한국인 직무 스트레스 측정도구의 개발 및 표준화

장세진,고상백,강동묵,김성아,강명근,이철갑,정진주,조정진,손미아,채창호,김정원,김정일,김형수,노상철,박재범,우종민,김수영,김정연,하미나,박정선,이경용,김형렬,공정옥,김인아,김정수,박준호,현숙정,손동국 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Background and Purposes: Over the past three decades, numerous studies performed in Korea have reported that job stress is a determinant risk factor for chronic diseases and work disability. Every society has its own culture and occupational climate particular to their organizations, and hence experiences different occupational stress. An occupational stress measurement tool therefore needs to be developed to estimate it objectively. The purpose of this study is to develop and standardize the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) which is considered to be unique and specific occupational stressors in Korean employees. Subjects and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project: 2002-2004). A total of 12,631 employees from a nationwide sample proportional to the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were administered. The KOSS was developed for 2 years (2002-2004). In the first year, we collected 255 items from the most popular job stress measurement tools such as JCQ, ERI, NIOSH and OSI, and 44 items derived from the a qualitative study (depth interview). Forty-three items of KOSS, in the second year, were retained for use in the final version of the KOSS by using Delphi and factor analysis. Items were scored using conventional 1-2-3-4 Likert scores for the response categories. Results: We developed eight subscales by using factor analysis and validation process: physical environment (3 items), job demand (8 items), insufficient job control (5 items), interpersonal conflict (4 items), job insecurity (6 items), organizational system (7 items), lack of reward (6 items), and occupational climate (4 items). Together they explained 50.0% of total variance. Internal consistency alpha scores were ranged from 0.51 to 0.82. Twenty-four items of the short form of the KOSS (KOSS-SF) were also developed to estimate job stress in the work setting. Because the levels of the subscales of occupational stress were gender dependent, gender-specific standard norms for both the 43-item full version and the 24-item short form using a quartile for the subscales of KOSS were presented. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that KOSS might be an appropriate measurement scale to estimate occupational stress of Korean employees. Further and more detailed study needs to be conducted to improve the validity of this scale.

신경회로망을 이용한 정현파 밴드 히스테리시스 전류 제어기

元忠淵,梁承浩,金世燦,金學成 成均館大學校 科學技術硏究所 1993 論文集 Vol.44 No.1

Current-controlled PWM inverter offers substantial advantages in improving motor system dynamics in high-performance ac drive systems under vector control. Among the various current control techniques, fixed band hysteresis current control has been widely used. A hysteresis controller employing sinusoidal bands has been reported in recent years. In this paper new current control schemes based on neural network for PWM inverter are described, Four types of controllers have been studied and their performance compared with each other. Finally, relevant simulation results are shown to prove the effectivness of the proposed current control scheme.

전류제어형 PWM 인버어터―유도전동기 위치제어의 신경회로망 응용

元忠淵,梁承浩,金世燦,金德憲 成均館大學校 科學技術硏究所 1991 論文集 Vol.42 No.1

이 논문은 전력변환기 시스템 모델링에 대한 신경회로망 사용을 기술하였다. Bp 알고리즘은 PWM 인버어터에 의해 구동되는 유도전동기의 on-off 패턴제어를 모델화하기 위해 처음으로 사용되었다. 신경회로망의 한 잇점은 본질적으로 병렬처리 이어서 그 결과 직렬인 디지털 컴퓨터보다 훨씬 빠르다. 게다가 신경회로망은 인버어터에 대해 학습능력이 있다. 제안된 방법의 타당성을 디지털 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 통하여 확인하였다. This paper discribes the use of neural networks for modeling power converter system. A back propagation(BP) algorithm is used firstly to model on-off pattern control of PWM inverter fed induction motor and, as a result, can solve problems much faster than a serial digital computer. Furthermore, neural networks have ability to learn for inverter. The validity of proposed method is confirm through the digital computer simulation.

전력전자 PSPICE 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 위한 스위치 모델

元忠淵,金淵俊,金世燦,金德憲 成均館大學校 科學技術硏究所 1990 論文集 Vol.41 No.2

PSPICE is widely used in analysis of general circuit and simulation in electric and electrical field is applied to power electronics circuit. The circuits used with thyristors will add significant complexity to PSPICE analysis, it is important that the thyristor model be as simple as possible. In order to solve this problem, an ideal voltage controlled switch and an ideal current controlled switch were added as circuit elements. Two typical power electronics circuits simulation using PSPICE program presented.

초퍼제어-직류전동기의 PSPICE 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션

元忠淵,梁承浩,金德憲,金世燦 成均館大學校 科學技術硏究所 1992 論文集 Vol.42 No.2

In this paper, the authors describe the equivalent circuit for a DC motor in consideration of both magnetic saturation and armature reaction phenomena. To develop DC motor model in PSPICE is to eliminate the gap between drive electronics and models of driven machine. On the basis of these results the dynamic characteristics of a MOSFET chopper controlled DC series motor are investigated by PSPICE simulation and experiment.

신경회로망을 이용한 유도전동기 속도제어

金世澯,元忠淵 成均館大學校 科學技術硏究所 1995 論文集 Vol.46 No.1

The neural network control can roughly be classified as the direct control and indirect control schemes. When using direct control scheme, there is need to know the Jacobian of plant. However when the plant is ill-defined, we can not get Jacobian of plant. Rather than using the direct control scheme, an indirect control scheme is alternative. This scheme is applicable even when the plant is ill-defined. but this scheme requires two neural network : namely Neural Network Controller and Neural Network Emulator. In this study indirect control scheme is adopted for Induction Motor speed control. A back propagation algorithm is used to train neural network controller and. emulator. The simulation results show that this neural network system can provide good dynamical responses.

DSP를 利用한 Phase-shifted PWM 直列共振型 DC-DC 컨버터

김현준,김학성,김세찬,유동욱,원충연 成均館大學校 科學技術硏究所 1995 論文集 Vol.46 No.2

This paper deals with a phase-shifted PWM high-frequency series resonant DC-DC converter using IGBTs. The converter output voltage regulation is digitally controlled using DSP(TMS320C31) for a fast rising time and low ripple output voltage. A PID controller and feed-forward controller is adopted as a controller and implemented on software. Simulation technique are employed to describe resonant converter behavior, which can present system output exactly and calculate in short time, by applying numerical method to the state equation of each equivalent circuit. And the simulation results are verified as compared with experimental results.

소규모 제조업에서 재해발생과 사업장 특성간의 관련성 분석

이건세,김형수,,장성훈,정최경희,오원기,최재욱,이관형,오지영 大韓産業醫學會 2006 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.18 No.2

목적: 소규모 제조업 사업장의 재해 발생 유무에 따른 사업장 조직 특성을 비교하여 재해 발생과 관련된 요인을 사업장 수준에서 파악하고자 하였다. 방법: 한국산업안전공단이 실시한 2004년도 산업안전 보건 동향조사 자료 중 5인 이상 50인 미만 제조업 1,886개 사업장(가중치를 부여하여 추정한 모집단 사업장은 65,921개)의 재해(산재 및 공상, 경상 포함) 발생 여부와 사업장의 조직 특성(일반적 특성, 고용특성 및 산업안전보건 특성)간 다변량 분석을, 사업장의 일반적 특성은 지역, 산업형태, 업종 등이며, 고용특성은 전체 근로자중에서 생산직 근로자의 분포, 여성근로자의 분포, 1주일 평균 근로시간, 교대근무 등이며, 산업안전보건 특성은 안전관리자/보건관리자의 선임형태, 산업안전보건위원회, 노동조합, 매월 정기안전보건교육시간, 안전보건관리 규정, 안전보건활동 점수, 안전문화 점수 등이다. 결과: 다변량 분석결과 재해가 발생한 사업장이 갖는 특성은 다음과 같았다. 첫째, 사업장의 일반적 특성에서 지역별로는 경인권에 비해 전라권, 산업형태 면에서 원청에 비해 사외협력업체, 업종별로는 전자부품/통신에 비해 코크스/석유정제업, 목재/나무제품업, 음식료품, 조립 금속제품에서 위험도가 높았다. 둘째, 사업장의 고용 특성에서는 전체 구성원 중에서 생산직 근로자가 증가할수록 재해발생 사업장이 유의하게 증가하였으며, 여성근로자의 증가할수록 재해발생 사업장이 유의하게 감소하였다. 주당 근무시간이 증가할수록 재해 발생 사업장이 유의하게 증가하였으며, 교대 근무와 사업장의 재해발생과는 유의한 관련성이 없었다. 셋째, 사업장의 산업안전보건 특성에서는 안전관리자가 전임으로 근무할수록, 산안전보건위원회가 활발히 활동할수록, 노동조합이 설립될수록, 안전보건규정이 갖추어지지 않을수록, 정기보건교육시간이 많을수록, 안전문화수준이 낮을수록 재해발생 사업장이 유의하게 증가하였다. 결론: 소규모제조업에서 사업장의 조직 특성에 따라 사업장 재해율이 다름을 확인할 수 있었으며, 이는 산업재해의 예방을 위해서는 근로자 요인이외에도 사업장 수준에서의 관련요인에 대한 접근이 필요함을 의미한다. Objective: This study evaluated the relationship between injury occurrence and workplace organization in small-sized, manufacturing factories in Korea. Methods: Using data from the 2004 Occupational Safety and Health Survey in Korea, this study compared workplace organizational factors (general characteristics, employee characteristics and health and safety characteristics) with injury occurrence of 1,866 small-sized, manufacturing factories (65,921 population factories after weighting). General characteristics of factories comprised location, type and classification of industry. Employee characteristics comprised proportion of manual workers and female workers, average working hours per week and shiftwork. Health and safety characteristics comprised type of safety and health manager, committee for occupational safety and health, labor union, health and safety regulation, monthly health and safety training time, score of health and safety activity and score of safety culture. Results: The following characteristics of injury-occurrence in small-sized, manufacturing factories were determined by multivariate analysis. In terms of general characteristics, the risk of injury-occurrence was higher in Jeolla area than Gyeongin area in outside associate than other enterprises and in coke, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel, wood and products of wood, food products and beverages and fabricated metal products, except machinery and furniture industries than television and communication equipment and apparatus industries. In terms of employee characteristics, injury-occurrence significantly increased in factories with greater proportion of manual worker and with a higher rate of working hours per week. But significantly decreased in factories with a higher proportion of female workers. In terms of health and safety characteristics, injury-occurrence significantly increased in factories with a self-appointed safety manager, with unorganized union, with a more active committee for occupational safety and health, with unimplemented health and safety regulation, with longer monthly safety and health training time, and with a lower score of safety culture. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that several factors of workplace organization were significantly related with injury-occurrence in factories. These findings are supposed to raise the need for making effort in workplace organization to improve injury prevention.

한국 여성운동과 걸스카우트운동 : 과거·현재·미래 Yesterday, Present and Tomorrow

정세화,이동원,김미숙,박진숙,장화경,홍승아 이화여대 한국여성연구소 1988 여성학논집 Vol.5 No.-

One of the major implications of women's movements seems to lie in the fact that it tends to promote women's consciousness-raising and, thus, heighten social status of women in general. It would be very much the case when discussion centers around the emergence of Korean women's movements in modern sense. Due to the socio-political atmospheres of the lathe 19th century Korean society, its basic characteristics owe to strong tones of patriotic nationalism under the slogan of "learning is might enough to deal with the imperialistic foreign powers of the time." As such, ever since the introduction of women's enlightenment movements of the time, Korean women's movements have provided for the advancement of egalitarian society. However, assessing the effectiveness of programs that are practiced by the existing women's organizations in Korea, it deserves mention in that most programs are for the adult female members, assuming it would only be applicable to those adults. In this regard, it can be said that the Korean Girl Scout organization has worked a unique role to make up such voids in women's movements - most programs developed and exercised by the Girl Scout are reserved for those young girls. For instance, special activities like social services, field campaigns, and international gatherings would definitely work a profound impact in the formation of gender-role stereotypes of the youth. The present study tries to examine the Korean Girl Scout movement being the case of women's movement organization. Discussion will cover such topics as; historical reviews of Korean Girl Scout movement, principal organizational goals and its practice in real life, and internal dynamics of members between "staffs" and the ordinary members themselves-on perceptions of the movement, evaluation of leaderships, and the future orientations of the Girl Scout, etc. Various research methods are employed. Book reviews, in-depth interviews, questionnaires, and participant observations are utilized, when the respective measurement is required. Major findings of the study can be summarized as follows: (1) Numbers of Girl Scout membership have declined since 1980, while revealing its utmost pick upto mid-70s. In terms of regional distributions of the members, both Seoul and Kyung-Nam Branches are the most prosperous. Whereas commemoration ceremonies and camping works are considered most impressive programs, membership trainings and field works are the lowest. About 70 percent of the members show their length of activities in Girl Scout less than one year. Most members are involved in the activities based on self-decision in order to have social services, club memberships, or self actualizations. They are satisfied with most of the programs, especially when participating in the social service programs. (2) As for the staff members, about half of the leaders in the headquarters are newly appointed. Whereas majority of the 'field' staffs are young (in their 20s, or 30s), other leaders are considered old (most of them are in their 40s, 50s, or 60s). Half of the leaders are involved in the activities for less than 5 years. They are recruited by either colleagues' or office seniors' recommendations. Reasons to participate in the movement are to have self-actualized or to have opportunity for social services. All in all, leaders are satisfied with the Girl Scout activities mainly because they can see their youth members progressing and developing. (3) Several issues for the better organizational managements seem to be related. prevalence of aspirational differences between leaders and members tends to cause psychological burdens. Other problematics such as lack of free communication networks, tensions due to cohort differences, authoritarian leadership styles, and financial difficulties would hinder Girl Scout movement more promising and popular to all. Based on the research findings, two major suggestions might be in order. First, underlying rationales of the Girl Scout movement should be reoriented. A special emphasis on the creation of self-supportive 'androgynous individuals' would be the case (in this regard, an intensive program targeted for those pre-school-aged members would be the most effective). As a way to achieve the strategic reformulation, reliance on the interdisciplinary program (for example, coordination with the university) will be one possibility. Secondly, an organizational management should be sufficiently considered. provisions (tangible and intangible) for the 'field leaders' being the key leader group in the Girl Scout movement should be afforded enough to keep their participations voluntary and continuous.

만성신부전증 환자에서 Recombinant Human Erythropoietin 치료에 따른 혈액지표와 Hemoglobin A1c에 대한 연구

이세영,배성한,변동원,서교일,유명희,김극배 순천향의학연구소 1996 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.2 No.2

Hemoglobin A1c is produced by a progressive, non-enzymatic reaction between glucose and hemoglobin within the erythrocytes. The HbA1c concentration is dependent on the plasma glucose level and the stage of development of the erythrocytes. Immature erythrocytes contain lower levels of glycosylated hemoglobin than mature erythrocytes. HbA1c level was decreased in short RBC life span. Therefore, HbA1c level is not only measure for assessment of moderate to long term glycemic status in diabetics, but also as a possible diagnostic parameter of anemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the HbA1c level in patients with chronic renal failure with anemia. HbA1c concentration, iron, ferritin, TIBC and hematologic parameters were measured before treatment and 1, 2 months after administration of recombinant human erythropoietin. The HbA1c concentration was measured by high performance liquid chromatography with cation exchange column (Pharmacia). The results were as follows; 1. The mean of hemoglobin was 8.66 g/dL in the controls and 7.84 g/dL in the patients with chronic renal failure. The mean of hematocrit was 25.19 % in the controls and 23.14 % in the patients with chronic renal failure. The mean of MCV was 93.23 fL in the controls and 92.73 fL in the patients with chronic renal failure. The mean of MCH was 32.56 pg in the controls and 31.76 pg in the patients with chronic renal failure. The mean of HbA1c was 3.15 % in the controls and 2.95 % in the patients with chronic renal failure. 2. Hematologic parameters in the patients with chronic renal failure 1) The results of hemoglobins were 7.84 g/dL, 8.11 g/dL, 8.92 g/dL, the MCH were 31.76 pg, 32.87 pg, 33.20 pg, the results of MCV were 92.73 fL, 97.37 fL, 92.85 fL at before treatment and 1, 2 months after administration of r-HuEpo. 2) The results of hematocrits were 23.14 %, 23.73 %, 26.73 % at before treatment and 1, 2 months after administration of r-HuEpo. 3. Iron metabolism parameters in the patients with chronic renal failure 1) The results of iron test were 180.92 ㎍/dL, 137.79 ㎍/dL, 126.83 ㎍/dL at before treatment and 1, 2 months after administration of r-HuEpo. 2) The results of ferritin test were 1500.2 ng/ml, 1311.6 ng/ml, 1151.0 ng/ml at before treatment and 1, 2 months after administration of r-HuEpo. 3) The results of TIBC test were 282.17 ㎍/dL, 282.45 ㎍/dL, 278.83 ㎍/dL at before treatment and 1, 2 months after administration of r-HuEpo. 4. The results of HbA1c test were 2.95 %, 3.08 %, 3.18 % at before treatment and 1, 2 months after administration of r-HuEpo. It is suggested that, in patients with chronic renal failure, evaluation of HbA1c in diabetics who have anemia with chronic renal failure should be consider possible hematologic parameters, and HbA1c level would be one of the marker of anemia status, but further studies are needed.