An Analysis on the Difference of Influential Factors between Metabolic Syndrome Group and Attention Group

이현주 한국학교·지역보건교육학회 2022 한국학교지역보건교육학회지 Vol.23 No.2

Objectives: the objective of this study is to identify the risk factors of metabolic syndrome for attention to metabolic syndrome and thereby to come up with an intervention plan for prevention. Methods: Based on the 2015 Korean Health Panel data, a person who has diabetes only was categorized in attention to metabolic syndrome, and a person who suffers from diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia was in metabolic syndrome. After that, a weight was given so as to use a total of 1,559,884 persons as study subjects. The influential factors of metabolic syndrome on personal characteristics, health living conditions, quality of life, and medical service use for attention to metabolic syndrome were analyzed. Results: In terms of personal characteristics, the risk of metabolic syndrome increased in proportion to age compared to the age group under 40s, but fell to a level similar to that of under 40s in the age group of 70s. In addition, the risk of metabolic syndrome was higher in women than men, college graduates than high school graduates, residents in Seoul than those in small and medium-sized areas, the group with disability than the group without disability, health insurance subscribers than medical benefit subscribers and the group that is economically active than the group that is not economically active. In terms of health living conditions, the risk of metabolic syndrome was higher in smokers than nonsmokers, people who drink more than 2-3 times a week than those who do not drink, people who do not exercise than those who exercise and when the BMI is 30 or higher than when normal. In terms of quality of life, the risk of metabolic syndrome was higher in the group with trouble in daily activities than that with no trouble in daily activities, the group with pain or discomfort than that without pain or discomfort, when subjective health status is worse than when normal and when there was an eating problem than when there was no eating problem. In terms of medical service use, the risk of metabolic syndrome was higher in the group who experienced medical service dissatisfaction than that who did not experience and the group with a burden of medicine cost than the group with no burden. Conclusion: A group of persons suffering from diabetes was selected, and then the persons who had many factors which were found to be related to high risk of metabolic syndrome were first selected. Based on the study subjects, this study suggests a plan for concentrating on the preventive health education of metabolic syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome and disability in older people

Kyung Hee Kim,Lee Yun Ha,Cho You Kyoung,Jeong Ji Yun,Soo Kyung Park 한국간호과학회 2021 한국간호과학회 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.10

Aim(s): Metabolic syndrome is prevalent and its associated factors have been examined in older people. However, more thorough investigation regarding associated factors for metabolic syndrome is needed. Furthermore, few studies examined impact of metabolic syndrome on disability in this population. Thus, the purposes of this study were 1) to examine prevalence of metabolic syndrome, 2) identify its associated factors, including mental health, and 3) to examine its relationship to disability in older people. Method(s): This was a secondary analysis of dataset from 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2017). Those aged 65 years and older (N=1011, mean age=72.04) were included in this study. Data for demographic and clinical characteristics, mental health, metabolic syndrome, and disability were obtained by interview and physical examination. Stress level, suicidal ideation, and depression were included to describe mental health. Motor ability, self-care, usual activity, activity limitation, and bedridden state were included to describe disability. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Result(s): 460 participants (45.5%) had metabolic syndrome. Multivariate logistic regression showed that male participants and those who had jobs, had lower body mass index, and spent more time on strength training were less likely to have metabolic syndrome. Those with smoking history were more likely to have metabolic syndrome. However, mental health was not a significant predictor for metabolic syndrome. Regarding impact of metabolic syndrome on disability, metabolic syndrome was a significant predictor for bedridden state and having more than 1 of disability, after controlled for other covariates. Conclusion(s): Our findings suggested that older people needs screening for metabolic syndrome. Understanding prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its associated factors, and its impact on disability helps healthcare providers develop more effective intervention to prevent metabolic syndrome and disability in older people.

건강검진 수진자에서의 대사증후군 관련 생활습관

김철훈,유병철,이용환 고신대학교(의대) 고신대학교 의과대학 학술지 2006 고신대학교 의과대학 학술지 Vol.21 No.1

Background: Metabolic syndrome is caused by interplay between genetic and many environmental factors. Some behaviors or lifestyle patterns including physical activity, cigarette smoking, and diet,particularly carbohydrate and fat intake are associated with the metabolic syndrome. The objective of this study was to identify the relationship between metabolic syndrome and some lifesyle behaviors. Methods: A total of 635 medical check-up examinees who were examined in Kosin University Gospel Hospital from December, 2004 to July, 2005 were enrolled in this study. The height,weight, waist circumference, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the subjects were examined and on concentrations of fasting blood glucose,total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol,LDL cholesterol,and triglyceride in peripheral venous blood were measured. The metabolic syndrome was defined as the presence of three or more of the following; waist circumference men ^90 cm,women 는 80 cm, blood pressure >130/85 mmHg,fasting glucose >110 mg/dL, HDL cholesterol,men <40 mg/dL,women <50 mg/dL, and triglyceride >150 mg/dL. The blood pessure, fasting glucose, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride were evaluated by using the criteria of NECP ATP DDE and waist circumference was a器essed by using the criteria of WHO Asia-Western Pacific. Self-administered questionnare was conducted on smoking,alcohol drinking, educational level,exercise, and dietary practices. Results: The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 37.5%. High fat intake was significantly associated with an increased risk of having the metabolic syndrome. In women, low educational level and high carbohydrate intake were associated with an increased risk of having the metabolic syndrome. High fat intake was significantly associated with an increased risk of having the metabolic syndrome in body mass index 25,0 kg/m2 or 50*59 years group. Conclusion: Low educational level,high fat and high carbohydrate intake were significantly associated with an increased risk of having the metabolic syndrome. Background: Metabolic syndrome is caused by interplay between genetic and many environmental factors. Some behaviors or lifestyle patterns including physical activity, cigarette smoking, and diet,particularly carbohydrate and fat intake are associated with the metabolic syndrome. The objective of this study was to identify the relationship between metabolic syndrome and some lifesyle behaviors. Methods: A total of 635 medical check-up examinees who were examined in Kosin University Gospel Hospital from December, 2004 to July, 2005 were enrolled in this study. The height,weight, waist circumference, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the subjects were examined and on concentrations of fasting blood glucose,total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol,LDL cholesterol,and triglyceride in peripheral venous blood were measured. The metabolic syndrome was defined as the presence of three or more of the following; waist circumference men ^90 cm,women 는 80 cm, blood pressure >130/85 mmHg,fasting glucose >110 mg/dL, HDL cholesterol,men <40 mg/dL,women <50 mg/dL, and triglyceride >150 mg/dL. The blood pessure, fasting glucose, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride were evaluated by using the criteria of NECP ATP DDE and waist circumference was a器essed by using the criteria of WHO Asia-Western Pacific. Self-administered questionnare was conducted on smoking,alcohol drinking, educational level,exercise, and dietary practices. Results: The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 37.5%. High fat intake was significantly associated with an increased risk of having the metabolic syndrome. In women, low educational level and high carbohydrate intake were associated with an increased risk of having the metabolic syndrome. High fat intake was significantly associated with an increased risk of having the metabolic syndrome in body mass index 25,0 kg/m2 or 50*59 years group. Conclusion: Low educational level,high fat and high carbohydrate intake were significantly associated with an increased risk of having the metabolic syndrome.

대사증후군과 전립샘비대증: 대사증후군 개별요소와 전립샘용적, 전립샘특이항원의 상관관계를 통한 고찰

장택환,손정환,김재일,장석흔 대한비뇨의학회 2008 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.49 No.11

Purpose: To evaluate the relationship between metabolic syndrome and benign prostatic hyperplasia in Korean men, we investigated the relation between prostate volume and the serum prostate specific-antigen (PSA) level with the factors for metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: We reviewed the data of 1,412 men who had a general health check-up without significant evidence of disease between January 2004 and May 2007. The age, prostate volume, PSA, PSA density and metabolic factors were measured, and the relationships of these factors were evaluated. We also compared the prostate-related data between the metabolic syndrome(MS) group and non-metabolic syndrome(NMS) group. Results: The prostate volume was significantly larger in the MS group (23.0±7.1ml) than that in the NMS group(20.9±6.1ml)(p<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference of the PSA level between the two groups(MS group: 0.86±0.66, NMS group: 0.90±0.81), but the PSAD was significantly different between the two groups(MS group: 0.038±0.027, NMS group: 0.044±0.031)(p=0.0035). We concluded that there was a significant correlation between the prostate volume and the metabolic syndrome factors. However, when analyzing the influence of each metabolic syndrome factor on the prostate volume, only the BMI was a relatively influential factor. Conclusions: Our study showed that there was significant correlation between each metabolic syndrome factor and the prostate volume. This seemed to be the result of the commonly related pathophysiology of MS and an enlarged prostrate volume, and obesity was a significant factor. It was meaningful that the PSA level in the MS group was lower than that of the NMS group in case of the same prostate volume. Purpose: To evaluate the relationship between metabolic syndrome and benign prostatic hyperplasia in Korean men, we investigated the relation between prostate volume and the serum prostate specific-antigen (PSA) level with the factors for metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: We reviewed the data of 1,412 men who had a general health check-up without significant evidence of disease between January 2004 and May 2007. The age, prostate volume, PSA, PSA density and metabolic factors were measured, and the relationships of these factors were evaluated. We also compared the prostate-related data between the metabolic syndrome(MS) group and non-metabolic syndrome(NMS) group. Results: The prostate volume was significantly larger in the MS group (23.0±7.1ml) than that in the NMS group(20.9±6.1ml)(p<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference of the PSA level between the two groups(MS group: 0.86±0.66, NMS group: 0.90±0.81), but the PSAD was significantly different between the two groups(MS group: 0.038±0.027, NMS group: 0.044±0.031)(p=0.0035). We concluded that there was a significant correlation between the prostate volume and the metabolic syndrome factors. However, when analyzing the influence of each metabolic syndrome factor on the prostate volume, only the BMI was a relatively influential factor. Conclusions: Our study showed that there was significant correlation between each metabolic syndrome factor and the prostate volume. This seemed to be the result of the commonly related pathophysiology of MS and an enlarged prostrate volume, and obesity was a significant factor. It was meaningful that the PSA level in the MS group was lower than that of the NMS group in case of the same prostate volume.

Metabolic syndrome and risk of lung cancer : A analysis of Korean National Health Insurance Service database

신수임,이창훈,한경도,이진우 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2018 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 추계학술대회 초록집 Vol.126 No.-

Objective: It has been known that metabolic syndrome is associated with increased risk of several cancers. However, the association between lung cancer and metabolic syndrome remains unclear. We investigated the impact of metabolic syndrome on lung cancer incidence. Methods: Examinees of health screen by the Korean National Health Insurance between Jan 2009 and Dec 2012 were enrolled. Those with lung cancer diagnosis within 5 years before baseline were excluded. The incidence of lung cancer based on ICD-10 code was observed until Dec 2016. We analyzed the risk of lung cancer according to 1) presence of metabolic syndrome, 2) components of metabolic syndrome (fasting plasma glucose, abdominal obesity, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein, hypertension) and 3) number of components of metabolic syndrome. Results: During the study period, 71,792 incidence of lung cancer was observed among 22,809,722 persons (3.14 per 1000 person year). The hazard ratio of metabolic syndrome and all of its components (except for hypertension in females) remained significant in a multivariate model adjusted for age, smoking status, body mass index, physical activity (HR of metabolic syndrome 1.16, 95% CI=1.145-1.181 in males, HR of metabolic syndrome 1.06 95% CI=1.032-1.085 in females). Furthermore, the risk of lung cancer increased with the number of components present. The association between metabolic syndrome and lung cancer was more obvious in males than female participants. Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome is associated with increased risk of lung cancer incidence, especially in men.

건강증진센터를 방문한 성인 한국 남성에서 대사증후군 관련지표와 소변 중 pH의 상관관계

정태성,양원재,송윤섭 대한비뇨의학회 2009 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.50 No.7

Purpose: Low urinary pH is a risk factor for uric acid stones, and acidic urine has been described as a renal manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. We evaluated the association between metabolic syndrome and urinary pH in adult Korean men who visited a health promotion center. Materials and Methods: From 2004 to 2008, a total of 18,513 adult men who visited our health promotion center were enrolled in this study. The relation between urinary pH and various parameters associated with the metabolic syndrome were evaluated. Results: The average age was 45.6 years (range, 18-95 years), and 4987 men (26.9%) were classified as having the metabolic syndrome. The mean urinary pH of the metabolic syndrome group was 5.91, which was significantly lower than that of the normal group (6.08). In univariate and multivariate analysis, body mass index, serum triglyceride, and blood sugar were negatively correlated with urinary pH (p<0.05). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, obesity (body mass index ≥25 kg/m2), hypertriglyceridemia (≥150 mg/dl), high fasting glucose (≥110 mg/dl), and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (<45 mg/dl) were the significant factors that predicted low urinary pH (≤5.5). Conclusions: Metabolic syndrome was related to lower urinary pH in ostensively healthy adult Korean men. Further studies are needed to elucidate the exact mechanism responsible for the lower urinary pH in individuals with the metabolic syndrome. Purpose: Low urinary pH is a risk factor for uric acid stones, and acidic urine has been described as a renal manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. We evaluated the association between metabolic syndrome and urinary pH in adult Korean men who visited a health promotion center. Materials and Methods: From 2004 to 2008, a total of 18,513 adult men who visited our health promotion center were enrolled in this study. The relation between urinary pH and various parameters associated with the metabolic syndrome were evaluated. Results: The average age was 45.6 years (range, 18-95 years), and 4987 men (26.9%) were classified as having the metabolic syndrome. The mean urinary pH of the metabolic syndrome group was 5.91, which was significantly lower than that of the normal group (6.08). In univariate and multivariate analysis, body mass index, serum triglyceride, and blood sugar were negatively correlated with urinary pH (p<0.05). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, obesity (body mass index ≥25 kg/m2), hypertriglyceridemia (≥150 mg/dl), high fasting glucose (≥110 mg/dl), and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (<45 mg/dl) were the significant factors that predicted low urinary pH (≤5.5). Conclusions: Metabolic syndrome was related to lower urinary pH in ostensively healthy adult Korean men. Further studies are needed to elucidate the exact mechanism responsible for the lower urinary pH in individuals with the metabolic syndrome.

한국 성인 남녀 대사증후군 집단의 영양소 섭취와 식사의 질 및 hs-CRP와 관련성 - 국민건강영양조사(2015년) 자료를 활용하여 -

김미성,김병숙,이종신,오경재,한성희,Kim, Mi Sung,Kim, Byung Sook,Lee, Jong Sin,Oh, Gyung Jae,Han, Soung Hee 한국식품영양학회 2018 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.31 No.3

Metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for cardiovascular and type 2 diabetes. This study was conducted to examine the relevance between nutrition intake, meal quality, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in Koreans with metabolic syndrome. The 2,536 subjects, aged 19~64, who participated in 2015 National Nutrition Survey were included in this study. The 24-hour recall method was employed to analyze nutrition intake and dietary quality. Subjects were grouped into either the non-metabolic syndrome group (n=1,938) or the metabolic syndrome group (n=598). Total males and females were divided into 3 groups according to the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level to study its relationship to metabolic syndrome and its components, including odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval (CI). Results showed the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) value was higher in the metabolic syndrome group (3.37) than non-metabolic syndrome group (1.57) (p<0.001). In the Index of Nutrition Quality, males in the non-metabolic syndrome group showed higher niacin (p<0.05) than males in metabolic syndrome group. Females in the non-metabolic syndrome group had higher vitamin $B_1$ (p<0.01), vitamin $B_2$ (p<0.001), niacin (p<0.05), calcium (p<0.001), and phosphate (p<0.01). Female in the high hs-CRP group showed high OR in blood glucose component (OR 2.488, 95% CI: 1.269~4.879) and metabolic syndrome risk (OR 2.856, 95% CI: 1.292~6.314). Females in the middle hs-CRP group had high triglycerides component (OR 2.956, 95% CI: 1.920~4.551), compared to the low hs-CRP group. The study showed females with higher hs-CRP had a higher risk of metabolic syndrome.

2005년, 2007년 국민건강영양조사를 이용한 중년성인의 대사증후군 유무에 따른 영양섭취 평가 -(1)

문현경(Moon Hyun-Kyung),공정은(Kong Jung-Eun) 韓國營養學會 2010 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.43 No.1

The prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome has increased rapidly among the middle-aged and seems to be affected by socioeconomic factors, lifestyles and dietary habits. This research tries to find out the difference in dietary intake between middle-aged with and without metabolic syndrome. Using Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES) in 2005 and 2007, this study investigated 2,382 people (normal: 1,575, disease: 807) in 2005 and 1152 people (normal: 747, disease: 405) in 2007 (between the age of 40 and 64). Analysis was performed to discover the difference in nutrient intakes between people with and without metabolic syndrome. Also differences among people with various socioeconomic factors (such as age, education level, and income level), which can affect nutrient intake, were analyzed. In the nutrient intake people with metabolic syndrome has lower intake in most of nutrients than those of normal group, except carbohydrate. In 2007, normal group had higher intake in most nutrients, except for carbohydrate, sodium, potassium and vitamin A. Carbohydrate: protein: fat (C: P: F) ratio for metabolic syndrome group showed higher rate for carbohydrate, than normal group, in 2005, and 2007. Overall, the higher age and income level, the more carbohydrate intake rate is increase in metabolic syndrome group. The Quality of each nutrient intake was assessed using NAR (Nutrient adequacy ratio) and MAR (Mean adequacy ratio). According to the MAR, there was significant difference in 2005, 0.83 for normal group and 0.81 for metabolic syndrome group but there wasn’t any in 2007 (0.81 for normal group, 0.82 for metabolic syndrome group). By NAR, in 2005, all nutrient except phosphorus, iron, vitamin A for Normal group higher then those of metabolic syndrome group (p < 0.05). In 2007 intake of metabolic syndrome group were higher then those normal group in most of nutrient by NAR. For age, education and income, MAR for normal group is higher then that of metabolic syndrome. In conclusion, Quality of nutrient intake in normal group is better then in metabolic syndrome group. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor dietary of intake people with metabolic syndrome, and necessary measures should be taken.

Differences of Prevalence and Components of Metabolic Syndrome according to Menopausal Status

( Jong Kil Joo ),( Jung Bin Son ),( Ju Eun Jung ),( Seung Chul Kim ),( Kyu Sup Lee ) 대한폐경학회 2020 대한폐경학회지 Vol.26 No.2

Objectives: Metabolic and endocrinologic alterations is developed at menopausal transition of women and these alterations can have an effect on prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Therefore, we evaluated the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and differences of components as menopausal status of women who visited our health screening clinic. Methods: We surveyed body sizes, blood pressures and other several blood tests from January 2006 to December 2010 in Pusan National University Hospital by retrospectively reviewing medical records. These results were compared as presence of metabolic syndrome and menopausal status. Differences of the components of metabolic syndrome as the menopausal status and occurrences of metabolic syndrome as the age and the menopausal status are investigated. Results: In premenopausal and postmenopausal women, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome were 8.69% and 21.85%, respectively. More body weight, high body mass index and cholesterol were checked in women who have metabolic syndrome irrespective of menopausal status. Low high density lipoprotein was most prominent component of metabolic syndrome irrespective of menopausal status. Hypertension and high blood sugar were showed meaningful proportions in postmenopausal women. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was unrelated to the menopausal status by regressively analyze, but meaningfully increased related to aging. Conclusion: Menopausal alterations restrictively effect on occurrence of metabolic syndrome and aging is more effect on it. But more detailed and additional studies are needed about determining the relation of metabolic syndrome in women who surgically menopaused and receiving hormone therapy.

대사증후군 예측인자로서 알라닌아미노전이효소의 의미

권지혜,안용성,강양호,손석만,김인주,김용기 대한내분비학회 2008 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.23 No.6

Aims: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is associated with insulin resistance, and is independent of the general metabolic measures. Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is regarded as a predictor of diabetes mellitus. We analyzed which of ALT or GGT is better tool to preestimate the development of metabolic syndrome. Method: A total of 1203 Koreans who visited the Institute of Health in Pusan National University Hospital from January 2005 to August 2006 were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Their median age was 51 years old, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 16.4% (n = 197). We excluded the subjects with diabetes mellitus, hypertension and viral hepatitis or those subjects with a level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or gamma-glutamyltransferase (r-GGT) > 80 IU/L. Results: For all the patients in the metabolic syndrome group, the median homeostatic assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), the waist circumference, the fasting blood glucose level, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure were all associated with the ALT level (P < 0.05). For the nonmetabolic syndrome group, all the metabolic risk factors were associated with the ALT level (P < 0.05). On logistic regression analysis, after correction for age, alcohol intake, HOMA-IR and body mass index, the logALT maintained a highly predictive value for metabolic syndrome, and this was better than the logGGT [odds ratio (OR) of logALT: 18.489, odds ratio of logGGT: 2.024] (P < 0.001). The risk of developing metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in the above 50 percentile and the above 75 percentile of ALT than in the lowest quartile. [for men – OR: 3.6; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.2-5.9; OR: 6.9; 95% CI: 4.3-10.9] [for women – OR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.5-4.7; OR: 6.5; 95% CI: 3.8-11] (P < 0.001). The cut-off value of ALT by the ROC curve was 24 IU/L for men (sensitivity: 64.3%, specificity: 66%, negative predictive value: 99.5%) and 20 IU/L for women (sensitivity: 78.9%, specificity: 61.4%, negative predictive value: 84.9%). Conclusions: Even although patients can have an ALT level that’s included within the upper normal level, we may consider the probability that these patients will have metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, in our analysis, the ALT level is a better predictor of metabolic syndrome than the GGT level. Aims: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is associated with insulin resistance, and is independent of the general metabolic measures. Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is regarded as a predictor of diabetes mellitus. We analyzed which of ALT or GGT is better tool to preestimate the development of metabolic syndrome. Method: A total of 1203 Koreans who visited the Institute of Health in Pusan National University Hospital from January 2005 to August 2006 were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Their median age was 51 years old, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 16.4% (n = 197). We excluded the subjects with diabetes mellitus, hypertension and viral hepatitis or those subjects with a level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or gamma-glutamyltransferase (r-GGT) > 80 IU/L. Results: For all the patients in the metabolic syndrome group, the median homeostatic assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), the waist circumference, the fasting blood glucose level, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure were all associated with the ALT level (P < 0.05). For the nonmetabolic syndrome group, all the metabolic risk factors were associated with the ALT level (P < 0.05). On logistic regression analysis, after correction for age, alcohol intake, HOMA-IR and body mass index, the logALT maintained a highly predictive value for metabolic syndrome, and this was better than the logGGT [odds ratio (OR) of logALT: 18.489, odds ratio of logGGT: 2.024] (P < 0.001). The risk of developing metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in the above 50 percentile and the above 75 percentile of ALT than in the lowest quartile. [for men – OR: 3.6; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.2-5.9; OR: 6.9; 95% CI: 4.3-10.9] [for women – OR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.5-4.7; OR: 6.5; 95% CI: 3.8-11] (P < 0.001). The cut-off value of ALT by the ROC curve was 24 IU/L for men (sensitivity: 64.3%, specificity: 66%, negative predictive value: 99.5%) and 20 IU/L for women (sensitivity: 78.9%, specificity: 61.4%, negative predictive value: 84.9%). Conclusions: Even although patients can have an ALT level that’s included within the upper normal level, we may consider the probability that these patients will have metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, in our analysis, the ALT level is a better predictor of metabolic syndrome than the GGT level.