고자 시행하였다. 방법 : 1998년 1월부터 2002년 4월까지 혈액 배양 검사에서 동정된 K. pneumoniae를 대상으로 NCCLS guidelines과 이중 디스크 확산법(double-disk diffusion test)을 이용하여 ESBL 생성 여부를 확인하였다. ESBL 생성 균주에 의한 균혈증 환자 60명(환자군)에 대해 ESBL을 생성하지 않는 균주에 의한 균혈증 환자들(대조군)을 연령, 성별, 균혈증 발생 시점을 고려하여 1:2 또는 1:3으로 배정하였다. 총 159명의 대조군을 선정하였고 후향적인 환자-대조군 연구를 시행하였다. 결과 : 환자군과 대조군 사이에 연령, 성별, APACHE Ⅱ score, 주된 감염 부위의 유의한 차이는 없었다. ESBL을 생성하는 K. pneumoniae에 의한 균혈증이 발생할 독립적인 위험 인자에는 요관 삽입, 균혈증 발생 이전 72시간 동안 침습적인 시술을 받은 경우, 균혈증 발생 이전 30일 동안 투여받은 항생제 개수가 있었다. 초기 항생제 치료 72시간 후의 반응을 평가하였을 때, 완전 반응(complete response)은 대조군에서 더 많았고(13.3% vs. 40.3%, P<0.001), 치료 실패(treatment failure)는 환자군에서 더 많았다(33.3% vs. 11.9%, P<0.001). 7일 사망률은 환자군에서 20% (12/60), 대조군에서 15.6% (25/159)이었고(P=0.451), 30일 사망률은 환자군에서 30% (18/60), 대조군에서 24.5% (39/159)이었다(P=0.410). ESBL 생성 균주에 의한 균혈증이 있는 환자들에서 최종 항생제 치료가 부적절했던 환자들을 제외하고 30일 사망률을 분석하였을 때 효과적인 항생제 치료의 지연은 사망률을 높이지 않았다(11.1% vs. 9.1%, P=1.000). 결론 : ESBL을 생성하는 K. pneumoniae에 의한 균혈증이 있는 환자에서 초기 항균제 치료 72시간 후의 치료 반응률은 낮지만 사망률은 유의하게 증가하지 않았다. 원인균이 동정된 후 최종 치료 항생제의 선정이 적절하다면 초기에 효과적인 항생제 투여의 지연은 사망률을 유의하게 증가시키지는 않았다. Background : This study was conducted to evaluate risk factors for infection and treatment outcome of bloodstream infection due to extended spectrum β-lactamases(ESBL)-producing K. pneumoniae. Methods: ESBL production was evaluated by NCCLS guidelines and/or double-disk synergy test in K. pneumoniae blood isolates stored from January, 1998 to April, 2002. Sixty patients with bloodstream infection due to ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae (case patients) were compared with 159 matched control patients with bloodstream infection of non-ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae. Retrospective case-control study was performed. Results : There were no significant differences in age, sex, APACHE Ⅱ score, and the primary site of infection between the case and control groups. In multivariate analysis, significant independent risk factors associated with bloodstream infection due to ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae were urinary catheterization, invasive procedure within previous 72 hours, and the number of antibiotics administered within previous 30 days. In clinical response at 72 hours after initial antibiotic treatment, complete response rate was higher in the controls (13.3% vs. 40.3%, respectively, P<0.001), however, treatment failure rate was higher in the cases (33.3% vs. 11.9%, respectively, P<0.001). Overall 7-day mortality rates in the cases and the controls were was 20% (12/60) and 15.7% (25/159) (P=0.451), respectively, and overall 30-day mortality rates were 30% (18/60) and 24.5% (39/159), respectively (P=0.410). When the patients with bloodstream infection of ESBL-producing organism were evaluated and the patients who received inadequate definitive antibiotic treatment were excluded, delayed effective antibiotic treatment was found to be not associated with higher mortality. Conclusion : In patients infected with ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae bacteremia, clinical response rate at 72 hours after antimicrobial therapy was lower, but the increase of mortality rate was not significant. Delayed effective antibiotic treatment was not associated with higher mortality, when definitive appropriate antibiotic treatment was prescribed.

여자 축구 경기의 공격 전술에 대한 고찰

최강옥,장철원 한국스포츠리서치 2003 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.20 No.1

Today's soccer can bring various strategic changes as a result of the changes of these systems and it leads to several summing points like the following. First, the main stream in today's soccer is the 4-4-2 system. It is the formation which strengthens defense ensuring the priority in the number of defense and mid-field players, and the right and left pullbacks as well as defense midfielders take part in the offence. It is allowed to change into 4-5-1, 4-2-3-1, 1-4-4-1, etc, according to the stressed zone. But in 1998 the holding country France won the championship through 'art soccer' centered on the 4-4-2 formation, which has been the main current in the world soccer games. Second, today's soccer is summed up into speed and pressure. The greatest soccer festival, the World Cup Soccer Games, is the introductory stage of new formations and strategies. In the West Germany World Cup Games in 1974 'the orange corps' the Netherlands created a new formated word 'total soccer', and in the Italy World Cup Games in 1990 West Germany won the World Cup by means of 'pressing soccer'. The 3-5-2 formation of West Germany had been a Bible in the world soccer games since then. and the 4-4-2 systems strengthening the midfield, the stream of the games became faster. In USA World Cup in 1994, as 'compact soccer' was popular that the gap between the attack and the defense line narrowed maximumly with the two main streams of the 3-5-2. Third, the defense line is the start of the today's soccer formation. Formation in soccer is said to be the numerical expression of the arrangement of defense, attack, midfield players except for the goal keeper among 10 players in order to perform the strategies effectively. However, because even the same formation has many differences in the strategic operation, formation only has numerical meaning, and it is sure that the start of any formation is the defense line. It is possible that midfielders and attackers plays variously only when, three-back or four-back system, the defense system is strongly organized. Fourth, the defense line of today's soccer is three-back or four-back system. The three-back system is the person-to-person system which takes down the central defense player(sweeper) out of three defense players towards the goal keeper and stabilizes in the defense, and above all, the role of the midfielders is regarded as important. In this system the physical burden of the right and left wing backs is very big because they plays many roles in attack and defense, and the defense midfielder covers the gap in the case the central defense player(Rebaero) participates in many attacks. The representative system is the 3-5-2 and its variants are the 3-4-3 and the 3-6-1. Recently the main stream is the flat three-back system that three defense players line horizontally like the four-back system in order to operate off-side strategy. Four-back system mainly uses the zone defense which four defense players separate the defense zone and cover the space effectively, and uses person-to-person marking supplementarily. It narrows maximumly the gap between the defense and the attack line, pressures the opponent, and doubles the attack power by the active participation of the right and left wing backs in the attacks. But the horizontally straight line is collapsed in an instant and often loses a point easily. Unlike the sweeper system, when the defense line is collapsed, the dangerous situation is caused that the opponent attacker stands alone against the goal keeper. Thus this system is suitable for the team that is prepared for systematic organization on the basis of the players' basic skills, intellectual abilities, and highly understanding of strategies.It cannot be said that any one, three-back or four-back system, is superior, but if individual skill and teamwork are not harmonized with each other, it is difficult for any one to come into its effect. Fifth, today's soccer surely needs the play maker. The powerfully expected Wor.

다기관 기능부전을 초래한 치명적인 삼일열 말라리아 증례

박상원,김동우,박주원,이순일,신영학,김의종,오명돈,최강원 대한감염학회 2005 감염과 화학요법 Vol.37 No.2

삼일열 말라리아는 국내에서 재유행하고 있는 감염질환으로, 일반적으로 양성의 임상경과를 거친다. 저자들은 특이한 질병력이 없이 건강하였던 젊은 성인이 국내에서 삼일열 말라리아에 걸린 후 다기관기능부전과 폐출혈으로 사망한 증례를 경험하였다. 환자의 중증 임상경과를 설명할 만한 특이한 인자가 발견되지 않았다. Vivax malaria is a re-emerging infectious disease in Korea with cumulating 19,416 cases as of December 2003 since 1993. Vivax malaria is generally a benign disease with few severe complications. Even in the worldwide literature, there are only small number of case reports on severe complications. We experienced a fatal vivax malaria in a previously healthy young adult with severe multi-organ failure and fatal massive pulmonary hemorrhage. The patient presented with abdominal pain and shock. There were splenic hemorrhage, disseminated intravascular coagulation, oliguric acute renal failure requiring dialysis, and pulmonary hemorrhage leading the patient finally to death. The initial parasitemia was 2,046/μL. Thin smear and PCR revealed only Plasmodium Vivax. There was no explainable cause of death except for the only serological suggestion of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection without correlating clinical evidence. This is a first case of fatal vivax malaria in Korea since its re-emergence in 1993. Further case monitoring is needed to define whether this is a index case or an isolated one.

한국프로야구 드래프트 제도의 문제점 및 개선방안

강유원(Kang Yu-Won) 한국체육과학회 2000 한국체육과학회지 Vol.9 No.1

There are some results of the analysis on the problems and reform measures of Korean professional baseball. The major problem of the draft system is that athletes can't choose their team where they want to play on. The rules of KBO draft system had been said that it protected from the international scout competition in indiscretion among 8 baseball teams on these poor human resources. But by regional groups, the athletes who are chosen at first should play for 5 years, who are chosen at second should play 3 years on a specific team so that their personal opinions have been ignored at all. And in these days, there is no labor union for the athletes. Right after the rookies have signed their contracts, their teams can do anything with them with the ignorance. Also FA system can make these athletes' lives on their game play since they must play for 9 years on the same team. Therefore, to solve these kinds of a situation, the distribution between the athletes and the teams should be equal and proper after their contracts. To activate this, the all-out draft system should be executed from now on. Because of this system, they don't have to either concern or think about playing on the same team for so many years by regional groups, and their team's treatment towards them should be better than before. In addition, teams have also advantages of this system that they don't have to think about regional groups to choose any rookies so that all teams can have equal chances to have better rookies and there won't be a strong regional differences. Because of the equal level of each teams, there will be more exciting and interesting games each other and the baseball fans will be increased in high amount for the future. On 1999, the new system that each teams can have only 1 rookie who graduated from high school has a great impact on us since it approaches to the all-out draft system step by step. But, the first nomination of one rookie makes not perfect all-out draft system yet. As soon as possible, if the perfect all-out draft system is executed, the show time of