그림 어휘력 검사를 통한 정신지체아동의 수용어휘 발달 수준 탐색

조인수,시옥희 한국정신지체아교육학회 2000 지적장애연구 Vol.2 No.-

정신지체아동과 일반아동의 수용 어휘 능력을 그림 어휘력 검사를 통하여 비교 분석해 봄으로써 언어 특성에 맞는 효과적인 교수 전략과 교육 대책을 마련하여 학습 지도의 기초 자료로 활용하고자 하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 본 연구의 대상인 정신지체아동의 정신지체학교에 재학하고 있는 초등부학생과 특수학급에 재학하고 있는 학생 20명을 선정하였고, 일반아동은 어린이집 유치원, 초등학교에서 생활연령이 정신지체아동과 유사한 아동으로 20명씩 표집하였다. 연구결과 정신지체아동의 수용언어 발달수준에서 정신연령이 증가함에 따라 수용 어휘력은 향상을 보이나 일반 아동에 비해 점차 뒤떨어지며, 이에 반해 일반아동은 연령이 증가할수록 어휘력이 향상되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 두 집단간의 수용언어 발달수준의 차이는 같은 연령의 경우 모든 연령대에서 정신지체아동과 일반아동간에 차이가 없었다. 그러나 원점수와 백분위점수에서는 3세의 경우 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났으며 정신지체아동이 다소 높은 것으로 나타났다. 즉 이 결과는 정신지체아동의 교육에 있어 비록 정신연령이 낮더라도 생활연령을 고려한 학습 장면의 구성이 필요함을 의미한다. It is important to prepare an effective teaching strategy suitable the language feature and consider an educational counterplan for basic material of teaching plan by means of a comparative analysis about the receptive vocabulary capacity of the mentally retarded children and normal children. The purpose of this study is to define the development features of the mentally retarded children and normal children as for their receptive vocabulary according to age through a picture vocabulary test. The method of this study is to let each 20 mentally retarded children and nomal children whose mental age is 3,5,8 test their vocabulary ability. After putting out the original score, it can be found the age equivalent, percentile score according to a calculated list. And in this study, the results are summarized as the following. Firstly, in receptive vocabulary ability, the receptive language of the mentally retarded children develops as much as their mental age increases but it is inferior to the normal children gradually. As regarding mental age, chronological age makes little difference. And the higher his age is, the higher original score and age equivalent is. But percentile score shows a tendency to decrease. Compared by age, children whose mental age are high make high score in original score and age equivalent but regarding the percentile score, children of 3 years old show a tendency to make higher score than 8 years old. That chronological age makes little difference though the mental age increases means that individual difference among the children is wide. Also it is said that we should consider this fact when we constitute the learning environment. And a percentile score shows a relative position so in the case of mentally retarded children, the fact that as their age increases percentile score shows a tendency to decreases tells that their receptive vocabulary ability is falling behind comparing normal children of the age. Secondly, in the case of normal children, the more their age is, the higher their receptive vocabulary rises. As their mental age increases, statistically original score and age equivalent makes a wide difference but percentile score does not. That tells a stable tendency compared with whole children. Compared among each age, the higher their mental age increases, the higher their chronological age increases and original score and age equivalent do, too. Thirdly, on whole age, the development level of receptive vocabulary between mentally retarded children and normal children makes no difference but in the case of original score and percentile score, the children of 3 years old make a difference and mentally retarded children reach a little higher score. The fact that the mentally retarded children of 3 years old reach higher in the original score and percentile score than normal children and then gradually make a low score as they grow older means the limitations of the mentally retarded children's receptive language. In comparison among the groups, the fact that the mentally retarded children of 3 years old reach a little higher score shows, in the case of the mentally retarded children, can be put out by means of testing instruments and that they can recognize things to that degree. And in special school, minimum students have higher chronological age by 10 years because they have more learning experience than general children. This result requires that we should constitute the learning environment considered their chronological age even though their mental age is low level.

銀行監督院 歸屬問題에 關한 考察

趙熙榮,金桂仁 동국대학교 경영관리연구소 1995 經營經濟論叢 Vol.19 No.-

It is desirable that the Office of Bank Supervision remains in the Bank of Korea. Since it is providing commercial banks with loans as a part of its monetary policy, the Central Bank, as lender of the last resort, has a right to audit and supervise the banks', the debtors', financial conditions. When the financial market is in crisis caused by insolvency of commercial bank, it is the Central Bank that can settle the crisis by supplying money. In order to prevent such crisis and effectively cope with it when it actually occurs, the Central Bank always needs to supervise the soundness and financial management of each commercial bank. In this sense, if and when the Office of Bank Supervision separates from the Bank of Korea, the efficiency of both monetary policy and bank supervision will greatly be undermined. In order to effectively perform its monetary policy, the B.O.K requires prompt and accurate information, and it can get access to such information through proper bank supervision. Furthermore, bank supervision is a technological and specialized work that requires understanding and sense about general banking activities. Therefore, it is efficient the Central Bank is in charge of bank supervision which has accumulated experience and expertise through the process of performing monetary policy. Even though the Office of Bank Supervision separates from the B.O.K, the B.O.K will have to continue to supervise commercial banks by all means. If this happens, therefore, there'll be two separate institutions that are in charge of bank supervision, resulting in increase of social cost. Establishing the Finance Supervisory Board incorporating the Office of Bank Supervision, the the the Security Supervisory Board and the Insurance Supervisory Board may bring on cost reduction by streamlining the organizations and by cutting down manpower. But the merger, however, will bring more loss than gain by causing inefficiency in terms of the function of supervision. When the F.S.B supervises all the three bank, security and insurance businesses whose works are essentially different, its financial criteria may fail to reflect each institution's characteristics and changes in management and environment. Then, it is hard to expect the F.S.B to properly supervise each of the three financial institutions in accordance with its own nature. Despite the recent trend of universal banking system in Korea, the basic divisions of the three financial institutions is highly likely to continue. In this sense, it is strongly suggested that the basic frame of divided and specialized supervising system by maintained. Additionally, there is very few country in the world where one finance supervising institution is in charge of supervising all the bank, security and insurance businesses.

신원방우황청심원의 심혈관계에 관한 약효

조태순,이선미,김낙두,허인회,안형수,권광일,박석기,심상호,신대희,박대규 성균관대학교 약학연구소 1999 成均藥硏論文集 Vol.11 No.-

Abstract-In order to investigate the phamacological properties of New Wonbang Woohwangchungsimwon Pill (NSCH), effects of Wonbang Woohwangchungsimwon Pill (SCH) and NSCH were compared using various experimental models. In rat aorta, NSCH and SCH made the relaxation of blood vessels in maximum contractile response to phenylephrine (10^-6 M) regardless to endothelium containing or denuded rings of the rat aorta. Furthermore, the presence of the inhibitors of NO synthase and guanylate cyclase did not aftect significantly the relaxing effects of NSCH and SCH, NSCH and SCH inhibited the vascular contractions induced by acetylcholine, prostaglandin endoperoxide or peroxide in a dose-dependent manner. In conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). NSCH and SCH decreased significantly heart rate. These, at high doses, had a negative inotropic effect that was a decrease of left ventricular developed pressure and (-dp/dt)/(+dp/dt) in the isolated perfused rat hearts, and also decreased the contractile force and heart rate in the isolated rat right atria. In guinea-pig papillary muscle, these had no effects on parameters of action potential such as action potential amplitude (APA). V_max and resting membrane potential (RMP) at low doses, whereas inhibited the cardiac contractility at high doses. Furthermore, these had a significant inhibitory effects on palpitation of the heart in normotensive rats and SHRs. These results suggest that NSCH and SCH have weak cardiovascular effects, and that there is no significant differences between cardiovascular effects of two preparations.

뇌졸중환자의 사회적 재적응과 관련요인

조남옥,서문자,김금순,김인자,최희정,정성희 성인간호학회 2001 성인간호학회지 Vol.13 No.1

Social readjustment is very important in rehabilitation of stroke survivors. The purpose of this study was to examine the level of social readjustment and related factors in stroke survivors. Especially, to find the most useful predictor for social readjustment is a major point of this research. The study included 254 outpatients who were given follow-up care after discharge from. Occupational rehabilitation and resumption of the perceived meaningful social activity prios to the stroke were used to measure social readjustment. The resumptions of first meaningful social activity was the best predictor for life satisfaction in stroke survivors(r=.245, p<.01). The substance of perceived meaningful social activities were job, meeting with friends, hobby and activities for the family. The sum of meaningful social activities (r = 175. p<.01) and occupational rehabilitation (r= 116, p<.05) were significantly related to life satisfaction. There were significant difference in IADL, depression and life satisfaction according to resumption of meaningful social activity. But, occupational rehabilitation was not related to depression. The level of social readjustment was different between occupational rehabilitation and resumption of meaningful social activity. It was 45.7% in the first meaningful social activity and 36.6% in occupational rehabilitation. The related factors with resumption of the first meaningful social activity were that of IADL, depression, illness intrusiveness and cognitive function. And the level of IADL, illness intrusiveness, cognitive function, and age were significantly related to occupational rehabilitation. In conclusion, we suggest that the resumption of the first meaningful activity in stroke survivors is the best predictor of social rehabilitation. Thus. nurses need to work for resumption of meaningful activity as well as occupational rehabilitation.

생약 및 생약(한방)제제의 품질평가에 관한 연구(Ⅰ) : 기기분석법에 의한 길경의 지표성분탐색 Studies on the standard for standardization of Platycodon Root using the instrumental analysis

조정희,김도훈,오미현,강인호,심영훈,김은경,조창희,지선경,원도희,김영중,문영희 식품의약품안전청 2000 식품의약품안전청 연보 Vol.4 No.-

튿은 도라지 ,PfgfycodoH gian겉친orum A. De Candole 의 뿌리 또는 주피를 제거한 것으로 한방 제제에서 분즈파뼘 및 트늦촛랸 등의 효능으로 널리 사용되는 한약재이다. 현재 길경 함유 제제는 방풍통성산, 오적산 등 100꺽'품목치 허가되어 있으며 약전규격시험으로는 확인시험, 회분 및 엑스함량이 설정되어 있으나, 함랸시험은 설정되어 있지 않다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 생약 및 생약제제(한방제제) 의 품질규격화를 위하여 국내, 중국 및 일본 길경 유통품 30종을 확보하여 형래즉적 감별 및 약전규격 시험을 실시하였고, TLC법에 의한 확인시험법과 지표성분을 이용한 기기분석법에 의한 항량시험법을 확립하였다. 약전규격시끌으로서 회분, 엑스함량을 시험한 결과 회분은 1.4~4.0% (기준 : 4.0% 이하)이며 엑스함량은 쪼.3~T4.4% (기준 :25.0% 이상)으로 모두 적합하였다. 확인시험법을 검토한 결과 메탄올추출액을 흡착제 : Silicagel 9el GF2%, 전개용매 .클로로포름 ·메탄을 ·물 (6 :4 : 1), 발색제 : 10% 알코올성황산시액의 초건으로 박층크로마토그래프법에 파라 시험하였을 때 표준품 및 각 원료에서 가장 좋은 패턴을 나타내어 확인시험법으로 가장 적합하였다 함량시험의 경우 지표물질로 platycodin D에 대해 검토한_켤과 HPLC법으로는 피크의 검출이 용이하지 않았으며, HPTLC법에 따라 시험했을패 흡착제 .옥타데실실릴화한 실리카겔, 전개용매 :물 ·메탄을 sodium dodecyl sulfate (20 · 20 : 0.5), 발색제 : 10% 에탄올섣황산시액, 검출파장 : 450nm의 조건에서 최적의 결과를 나타내었다. 각 즌역별 유통품 30종에 대하여 platycodin D 함량을 측정한 결과는 0.48~l,24%(0.79±0.20%)이었고, 또한 길경단미엑스, 방풍통성삯, 오적산, 패독산, 인삼패독산 및 삼소음 등 길경함유제제 중 plat)·codin D의 추출이행률을 검토한 결과 45.g~93.2%(보.2±17.8%)의 추출이행률을 나타내었다. 본 시험법으로 시판되는 길경함유제제인 형개연교탕, 인삼패독산 제제즉 대해 시험한 결과 0.18~l,24%를 나타내어 제제에서도 적용가능할 것으로 사료되었다. This study carried out the standardization and quality control of Platycodon Root. It is osed in traditional meacines to relieve diarrhea, constipation, bloating, low energyIrveas, and damage from parasites. Also it is used for its expectorant qualities to dilate thebronchii. Platycodon Root contains vafous compounds of saponins such as platycodin A, B,0,D2, D3, polygalacln D, f:』 and platycodigenin, phytosterol such as α -spinasteroT, o -spinasterolglucoside, sfigmasta-7-fnol and inulin as polysaccharide. In this study, the contents ofplatycodin D as a standard compound are 0.48~l.24% with 30 samples collected from diflerentareas. Total ash content of Platycodon Root samples Is 1.4 ~4.0% and EtOH ertrac4 content is25.3 ~34.4%. The identification method was evaluated by TLC and quantitative method byHPTLC for Platycodon Roo'4. The proper conditions of 7LC were , absorbent : Silicagel gelGp2s4, solvent : chloroform · afeOH · HaO (6 : 4 : 1), spraying reagent : 10% HBSOf. To fuautifyPlatycodon Root, HPTLC me·thed was applied and the optimal analytical conditions of HPTLCwere as follows , absorbent : Cls, solvent : H2O · hfeOH · sDs (20.20 : 0.5), spraying reagent :10% H2s04, used wavelengtil : 450nm. The availability of platycodin D in water extract ofPlatycodon Root preparations was 45.9 ~93.2% and the contents of platyrodin D in PlatycodonRoot preparations in market such af In-sam-par-dok~ san and Hyung-kye- yun-kyo-tang were0.24% and 0.18%, respectively.

자기공명 영상을 이용한 기분장애 환자의 측두엽크기 측정

조인희,나철,이재우,박두병 大韓神經精神醫學會 1997 신경정신의학 Vol.36 No.5

목 적 : 본 연구는 기분장애 환자에서 측두엽의 신경해부학적 이상을 관찰하고자 수행되었다. 방 법 : 중앙대학교 부속 용산병원과 필동병원 신경정신과 입원 환자 중에서 DSM-Ⅲ-R에 의거하여 진단된 조증 환자 13명, 정신병적 삽화가 있는 우울증 환자 14명, 정신병적 삽화가 없는 우울증 환자 23명으로 구성된 기분장애 환자 50명과 성별과 연령에서 유의한 차이가 없었던 정상대조군 50명을 대상으로 측두엽이 포함된 뇌자기 공명 영상 6∼8개의 단면을 이용하여 측두엽의 면적과 용적을 측정 비교하였다. 결 과 : 대조군과 비교하여 환자군에서의 소견은 다음과 같다. 1) 전체 측두엽 및 우측 측두엽의 용적에서 환자군과 대조군사이에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 2) 기분장애 환자의 좌측 측두엽의 용적이 대조군보다 유의하게 적었다(p<0.05). 3) 기분 장애 환자를 조증과 우울증으로 나눈 뒤 대조군과 비교한 결과 우울증에서만 좌측 측두엽 용적에서 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 4) 우울증을 다시 정신병적 삽화의 유무에 따라 두 군으로 나눈 후 대조군과 비교한 결과 정신병적 삽화를 동반한 우울증의 경우에서만 대조군에 비해 좌측 측두엽의 용적이 유의하게 적었다(p<0.05). 결 론 : 기분장애는 측두엽 용적에서 대조군과 큰 차이가 없었으나 본 연구에서 나타난 좌측 측두엽 용적의 감소는 정신병적 삽화를 동반한 우울증 환자군에 의해서 나타난 것으로 이 환자군은 기분장애의 다른 진단 아형들과 구분되어 정신분열증과 기분장애의 사이에 위치한 스펙트럼을 갖는 질환으로 구분될 수 있다는 이전의 가설들을 지지해 주며 기존의 기분장애와 좀 더 다른 진단적 구분을 고려해야 할 것이다. Objects : This study was performed to investigate neuroanatomical change in the temporal lobe in the patients with mood disorder. Methods : The study groups were consisted of 13 patients with major depressive disorder with psychotic feature, 23 patients with major depressive disorder without psychotic feature, 13 patients with bipolar disorder and 50 age-matched control group. We used DSM-Ⅲ-R criteria for classifying our patients. We estimated the area and volume of the left, right and total temporal lobe in selected 6-8 coronal MR images including the boundary of the temporal lobe. We compared the results of both patients with mood disorder and control group. Results : There was no significant difference in the volume of total and right temporal lobe between the patients with mood disorder and control group. But the average volume of the left temporal lobe was significantly smaller than that of the control group. After patients were divided according to subtype, the patient group was compared with control group. The average volume of the left temporal lobe in the patients with depressive disorder was smaller than that of control group, however there were no significant difference in between the patients with bipolar and control group. Among the subtype of depressive diseases, the patients with psychotic feature was significantly smaller than control subjects in the volume of left temporal lobe. Conclusion : Finally, we could find that there was significantly smaller volume in left temporal lobe only in the patients with major depressive disorder with psychotic feature. This findings support the previous hypothesis that in contrast to other subtype of mood disorder, major depressive disorder with psychotic feature should be classified to be the spectrum disease lying between schizophrenia and mood disorder.

Factors Associated with Indeterminate and False Negative Results of QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube Test in Active Tuberculosis

Cho, Ki-Won,Cho, Eun-Ha,Kwon, Soo-Hoon,Im, Sang-Hyuk,Sohn, In,Song, Sook-Hee,Kim, Hye-Ok,Kim, Su-Hyun The Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory 2012 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.72 No.5

Background: The sensitivities and specificities of interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) vary among different population studies, and the data on the routine use of IGRAs are limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) test in the diagnosis of active tuberculosis. Methods: We conducted a prospective study, enrolling 77 patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), at a secondary care teaching hospital in Seoul. Results: In total, 12 (15.6%) patients showed indeterminate results due to positive control failure on the QFT-GIT test. Indeterminate results were significantly associated with the elderly, history of the intensive care unit stay, lymphocytopenia, especially low CD4 count, increased C-reactive protein and decreased protein levels. Of the 77 patients, 44 (57.1%) were diagnosed with active pulmonary tuberculosis, and the percentage of false negative results of the QFT-GIT was 36.4% (vs. 31.8% with TST). In the TB group with >65 years old (n=12), the proportions of the indeterminate (33.3% vs. 3.1%) and the false negative results (58.3% vs. 25.0%) of the QFT-GIT were significantly higher than in the younger TB group (n=32). Conclusion: Indeterminate and false negative results of QFT-GIT test were not infrequent in tuberculosis, especially in the elderly. Care should be considered for the interpretation with the elderly, immunocompromised, chronic and severely diseased patients.

Factors Associated with Indeterminate and False Negative Results of QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube Test in Active Tuberculosis

( Ki Won Cho ),( Eun Ha Cho ),( Soo Hoon Kwon ),( Sang Hyuk Im ),( In Sohn ),( Sook Hee Song ),( Hyeok Kim ),( Su Hyun Kim ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2012 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.72 No.5

Background: The sensitivities and specificities of interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) vary among different population studies, and the data on the routine use of IGRAs are limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) test in the diagnosis of active tuberculosis. Methods: We conducted a prospective study, enrolling 77 patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), at a secondary care teaching hospital in Seoul. Results: In total, 12 (15.6%) patients showed indeterminate results due to positive control failure on the QFT-GIT test. Indeterminate results were significantly associated with the elderly, history of the intensive care unit stay, lymphocytopenia, especially low CD4 count, increased C-reactive protein and decreased protein levels. Of the 77 patients, 44 (57.1%) were diagnosed with active pulmonary tuberculosis, and the percentage of false negative results of the QFT-GIT was 36.4% (vs. 31.8% with TST). In the TB group with >65 years old (n=12), the proportions of the indeterminate (33.3% vs. 3.1%) and the false negative results (58.3% vs. 25.0%) of the QFT-GIT were significantly higher than in the younger TB group (n=32). Conclusion: Indeterminate and false negative results of QFT-GIT test were not infrequent in tuberculosis, especially in the elderly. Care should be considered for the interpretation with the elderly, immunocompromised, chronic and severely diseased patients.

The clinical and economic burden of communityonset complicated skin and skin structure infections in Korea

Yong Kyun Cho,Heung Jeong Woo,Shin-Woo Kim,In-Gyu Bae,Young Goo Song,Hee Jin Cheong,Hyuck Lee,Sang Hoon Han,Hee Jung Choi,Chisook Moon,Seong Yeol Ryu,Jian Hur,Jacob Lee,Yu Mi Jo,Young Joo Kim 대한내과학회 2020 The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.35 No.6

Background/Aims: To investigate epidemiologic characteristics, clinical and economic burdens, and factors associated with mortality in complicated skin and skin structure infection (cSSSI) patients in Korea. Methods: A retrospective, observational, nationwide study was conducted between April to July 2012 at 14 tertiary-hospitals in Korea. Eligible patients were hospitalized adults with community acquired cSSSI, who underwent surgical intervention and completed treatment between November 2009 and October 2011. Data on demography, clinical characteristics, outcomes and medical resource utilization were collected through medical record review. Direct medical costs were calculated by multiplying quantities of resources utilized by each unit price in Korea. Results: Of 473 patients enrolled, 449 patients (except 24 patients with no record on surgical intervention) were eligible for analysis. Microbiological testing was performed on 66.1% of patients and 8.2% had multiple pathogens. Among culture confirmed pathogens (n = 297 patients, 340 episodes), 76.2% were gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus; 41.2%) and 23.8% were gram-negative. The median duration of hospital stay was 16 days. Among treated patients, 3.3% experienced recurrence and 4.2% died in-hospital. The mean direct medical costs amounted to $4,195/ person, with the greatest expenses for hospitalization and antibiotics. The in-hospital mortality and total medical costs were higher in combined antibiotics therapy than monotherapy (p < 0.05). Charlson’s comorbidity index ≥ 3, standardized early warning scoring ≥ 4, sub-fascia infections and combined initial therapy, were all found to be associated with higher mortality. Conclusions: Korean patients with community-onset cSSSI suffer from considerable clinical and economic burden. Efforts should be made to reduce this burden through appropriate initial treatment.

서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1997)

김재홍,문득곤,김정수,김용준,임동진,박상훈,김희성,이민수,송기훈,김갑형,김형석,성소영,이인섭,김석우,황지환,조창근,김경문,부태성 대한화학요법학회 2000 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.18 No.3

Background : In recent years, gonorrhea has been pandemic and remains one of the most common STDs in the world, especially in developing countries. Objective & Methods : For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of PPNG, we have been trying to study the patients who have visited the Venereal Disease Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by means of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. Results : In 1997. 99 strains of N. gonorrhoeae were isolated, among which 45(45.5%) were PPNG. Conclusion : The prevalence of PPNG in Seoul, which had been decreased to 39% in 1996 after a peak of 74.3% in 1993, is increased to 45.5% in 1997.