Do Unions Increase Training to Improve Firm Competitiveness?

Lee,Young Myon,Na,In-Gang 한국인적자원관리학회 2012 인적자원관리연구 Vol.19 No.2

노동조합은 임금수준, 직장안정, 그리고 근로조건뿐 아니라 근로자의 삶을 향상시키는데 중요한 역할을 수행하고 있다. 노동조합은 또한 노동비용을 증가시키고, 시장에서 기업의 경쟁력을 저해하는 역할을 수행할 수 있다. 높은 노동비용을 부담하는 유노조 기업이 시장에서 어떻게 생존할 수 있는지를 탐색하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 경쟁이 심화되는 시장에서 경쟁우위를 유지하기 위하여서는 높은 수준의 인적자원 그리고 훈련 프로그램의 적극적 참여를 통한 기술과 지식의 지속적인 향상이 전제되어야 할 것이다. 노동조합에 의한 독려를 통한 근로자의 교육 및 개발에의 참여가 경쟁우위의 유지에 공헌할 것이다. 단순 통계 분석에서 유노조 기업이 근로자에게 더 높은 임금을 주며, 더 많은 교육을 제공하고 있다. 이러한 사실이 노동조합의 높은 임금요구에 따른 노동비용 상승 분을, 높은 생산성을 가져오는 교육으로 상쇄하고 있음을 반영하고 있다. 그러나 노동조합이 교육 및 개발비용에 미치는 효과는 다른 통제 변인들이 추가되었을 경우 사라지고 있다. 더욱이, 노동조합이 다양한 측정의 성과에 미치는 영향 역시 유의적이지 않았다. 반면에, 일인당 훈련비용은 다양한 측정의 성과에 유의적인 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 시사점을 제시 하고 있다. Unions in Korea have had strong impact on improving the life of workers, including wage level, job security, and working conditions. This strong impact, however, also increased labor cost and may have actually hindered companies' competitiveness in the market, particularly in the global market. The question asked in this paper is how do unionized companies with higher labor costs survive in the market? To maintain competitive advantage in the highly competitive global market, highly qualified human resources and continuous upgrading in skills and knowledgethorough active participation in training program, are necessary conditions. The worker's participation, promoted by the union, in training and development may contribute to maintain the competitive advantage of the company. Simple statistics show that unionized companies pay workers more and train them more than nounionized companies do. This may lead to the explanation that unions get more from the company but compensate higher labor cost with more training which may lead to higher productivity. As shown in Korea Investors Service dataset, the absolute levels of per capita sales, ordinary revenue, and net revenue are higher in unionized companies with higher per capita labor cost. However, the effect of unions on training and development cost disappears when some other control variables are included in the model. Furthermore, the union variable was neither statistically significant in the random effect model for company performance on attitudinal measures such as job competency and workers’ motivation nor on financial measures such as per capita value-added, sales, and revenues. Meanwhile, the per capita training cost variable keeps its statistical significance in most of the models analyzed. To survive and prosper under the globalized competition, union may need to bargain not only wages and job security, but also company's competitiveness to help the company survive in the market. One simple but strong way of helping the company to be competitive in the market is upgrading skills and knowledge of union members.

술후 동통에 대한 케토프로펜 주사의 효능

황병연,박명식,이준모,송경진,이강욱,이승환 최신의학사 1993 最新醫學 Vol.36 No.2

Predicting postoperative total calcium requirements after parathyroidectomy in secondary hyperparathyroidism

( Byung Heon Kang ),( Soon Young Hwang ),( Jeong Yeop Kim ),( Yu Ah Hong ),( Mi Yeon Jung ),( Eun Ah Lee ),( Ji Eun Lee3 ),( Jae Bok Lee ),( Gang Jee Ko ),( Heui Jung Pyo ),( Young Joo Kwon ) 대한내과학회 2015 The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.30 No.6

Background/Aims: To prevent hypocalcemia after parathyroidectomy (PTX), parenteral calcium is required in addition to oral calcitriol and calcium. After switching to oral calcium, patients can be discharged from the hospital. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical characteristics and outcomes of PTX performed at a single Korean center and to investigate the associated laboratory factors used to analyze the total amount of postoperative calcium required. Methods: We enrolled 91 hemodialysis patients undergoing PTX from November 2003 to December 2011. We collected clinical and laboratory data preoperatively, 12 and 48 hours postoperatively, at discharge, and 3 and 6 months postoperatively. Results: In total, 59 patients underwent PTX with autotransplantation (AT), 6 underwent total PTX without AT, 11 underwent subtotal PTX, and 15 underwent limited PTX. Total PTX without AT showed the lowest recurrence rate. At all postoperative time points, the mean levels of serum calcium, phosphorus, and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) decreased significantly, compared with preoperative levels; however, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) increased significantly from 48 hours postoperatively to discharge (p < 0.001). On multiple linear regression analysis, the total amount of injected calcium during hospitalization showed a significant correlation with preoperative ALP (p < 0.001), preoperative iPTH (p = 0.037), and Δphosphorus at 48 hours (p < 0.001). We developed an equation for estimating the total calcium requirement after PTX. Conclusions: Preoperative ALP, preoperative iPTH, and Δphosphorus at 48 hours may be significant factors in estimating the postoperative calcium requirement. The formula for postoperative calcium requirement after PTX may help to predict the duration of postoperative hospitalization.

해방 직후 남·북한의 친일파숙청 논의 연구

이강수 전남사학회 2003 역사학연구 Vol.20 No.-

Directly after the liberation, liquidation Discussion of pro-Japanese in the South and the North of Korea was geared to the Soviet Union and the U.S. military government's policy towards the pro-Japanese group. The U.S. military government ruled the South of Korea carried out a policy made the best use of pro-Japanese group to establish a anticommunist state. On the other hand, the Soviet military government ruled the North of Korea positively supported a vestiges of Japanese imperialism's liquidation to establish a pro-Soviet state. In result, when the South of Korea spread over liquidation Discussion of pro-Japanese group, the North of Korea practically was promoting liquidation of pro-Japanese group. A liquidation Discussion of pro-Japanese group in the South of Korea divided into two with approval or opposition over the U.N. trusteeship as its starting point. Firstly, liquidation Discussion of pro-Japanese group, when unification of parties movement developed, was discussed under the direction of deprivation pro-Japanese group of the right of casting a ballot and eligibility for election from a political point of view and socially and economically speaking, nationalization of pro-Japanese group's a land and key industries to build up a new society. But when the violent clashes between rightists and leftists over the U.N. trusteeship in the end of 1945 run to an extreme, exclusion principle of pro-Japanese group began to wobble. The upheaval of the U.N. trusteeship schematized the United States=immediately independence=the rightists=patriot and the Soviet Union=the U.N. trusteeship approval=the leftists=traitor. He was ascertained a patriot or traitor by standard changed from pro-Japanese act to the U.N. trusteeship opposition and anticommunist movement In spite of ideological warfare, discussion on pro-Japanese group category was taken concrete shape. Through approval or opposition over the U.N. trusteeship was discussed in 1946, it became to reach a social agreement for pro-Japanese group punishment. The Nationalist party(國民黨) and Korea Independence party(韓國獨立黨) organized the New Korea Definition Corporation(新韓定義社), and Kim, seung-hak(金承學), who affiliated with a State minister of the Korea provisional government(臨時政府) wrote out a list of pro-Japanese group. Democracy National Front(民主主義民族戰線) organized The Judging Committee of pro-Japanese group and national traitor. Directly after the liberation, A process for pro-Japanese group punishment was discussed and then a special court and organization was established. In succession, the South of Korea Transition Legislation Parliament(南朝鮮過渡立法議院) materialized to make a 'the law of committee of investigation for a national traitor, collaborator assistant Japan and racketeers' and 'composition of special court and the law of legal procedure'. And than the Constitutional Assembly formed a special committee of investigation and court. A liquidation discussion of pro-Japanese group in the North of Korea had fewer controversy than the South of Korea, because the North of Korea promoted the Soviet Union military government's exclusion policy of pro-Japanese group and socialism reform. After going through an election of the People Committee(人民委員會) and the North of Korea Labor Party(北朝鮮勞動黨)‘s reply for the U.S.-Soviet Joint Commission in 1947, A rule against pro-Japanese group in the North of Korea concretized. Than It became to adjust under the influence of a liquidation discussion of pro-Japanese group that the South of Korea's political force, the South of Korea Labor Party(南朝鮮勞動黨) and the South of Korea Transition Legislation Parliament progressed. But the North of Korea didn't keep within the limits, stage a purge the pro-Japanese group in practice. In 1945 October, after call the Five Province Party Convention(五道黨大會), the North of Korea settled the liquidation problem of pro-Japanese group by a law and institution. And in 1946 February, after the Temporary People Committee of the North of Korea)北朝鮮臨時人民委員會) was established, it progress steadily to form a part of democratic and socialism reform.

괴사후성과 비괴사후성 간경변증에서 원인별 주석교질 (^99mTc-tin colloid) 간스캔의 차이

이헌영,허승식,이강욱,정현용,김삼용,신영태,김영건,노흥규 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1992 충남의대잡지 Vol.19 No.2

The differences of the liver scintigraphic features between postnecrotic and nonpostnecrotic liver cirrhosis were studied for 69 patients. Degrees of mottling and splenomegaly were no different between two groups but shrinked form was more frequent finding in postnecrotic type(23:10), and normal shape & enlarged left lobe with shrinked right lobe were relatively dominant in non-postnecrotic group(15:6, 10:2). Grade of extrahepatic uptake of ^99mTc-tin colloid was significantly higher in Child-Pugh B & C group than A group(p<0.05), but there was no difference between postnecrotic and non-postnecrotic groups. These will be important results on the dicision for the presence of cirrhosis according to the variable causes.

Toluene-Cyclohexane 混合物의 液膜에 依한 分離

李康椿,鄭泰秀 成均館大學校 科學技術硏究所 1988 論文集 Vol.39 No.1

In the separation of toluene-ctclohexane mixture by using emulsion-type liquid membrane, the effects of the following factors on separation factor were studied: the ratio of volume of surfactant solution to volume of hydrocarbon mixture, surfactant concentration, stirring speed in emulsification, and stirring speed in mixing emulsion with solvent. Up to the point when the ratio of volume of surfactant solution to volume of hydrocarbon mixture reached 1, the separation factor increased but it decreased when the ratio exceeded 1. When the surfactant concentration was 0.5 weight percent and the contact time 10 minutes, the separation factor reached its maximum value. As the stirring speed in emulsification increased, the separation factor increased giving the greatest value at the contact time of 10 minutes. When the stirring speed in mixing emulsion with solvent was 200 rpm and the contact time 10 minutes, the separation factor reached its maxmum.

"上"자와 "下"자의 어휘 의미적 연구 : 특히 한국 전용어휘를 바탕으로

李江魯 단국대학교 인문대학 국어국문학과 1978 國文學論集 Vol.9 No.-

일차배양된 설치류 호흡기 상피세포로부터의 점액소 분비에 대한 수종 약물의 영향

이충재,석정호,이재흔,허강민,박지선,배소현,노삼길,박상철 충남대학교 의학연구소 2003 충남의대잡지 Vol.30 No.2

1. PKC activator인 PMA는 일차배양 HTSE세포로부터의 뮤신분비를 0.1μM 농도에서 30%, 1μM 농도에서 80% 가량 증가시켰다. 2. 식물 유래 성분으로, flavonoid의 일종인 TFR은 일치배양 HTSE 세포로부터의 뮤신분비를 10μM 농도에서 50%, 100μM 농도에서 80% 가량 증가시켰다. 3. 양이온성 폴리펩티드인 PLL 및 PLA는 일차 배양 HTSE 세포로부터의 뮤신분비를 0.01 - 10μM 농도에서 용량의존적으로 감소시켰다. 4. 결론적으로, 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과들은 새로운 거담제 및 점액용해제나 단백분해 효소제가 아닌 호흡기 류신의 생성/분비를 조절해 줄 수 있는 신개념의 약물을 개발함에 있어 극히 일부분이나마 단서를 제공하고 있다고 하루 수 있을 것이다. In the present study, we tried to investigate whether phorbol myristate acetate(PMA), trihydroxymethoxy-flavanone rutinoside(TFR) and cationic polypeptides significantly affect mucin release(secretion) from cultured hamster tracheal surface epithelial cells. Confluent primary hamster tracheal surface epithelial (HTSE) cells were metabolically radiolabeled with 3H-glucosamine for 24 hr and chased for 30 min in the presence of each agent to assess the effect on 3H-mucin release. The results were as follows : (1) Both PMA and TFR significantly increased mucin release from cultured HTSE cells ; (2) Cationic polypeptides including po1y-L-lysine(PLL, mw 7,500) and poly-L-arginine(PLA, mw 10,800) significantly inhibited mucin release from cultured HTSE cells, in a dose-dependent manner. This finding suggests us that PMA and TFR be further studied for the possible use as mild expectorants and cationic polypeptides might function as a regulator for hyper-secretion of mucus, both by direct acting on airway mucin-secreting cells, during the treatment of chronic airway diseases.

등속성트레이닝이 투창선수의 경기력 향상에 미치는 효과

이덕재,이강우 안성산업대학교 1992 論文集 Vol.24 No.-

The purpose of this study was to investigate the performance effect of the Isokinetic training on shoulder strength javelin athletic one man case for this study was K.G.H, who is national team. The left and right shoulder muscle of the subject was trained for then weeks. Experimental measurement were conducted before training(pre), at the four weeks of training(mid) and ten weeks(past), respectively. The experiment factors investigated in this study were shoulder muscle strength, muscle power, angle of peak torque and degree ration to each angle. The follwing results were obtained from this study. 1) Right shoulder more improved the muscle strength extention 41 percent, flextion 24 percent, and left shoulder more improved extention 41 percent flextion 26 percent than befor training. 2) Right shoulder more improved the muscle extention power 32 percent, flextion power 32 percent, and left shoulder more improved extention power 24 percent, flextion power 43percent than befor training. 3) From the result of pre-test angels, peak-torque was exerted at 32 degree of the shoulder angle and about 34 percent of the maximum muscle strength decreased with unsmoothed pattern at 42 degree of the shoulder angle. The post-test after eight weeks training showed that the pear-torque occurred at 12 degree of the shoulder angle and the 50 percent of shoulder muscle strength decreased at the region of 156 degree.

定癎丸의 抗癎疾性 效果에 대한 實驗的 硏究

李相官,文炳淳,成彊慶 한국전통의학연구소 1997 한국전통의학지 Vol.7 No.2

이 실험은 정간환의 진경효과,강온효과,진통효과,진정효과, GABAergic SYSTEM에 미치는 영향 등을 조사하기 위한 것으로 아래와 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 정간환 추출액은 strychine에 의해 유발된 경련의 유발 시간을 연장시켰다. 2. 정간환 추출액은 ECT unit의 전기충격에 의해 유발된 경련으로 인한 사망시간을 연장시켰다. 3. 정간환 추출액은 정상체온 및 endotoxin에 의해 유발된 발열에 대해 강온효과가 있었다. 4. 정간환 추출액은 acetic acid 주입에 의한 진통실험에서 writhing syndrome의 횟수를 감소시켰다. 5. 정간환 추출액은 자발운동을 감소시켰다. 6. 정간환 추출액은 뇌의 GABA-T의 활성을 감소시켰다. 7. 정간환 추출액은 뇌의 GABA 활성농도를 증가시켰다. 8. 정간환 추출액은 뇌의 GAD 활성도를 증가시켰다. This study has been carried out to investigate the effects of Jeonggan hwan(JGH) extracts on anti-convulsive, antipyretic, analgesic, sedative and GABAergic system of experimental animals. The results of this study were as follows: 1. JGH extract prolonged significantly the beginning time to convulsion and death induced by strychnine. 2. JGH extract prolonged significantly the time to death induced by electrical shock of ECT unit,(3 sec, 200 F, 25 mA) 3. On the experiment of hypothermic effects of JGH extract on the rectal temperature of mice, JGH extract decreased significantly the rectal temperature of mice 4. On the experiment of antipyretic effects of JGH extract on the febrile induced by the subcutaneous injection of 150 ㎍/㎏ endotoxin in mice, JGH extract decreased significantly the rectal temperature of mice. 5. On the experiment of analgesic effects of JGH extract on the writhing syndrome induced by intraperitoneal injection 0.7% acetic acid 1 ml/100g in mice, the writhing syndrome induced by acetic acid was reduced significantly by administration of JGH extract. 6. On the experiment of effects of JGH extract on spontaneous motor activity measured by wheel cage method in mice, the spontaneous motor activity was reduced significantly by administration of JGH extract . 7. On the experiment of effects of JGH extract on the activity of GABA - transaminase (GABA-T) in mouse brains after 21 days of oral administration of JGH extract, the activity of GABA-T was reduced significantly by administration of JGH extract. 8. On the experiment of effects of JGH extract on the activity concentration of GABA in mouse brain after 21 days of oral administration of JGH extract, the activity concentration of GABA was reduced significantly by administration of JGH extract. 9. On the experiment of effect of JGH water extract on the activity of GAD in mouse brains after 21 days of oral administration of JGH extract, the activity of GAD was reduced significantly by administration of JGH extract. According to the these results, Jeongganhwan extracts reveal the effects on the anti-convulsive, antipyretic, analgesic, sedative and GABAergic system.