Treadmill 보행시의 보행속도, 경사도 및 체중에 따른 산소섭취량 예측식에 관한 통계학적 연구

백정민,정규철 중앙대학교 의과대학 의과학연구소 1985 中央醫大誌 Vol.10 No.1

The oxygen uptake in treadmill walking at speeds of 2, 4. 6 and 8 km/hr on the slopes from 0(level) to, 25% of gradient was measured by means of the Douglas bag method on 74 male college students. Correlation coefficients and multiple regression formulae Of VO^2(ml/min) and VO^2/body weight(ml/kg/min) on multivariables such as speed, square of speed, gradient and body weight were calculated. Regression formulae for prediction of the gross oxygen uptake(formulae 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7) in treadmill walking were all highly significant with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.84150 to 0.89227, and standard errors of the estimates ranged from 397.3 ml/min to 475.8 ml/min. Regression formulae for prediction of the oxygen uptake per unit body weight(formulae 2, 8, 9. 10, 11 and 12) were also all significant with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.84201 to 0.90913, and their standard errors of the estimates ranged from 6.6 ml/kg/min to 8.6 ml/kg/min. It was found through regression analysis and means of the differences between the predicted and the actually measured oxygen uptake, that the following two formulae (2) and (3) were the most valid equations for predicting both oxygen uptake per unit body weight and gross oxygen uptake in treadmill walking: VO_2/wt = (0.057G + 0.26) V^2 + 0.5IG + 1.71............(2) VO_2 = 71.6G + 359.6V - 546.1 ........................(3) Standard errors of the estimates and means of the difference between the predicted and the measured by the formula(2) were S.E. = 29.74 ml/kg/min and 0.46 ml/kg/min and S.E. = 258.4 ml/min and = 23.7ml/min by the formulae (3). In predicting the oxygen uptake in treadmill walking, equations expressed as a function of speed or squire of the speed and gradient were all proved to be valid, whether it was gross oxygen uptake or per unit body weight, The mean values of measured oxygen uptake for the Korean male college students were larger than those of the predicted values calculated by the formulae suggested by some foreign researchers. This discrepancies may arise, in part, from the racial difference in aerobic work capacity.

The Junction of Language and Culture : The Significance of Teaching Culturally Loaded English Words

Yook,Cheong-Min 신영어영문학회 2011 신영어영문학 Vol.49 No.-

Yook, Cheong-Min. The Junction of Language and Culture: The Significance of Teaching Culturally Loaded English Words. The New Studies of English Language & Literature 49 (2011): 253-267. This paper highlights the significance of teaching culturally loaded English words that are interpreted differently by people from different cultures. Intended to be a general discussion, the paper explores pedagogical issues related to the acquisition of culturally loaded English words in the EFL context of Korea. It first discusses what culturally loaded words are and why they should receive our attention. It then shows the scarcity of theoretical and empirical research on culturally loaded English words and how to teach them in the EFL context. The paper finally makes several suggestions for teaching culturally loaded English words in the Korean EFL context, including a suggestion to make a list of culturally loaded words and provide relevant cultural information in the textbook. (Chungnam National University)

Simultaneous Determination of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants and Cannabinoids in Fingernails by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

김진영,Jae Chul Cheong,Min Kyoung Kim,Jae Il Lee,Moon Kyo In 대한약학회 2008 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.31 No.6

A gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous detection and quantification of four amphetamine-type stimulants (amphetamine (AP), methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)) and two cannabinoids (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9- THC) and 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THCCOOH)) in fingernails. Fingernail clippings (30 mg) were washed with distilled water and methanol, and then incubated in 1.0 M sodium hydroxide at 95oC for 30 min. The compounds of interest were isolated by liquidliquid extraction followed by derivatization with N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) at 70oC for 15 min. The derivatized compounds were analyzed by GC-MS in the selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The linear ranges were 0.1-15.0 ng/mg for AP, 0.2-15.0 ng/mg for MDA, Δ9-THC and THCCOOH, and 0.2-30.0 ng/mg for MA and MDMA, with good correlation coefficients (r2 > 0.9991). The intra-day, inter-day, and inter-person precisions were within 10.6%, 6.3%, and 5.3%, respectively. The intra-day, inter-day and inter-person accuracies were between -6.1 and 5.0%, -6.2 and 5.7%, and -6.4 and 5.6%, respectively. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) for each compound were lower than 0.056 and 0.2 ng/mg, respectively. The recoveries were in the range of 74.0-94.8%. Positive GC-MS results were obtained from specimens of nine suspected MA or cannabis abusers. The concentration ranges of MA, AP, and THCCOOH were 0.10-1.41, 0.12-2.64, and 0.20 ng/mg, respectively. Based on these results, the method proved to be effective for the simultaneous qualification and quantification of amphetamine-type stimulants and cannabinoids in fingernails.

Cellulase 에 의한 목재당화에 (木材糖化) 관한 연구 - (Ⅰ) 기질 (基質) 처리의 효과 -

정대성,민두식 ( Tae Seong Cheong,Du Sik Min ) 한국산림과학회 1978 한국산림과학회지 Vol.38 No.1

In this study, enzymatic hydrolysis of the holocellulose from Alnus hirsuta (Spach) Rupr. (8-14 yr`s) was investigated using crude cellulase preparations of Trichoderma viride Pers. ex. Fr. SANK 16374. And conducted on the optimum condition of the treated substrate for saccharification. A strain of Trichoderma viride Pers. ex. Fr. SANK 16374 was found to be highly efficient for the cellulase productivity, especially in the submerged culture process. The culture medium used in this experiment was prepared from an extract of wheat bran consisting also of KH₂ PO₄ 10, (NH₄)₂ SO₄ 3, NaNO₃ 3, and MgSO₄7H₂O 0.5g/1. Cellulose powder (Toyo filter paper, 60 mesh) was found to be an importent factar for inducing the cellulase formation. And the cellulase produced in the culture fluid was salted out quantitatively by the use of ammonium sulfate (Fig. 1) Reducing sugar was determined by the Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method, using reagents prepared according to the method of Sumner (1925). The results obtained were summerized as follows; 1. The method of delignification were treated by the Peracetic acid (PA) method, according to the method of Toyama (1970). The yield of holocellulose were decreased in accordance with increasing concentration of Peracetic acid solution; delignification of Alnus hirsuta Rupr. with 20% Peracetic acid was satisfied for 48 hours and 40%∼60% peracetic acid was satisfied for 24 hrs: 2. The substrate (holocellulose) was changed easely into fine powder with enzymatic hydrolysis and cellulase exhibits optimum activity on the reducing sugar formation from substrate at the range of 60-100 mesh. 3. The reducing sugar formation increased in accordance with increasing dry temperature on holocellulose substrate was found to be 190±5℃. 4. The optimal heat treated time of holocellulose substrate was found to be 45 min. for the reducing sugar formation showed the best products. The reducing sugar formation did not show statisticaly significent diflerences at 5% levels by heat treated time for 45 min. and 60 min.

Simultaneous Determination of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants and Cannabinoids in Fingernails by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Kim, Jin-Young,Cheong, Jae-Chul,Kim, Min-Kyoung,Lee, Jae-Il,In, Moon-Kyo 대한약학회 2008 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.31 No.6

A gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous detection and quantification of four amphetamine-type stimulants (amphetamine (AP), methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)) and two cannabinoids (${\Delta}^9$-tetrahydrocannabinol (${\Delta}^9$-THC) and 11-nor-${\Delta}^9$-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THCCOOH)) in fingernails. Fingernail clippings (30 mg) were washed with distilled water and methanol, and then incubated in 1.0 M sodium hydroxide at $95^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. The compounds of interest were isolated by liquidliquid extraction followed by derivatization with N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) at $70^{\circ}$ for 15 min. The derivatized compounds were analyzed by GC-MS in the selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The linear ranges were 0.1-15.0 ng/mg for AP, 0.2-15.0 ng/mg for MDA, ${\Delta}^9$-THC and THCCOOH, and 0.2-30.0 ng/mg for MA and MDMA, with good correlation coefficients ($r^2$ < 0.9991). The intra-day, inter-day, and inter-person precisions were within 10.6%, 6.3%, and 5.3%, respectively. The intra-day, inter-day and inter-person accuracies were between -6.1 and 5.0%, -6.2 and 5.7%, and -6.4 and 5.6%, respectively. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) for each compound were lower than 0.056 and 0.2 ng/mg, respectively. The recoveries were in the range of 74.0-94.8%. Positive GC-MS results were obtained from specimens of nine suspected MA or cannabis abusers. The concentration ranges of MA, AP, and THCCOOH were 0.10-1.41, 0.12-2.64, and 0.20 ng/mg, respectively. Based on these results, the method proved to be effective for the simultaneous qualification and quantification of amphetamine-type stimulants and cannabinoids in fingernails.

임상 검체에서 분리된 vancomycin 내성 장구균에 대한 Quinupristin/dalfopristin(Synercid®)을 포함한 10종 항균제의 시험관내 항균력

정희진,박기호,김동림,김우주,김민자,박승철,신종희 대한화학요법학회 1999 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.17 No.2

목적 : 본 연구에서는 고려대 병원과 전남대 병원에서 임상 검체로부터 분리된 VRE 16균주를 대상으로 하여 장구균 감염의 치료에 흔히 사용되는 항균제인 ampicillin, gentamicin, vancomycin, teicoplanin과 VRE에 대해서도 비교적 항균력이 있는 것으로 알려진 기존의 chloramphenicol, doxycycline, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, rifampicin, 그리고 다제 내성 그람 양성균의 치료를 위하여 새로이 개발된 quinupristin/dalfopristin을 이용한 시험관내 항균력을 조사하고자 하였다. 방법 : 총 16균주의 VRE faecium을 대상으로 quinupristin/dalfopristin (Synercid^(R))를 포함한 10종 항균제에 대한 최소 발육 억제 농도(MIC)를 한천희석법을 이용하여 측정하였다. 각각의 항균제에 대한 감수성은 NCCLS에서 제시한 기준에 의거하여 해석하였다. 결과 : 1) 5균주의 vanB VRE에 대한 항균제의 MIC_(90)은 ampicillin, erythromycin, gentamicin, cipro- floxacin에서 각각 64㎍/㎖, 512㎍/㎖, 512㎍/㎖, 4㎍/㎖로서 100%에서 내성을 보였고, doxycycline, chloramphenicol의 경우 4㎍/㎖, 4㎍/㎖로서 100%에서 감수성을 보였다. Teicoplanin의 MIC_(90)은 1㎍/㎖로서 모두 감수성을 보였고 quinupristin/dalfopristin에 대해서도 MIC_(90) 0.25㎍/㎖로서 감수성을 보였다. 2) 11균주의 vanA VRE에 대한 항균제들의 MIC 범위는 vanB VRE보다는 다양하였다. MIC_(90)을 보면 amplicillin, erythromycin의 경우 256㎍/㎖, 512㎍/㎖으로 100%에서 내성을 보였응며, gentamicin은 MIC_(90) ≥500㎍/㎖의 고도내성을 보인 경우가 8 균주로서 73%에서 내성을 보였다. Ciprofloxacin은 vanB VRE에서와 마찬가지로 MIC≥32㎍/㎖의 100%의 내성을 보였다. Chloramphenicol의 경우는 MIC_(90)이 16㎍/㎖로서 vanA VRE faecium에 대해서도 감수성이 있는 약제로 남아 있었다. 반면에 doxycycline은 MIC_(90)이 4㎍/㎖로서 시험관내에서는 100% 감수성을 보였고, quinupristin/dalfopristin은 MIC_(90)이 2㎍/㎖로서 내성을 보인 균주는 한 균주도 없었다. 결론 : 국내 임상분리 VRE 16균주는 기존에 사용되어 오던 chloramphenicol, doxycyline등의 항균제에 대하여 시험관내에서 100% 감수성을 보였으며 quinupristin/dalfopristin과 같은 새로운 항균제에 대해서도 중등도 또는 완전 감수성을 보여 향후 VRE에 의한 감염증 치료에 있어 이들 약제의 병합요법등이 고려될 수 있을 것이라 사료된다. Background : Vancomcyin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have become a major nosocomial pathogen in the USA during 1990s. In Korea, VRE have recently emerged as a important nosocomial pathogen and posed therapeutic difficulty. We evaluated the antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical VRE isolates to the antimicrobial agents that are commonly used to treat enterococcal infections and to some alternative drugs and to a newer antibiotic such as quinupristin/dalfopristin(Synercid®). Methods : We evaluated 16 clinical VR-E. faecium (5 vanB VRE, 11 vanA VRE) strains that were isolated from Korea Universtiy and Chonnam University hospital during the last five years (1994-1998). The isolates were identified to the species level by using API 20system. The in vitro susceptibility testing was performed by the agar dilution methods, following the criteria described by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). The VRE isolates were tested against antimicrobial agents commonly used to treat enterococcal infections (vancomycin, teicoplanin, ampicillin, gentamicin), potential alternative drugs (chloramphenicol, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, rifampicin) and a newer antibiotic (quinupristin/dalfopristin). Results : 100% (5/5) of vanB VR-E. faecium were resistant to ampicillin, gentamicin and ciprofloxacm, but 100% (5/5) were susceptible to chloramphenicol, doxycycime, teicoplanin and quinupristin/dalfopristm. 100% (11/11) of vanA VR-E. faecium were resistant to ampicillin, ciprofloxacm, 73% were resistant to gentamicin, and 100% (11/11) were susceptible to chloramphenicol and doxycycline. Quinupristin/dalfopristm showed intermediate or high level susceptibility against all vanA VRE isolates. Rifampin is less susceptible (MIC: 4-16 ㎍/mL) against both vanA and vanB VR-E. faecium. Conclusion : The treatment options for infections caused by VRE seem to be very narrow since a small percentage of those isolates were susceptible to the other antmicrobial agents commonly used to treat these infections. And only a few of the alternative drugs including quinupristin/dalfopristm tested showed good in vitro activity. This study suggested that chloramphenicol, doxycycline and qumuprisitin/dalfopristin would be a good candidate to treat VRE infection, but further studies are necessary to demonstrate the clinical role of these antimicrobial agents.

中國 唐代小說 속에 반영된 女仙 이미지 : 『太平廣記』를 중심으로

정민경 서강대학교 인문과학연구소 2009 서강인문논총 Vol.0 No.25

Novels of China have been developing under a close relation with religion, especially a special relation with Taoism. So this manuscript pays attention to features of a women Taoist immortals[女仙] appearing with what looks and image in novels of Tang age. To begin with, a general idea of it comes by looking into a women Taoist immortals division, a minor division of a grand series of novels of "Tae Pyeong Gwang Gi[太平廣記]". Though a women Taoist immortals division of "Tae Pyeong Gwang Gi" collects stories from Han Dynasty to early Song Dynasty, an aspect of novels at that time can be looked into sufficiently because most of it was collected and created by people of Tang Dynasty. An image of a women Taoist immortals in novels of Tang age can be divided into two phases after analyzing stories of a women Taoist immortals division of "Tae Pyeong Gwang Gi". One has a looks of a women Taoist immortals of religious dimension still showing a divine nature with looks of goddess, and the other has a looks of a women Taoist immortals already secularized and degraded to the status of a lover of men. But it stresses' a wise mother and good wife' in the image of a women Taoist immortals with a religious divine nature and gives prominence to a sexy and erotic side of a women Taoist immortals by reflecting looks of a gisaeng[妓女], a women Taoist[女道士] and even a women ghost[女鬼,] in the image of a lovely women Taoist immortals. And this image of a women Taoist immortals has changed much due to writers of men and Tang society at that time. This image of a women Taoist immortals shown in the novels has become more secularized in later generations and takes on an aspect overlapping even an image of a temptress in the novels. 중국의 소설은 종교와의 긴밀한 연관성 아래에서 발전해왔으며 그 중 도교와의 관계는 특별하다고 할 수 있다. 본 고에서는 도교 속 여선의 모습이 당대소설 속에서 어떠한 이미지를 가지고 어떠한 양상으로 나타나고 있는지에 주목하였다. 우선『太平廣記』라는 소설총집을 대상으로 그 안의 소분류인 女仙類를 살펴봄으로써 그 대강을 파악해보았다. 『태평광기』의 여선류는 漢나라부터 宋나라 초까지의 이야기들을 수록하고 있지만 그 대부분이 당나라 사람들이 수록하고 창작한 것이어서 당대 사회의 면모를 충분히 살펴볼 수 있다. 『태평광기』여선류 이야기를 분석해 본 결과 당대 소설 속 여선의 이미지는 크게 두 가지 양상으로 나타났는데, 그 중 하나는 女神의 모습을 여전히 간직한 채 신성을 드러내고 있는 종교적 차원의 여선의 모습이었고 또하나는 이미 세속화되어 남성의 연인이나 상대로 전락한 여선의 모습이었다. 그러나 종교적 고결함을 갖춘 여선의 이미지 속에서도 유가 윤리적 '현모양처'의 이미지를 강조하고 있고 사랑스러운 여선의 이미지 속에도 당대 女道士나 妓妹, 심지어는 女鬼의 모습까지 투영시켜 여선의 섹시하고 에로틱한 측면만을 부각시키는 것으로 보아, 당시 남성 위주의 사회 속에서 여선의 이미지가 크게 변화되었음을 살펴볼 수 있었다. 이러한 여선의 이미지를 통해 당대소설 속에 반영된 당시 사회의 일면을 살펴볼 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 도교 문학의 세속화 과정도 동시에 찾아볼 수 있었다. 당대 소설 속에 보이는 이러한 여선의 이미지는 후대로 가면서 더욱더 세속화되어 후대 문언소설이나 백화소설 속에서는 심지어 요부의 이미지와도 겹쳐지는 양상을 띠게 된다.

급성 백혈병 환자에서 감염증의 양상 및 예후인자에 관한 연구 : 1988년∼1995년까지

정희진,김병수,신상원,김열홍,김우주,김민자,김준석,박승철,김권범 대한감염학회 1998 감염 Vol.30 No.3

목적 : 급성 백혈병의 경우 골수기능이 억제되고 항암화학요법에 따른 골수기능 저하로 감염의 위험이 증가하며 감염의 치료가 환자의 생존에 큰 영향을 미치게 된다. 이에 저자들은 1988년부터 1995년까지 고대 구로병원에 급성 백혈병으로 입원했던 환자들 중 입원 기간 내 감염이 있었던 경우를 대상으로 하여 감염의 위험인자 및 감염증의 예후를 후향적으로 분석함으로써 향후 급성 백혈병환자의 감염의 치료에 대한 지침을 얻고자 하였다. 방법 : 급성 백혈병으로 확진된 환자들 중 감염병에 이환된 경우를 대상으로 하여 각각을 미생물학적 확인감염, 임상적 확인감염, 그리고 설명 불가열로 구분하였다. 각각의 경우에서 감염 당시의 호중구 수, 호중구 감소 기간, 항암화학요법과의 연관성, 감염 병소, 배양된 검체 및 원인균, 선택적 소화관 살균법의 사용여부 및 골수회복 여부 등을 조사한 후 환자의 예후와 어떤 관계가 있는 지 조사하였다. 결과 : 연구 대상은 총 113예로 남녀비는 46:67 이었고 평균연령은 34±13세, 진단은 급성 골수성 백혈병 (AML)이 84예, 급성 림프구성 백혈병(ALL)이 29예였으며, 감염시 평균 호중구수는 663±1678/㎣이었고, 호중구 감소 기간은 평균 18±13일이었다. 감염양상은 항암화학요법과 연관된 감염이 84예로 대부분이었고 미생물학적 확인 감염이 40예로서 35%였으며, 폐렴과 원발성 패혈증이 각각 20예와 19예로 가장 많았고, 카테터 연관 감염이 7예로 나타났다. 배양된 균주는 E. coli가 10예(25%)로서 가장 많았으며, 전체적으로 E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae 등의 그람음성균이 63%로 대부분을 차지하였으나 최근 그람양성구군 및 진균의 분리율이 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 감염증의 예후를 분석한 결과 진균 감염인 경우나 호중구 감소 기간이 긴 경우 사망률이 높았으며 그 중에서도 골수 기능이 회복 여부가 환자들의 생존과 통계적으로 유의한 연관이 있었다.(P=0.01). 결론 : 급성 백혈병 환자들에서의 감염은 관해유도화학요법 후 초래되는 호중구 감소와 유의한 관계가 있으며, 폐렴 및 패혈증의 임상양상을 보이는 경우가 흔하고, 원인균별로는 그람 음성균이 주류를 이루나 최근 그람 양성균 감염이 증가하는 추세를 보였다. 감염의 예후 인자로는 진균 감염인 경우나 호중구 감소 기간이 긴 경우 사망률이 높았으나 골수 기능의 회복여부가 결정적인 역할을 하는 것으로 나타나, 향후 급성 백혈병 환자의 치료에 있어 감염 빈도의 감소와 감염에서의 조속한 회복을 위해서는 골수 기능의 회복에 중점을 두어야 할 것으로 사료된다. Background : Infection is one of the most important and fatal complications in patients with acute leukemia. The characteristics of infection in acute leukemic patients are different from those in other diseases by the lack of normal inflammatory responses or distinct clinical evidence except fever. To improve the outcome of acute leukemia, it is very important to recognize the risk factors, patterns and prognostic factors of acute leukemia. Methods : We analyzed retrospectively the patterns of infection from 113 febrile patients with acute leukemia from January, 1988 to December, 1995. To determine the prognostic factors and the outcome of infection, the following variables were analyzed: the presence of neutropenia, use of chemotherapeutic agents, type and site of infections, isolated organisms, gastrointestinal decontamination, duration of neutropenia, and bone marrow recovery. Results : Out of 113 febrile patients with acute leukemia, 84 infection episodes(74%) occurred after chemotherapy. The mean duration of neutropenia was 18±13 days. The incidence of microbiologically-documented infection(MDI) was 35%(40/113). Pneumonia was the most common infection(26%), followed by primary sepsis(24%), catheter-related infection(9%). In cases of MDI, 63% were caused by gram-negative bacteria, followed by gram-positive bacteria(28%), and fungi(10%). Escherichia coli(25%) was the most common isolated in MDI. Regarding the prognostic factors in cases with infections, the recovery of bone marrow function was the only statistically significant factor(P=0.01). Conclusion : Infection has been a major cause of morbidity and mortality in acute in acute leukemic patients. To prevent infection and thereby improve the prognosis of acute leukemia, restoration of bone marrow function at early stage is important.

지역사회와 병원에서 페니실린 내성 폐렴구균 감염의 임상적 특징 및 분자유전학적 성상

정희진,황병연,박정원,김우주,김민자,박승철,이영희 대한감염학회 2001 감염 Vol.33 No.2

Background : During the last three decades, the resistance of S. pneumoniae to penicillin has been rapidly increasing in many parts of the world, especially in Korea. To characterize the clinical features and epidemiology of penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae (PRSP) infections in the community -and hospital, as well as to investigate the possible spread of resistant clone, we performed the antimicrobial susceptibility tests, pulsed filed gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and penicillin-binding protein (PBP) profile analysis of PRSP isolates. Methods : A total 48 PRSP isolates from patients who visited or were admitted to Korea University Guro hospital during the period form July 1998 to June 1999 were studied. Anitimicrobial susceptibility tests for 48 isolates were performed with microbroth dilution method to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of 11 antibiotics. 39 isolates and 35 isolates were subjected to PFGE and PBP profile analysis, respectively to investigate the genetic relatedness between PRSP isolates. Results : Pneumonia was most common site of infection in the community and the hospital as 50%. There were no significant differences of clinical fentures and prognosis between community and hospital isolates. But, patients with serious underlying diseases had poor prognosis despite of acquisition site. High level penicillin resistance were observed in 69%, multi-drug resistance were 64.6% of isolates. PFGE showed that 13 of 29 community acquired infection were identical PFGE pattern but not that of 23F Spanish clone. There were various PFGE patterns were observed from community and hospital acquired infection isolates. Some of them were existed in both. PBP profiles showed more diverse, even if in isolates of the same PFGE pattern. Conclusion : In our study, high level penicillin resistance and multi-drug resistance were observed in PRSP clinical isolates. No clinical and prognostic differences were observed between community and hospital acquired infections. Molecular epidemiology study were suggest the there were various genotypes of PRSP within our society. Some of them were observed of the hospital and community. Therefore, there was an evidence of communication of PRSP clones between the community and hospital. (Korean J Infect Dis 33:112~122, 2001)

중국 명대 여성작가의 문학체험과 글쓰기 : 여성작가의 서발문(序跋文)과 서간문(書簡文)을 중심으로

정민경 이화여자대학교 이화인문과학원 2012 탈경계 인문학 Vol.5 No.2

Women in China have traditionally been considered to have suffered in silence under an ethic that was suffocating to them. However, a lot of literary works written by women were published in collections as printing technology developed in the Ming Dynasty and women writers as a group, not just as individuals, appeared. This phenomenon can give rise to a new trend in the history of Chinese literary studies, which has previously centered upon male writers, but the study of female Chinese writers is still few. This study therefore examines women’s literary activities and their literary philosophy through what the women writers directly wrote. First of all, I attempt to arrange prefaces and letters written by women in the collection of literary works Women’s Works in Recent History (歷代婦女著作考) and Collection of Letters Written by Women in History (歷代名媛文苑簡編), written by Ho Moon-gye, and The McGill-Harvard-Yenching Library’s Ming-Qing Women’s Writings (明淸婦女著作) and examine the characteristics of female literary style in them, dividing these into three large parts. The first is female education and female writing. Comparatively many books were published due to the development of the printing industry in the Ming Dynasty, and the opportunity for education was expanded to women connected to education. Women read various books and wrote their works based on the knowledge gleaned. Second, I treatliterary exchange and literary recognition through private groups. Women in the Ming Dynasty exchanged literature with each other and raised their literary knowledge through their favorite groups, wrote about their daily lives in their works, and continued to form bonds of empathy while reading theirworks together. Third, I note the individual and insignificant writing. Women in the Ming Dynasty were very enthusiastic for literary writing that expressed their own experiences and emotions. Women could encounter their own inner life through individual works describing their busy daily life and exchange their emotions with other women. In this way, female literary activities acted as a means of spreading the thoughts and desires of the heart and women’s views on literature, which are revealed directly and candidly in their prefaces and letters.