지방자치단체 환경예산제도의 발전방향 연구 - 환경분야 국고보조금 제도를 중심으로 : 지방자치단체 환경예산제도의 발전방향 연구

이창훈,김명미 한국환경정책평가연구원 2006 한국환경정책평가연구원 연구보고서 Vol.- No.RE-16

1995년 지자체 단체장 선거가 실시되면서 지방자치제도가 재도입되었으나 여러 가지 제도적인 요인으로 인해 광역도 및 대부분의 기초지자체는 재정여건이 매우 열악하여 환경지출의 많은 부분을 중앙정부의 지원에 의존하고 있으며, 재정자립도가 낮을수록 환경보호재원의 중앙정부 의존도가 더 높다(이창훈외. 2004). 따라서 현재의 국세 및 지방세 구조 하에서는 지방자치단체의 환경보호 재원확보와 재원의 효율적인 집행을 위해서는 환경관련 재정이전제도에 대한 면밀한 검토가 필요하다. 또 2005년 지방양여금이 폐지되고 국가균형발전특별회계가 도입되는 등 지방자치단체에 대한 국고보조금 제도의 새로운 환경이 대두되어 지방자치단체 환경예산의 정확한 분석과 그 대응 방안에 대한 연구가 시급한 실정이다. 본 연구는 김홍균ㆍ임종수(1994) 이후 최초로 지방자치단체의 환경예산을 환경정책 영역별로 추산하고 지방자치단체의 환경지출의 차이를 비교·평가하여 지방자치단체 환경지출의 주요재원인 국고보조금을 중심으로 제도개선방향을 제시하였다. 우선 최근 지방자치단체의 재정여건 상 주요한 변화인 지방양여금의 폐지와 국가균현발전특별회계의 신설이 중앙정부 및 지방자치단체의 환경예산에 미치는 영향에 대해 살펴보았다. 수질오염방지 지방양여사업이 국고보조사업으로 전환함에 따라 환경부의 감독권이 강화되었지만 예산결정권에 대한 영향은 미미하였다. ‘환경개선특별회계법’ 제5조는 “정부는 수질오염방지 관련사업의 추진을 위하여 매 회계연도마다 주세법에 의한 주세의 1,000분의 466에 상당하는 금액을 일반회계로부터 (환경개선특별)회계에 전입하여야 한다.”라고 규정하고 있어 국고보조금으로 전환된 이후에도 주세전입분을 기존의 수질오염방지사업외 다른 용도에 사용할 수 없게 되었다. 반면 환경부의 감독권은 수질오염방지양여금의 국고보전금으로 전환이후 강화되었다. 양여금의 성격상 사후결산이 명확히 이루어지지 않아 2004년까지 다음해 예산에 이월되는 액수가 많았으나 국고보조금의 형식을 띄게 되는 2005년부터는 사후잔액과 집행잔액반환이 의무화 되어 국고보조금의 이월액이 감소되었다. 지방자치단체의 예산결정권이 강화된 국가균형발전특별회계의 도입에 따라 환경분야에 대한 지출이 감소하리라는 우려는 현실화되지 않았다. 환경분야 국고보조사업의 투자금액변화를 보면 기존의 환경개선특별회계에서 균형발전특별회계로 전환된 이후 보조금액이 오히려 증가하였기 때문이다. 하지만 균특회계로 전환된 환경분야 국고보조사업은 대부분 상수관련사업으로 순수한 환경보전사업이라기 보다는 지역민 식수문제를 해결하기 위한 민원사업이라는 점에서, 균특사업에서 환경분야 사업의 비중 증가가 지방자치단체의 개발우선주의적 사업선정양태와 배치된다고는 볼 수 없다. 이러한 재정여건상의 변화를 살펴 본 뒤 본 연구에서는 2002년부터 2004년까지 3년에 걸쳐 환경지출 및 수입 현황을 환경영역별, 지방자치단체 위계별, 광역지자체별로 살펴보았다. 우선 우리나라 환경보호지출은 2002년 13.6조원에서 2004년 16.1조원으로 지속적으로 증가하고 있고 공공부문의 비중은 이 기간동안 46.8%에서 48.0%로 상승하였다. 오염물질 배출시설설치 및 운영과 관련된 대기 및 폐수영역, 그리고 폐기물영역에 있어 민간부문이 상대적으로 비 In most countries the local governments are more directly engaged in the environmental protection than the central/federal government. According to the statistic "Environmental Protection Expenditures and Revenues (EPER)" by the Bank of Korea, the environmental expenditures of local governments amount to 6.5 trillion won, about 82 % of 7.7 trillion won, total environmental expenditures in the public sector. Therefore it is necessary to secure a stable financial basis for local environmental expenditures and stimulate a efficient allocation of scarce local financial resources in order to enhance the country"s overall environmental performance. Because the financial situation of most local governments in Korea are very tight, many local environmental projects (sewerage, incinerator, land-fill, etc.) are in a significant part financed by federal conditional environmental grants. This research report has two objectives. Firstly, it will provide a systematic summary of the local environmental expenditures which is aims to, Secondly, it will review the existing federal environmental grants and suggest policy options to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the grants. This report has collected, classified, and summarized the expenditure and revenue data in key environmental sectors (air quality, water quality, waste, nature conservation, etc.) from 2002 to 2004 for 7 metropolitan cities and 9 provinces. The data are also classified and analyzed for the sub-localities; cities and counties of the province and autonomous districts of the metropolitan city. The metropolitan city governments expend the most part of environmental budget on waste and wastewater treatment, while the expenditure for nature conservation has increased significantly in recent years. The environmental expenditure of autonomous districts is concentrated on the waste treatment, because most activities for environmental protection are in the metropolitan area carried out by the city government, while the district government is almost only responsible for waste collection. This is in striking contrast to the situation in the province. Here the cities and counties are major player in public environmental activities, while the province government is more coordinator than playing actor. The environmental expenditures of the province government are not only relatively small, but also more than 50% of them occur in nature protection. The environmental expenditures were partly financed from dependent resources (conditional environmental grants); 34.8% for cities, 61.4% for counties in 2004. In order to examine how different the environmental expenditure is induced by financing sources (general revenue/unconditional grants, conditional environmental grants, conditional non-environmental grants), we have applied a panel data method and found that the induced expenditures in environmental area by general revenue/unconditional grants or conditional non-environmental grants are very limited. This result makes clear that the conditional environmental grants are required as a stable financial basis. But it was also observed a "deflective effect" of the conditional environmental grants that is larger for financially weak localities. Based on these results and in-depth interviews with officials of local governments, the report has suggested following policy options to improve the conditional environmental grants system: Firstly, it is proposed to move to a block grant system, which shall classify and group the existing too specific environmental grants and give local governments more flexibility in using grants. Secondly, it is required to improve the allowance criteria of environmental grants in oder to consider both efficiency (spill-over effect) and equity (financial weakness). Thirdly, the central government has to establish a coherent system of evaluation and feedback in order to

An Analysis of the Mean Message Delay Time in DQDB Protocol

이창훈,홍정완,박광만 대한산업공학회 1992 대한산업공학회 추계학술대회논문집 Vol.1992 No.-

미국 특허소송중 증거개시절차의 면책규정 적용에 대한 고찰 - 국내 대리인의 법률 자문을 중심으로 -

이창훈 한국지식재산연구원 2011 지식재산연구 Vol.6 No.3

If a foreign patent attorney or lawyer, who is not a US lawyer, prepares and renders an opinion letter or legal advice regarding patent infringement analysis, such opinion letter or legal advice would be disclosed upon request of a US court during discover procedure. If the opinion letter contains information unfavorable to an accused infringer, the court may find the willful infringement of the accused defendant based on the contents of the opinion letter, which results in awarding punitive damages to the patentee up to treble damages. If the opinion letter has been prepared by a US lawyer, attorney-client privilege or work product immunity would exist, thus the opinion letter would be protected by the privilege or immunity from compelled disclosure. However, if a Korean patent attorney or general lawyer provides invalidaton/infringement analysis on US patents, the privilege would not be allowed. 미국 변호사가 아닌 국내의 변리사 혹은 변호사가 미국 특허에 대한 법률 자문 혹은 특허침해 의견서를 작성하는 경우, 미국 법원의 공판전 증거개시절차에 의해 강제적으로 공개될 가능성이 있다. 이러한 감정서에 특허권 침해소송의 피소자에게 불리한 내용이 포함되어 있는 경우, 이러한 감정서의 내용에 의해 소위 악의적 침해(willful infringement)가 인정되어 산정된 손해액의 3배에 달하는 징벌적 배상을 할 수 있음을 주의하여야 한다. 만일 미국 변호사에 의해 이러한 특허침해분석 및 감정서가 준비되었다면 원칙적으로 변호사-의뢰인 특권 혹은 변호사 직무성과물 면책에 의해 증거개시절차의 제출대상이 되지 않지만, 한국의 변리사나 변호사가 미국 특허에 대한 침해분석을 한 경우에는 이러한 특권이나 면책이 인정되지 않을 가능성이 높다.

탄소중립 시나리오 작성 및 이행점검체계 구축을 위한 기획 연구

이창훈,전호철,신동원,박주영,류소현 한국환경연구원 2021 수시연구보고서 Vol.2021 No.-

Ⅰ. Introduction □ Many countries announced the Net Zero goals and released Net Zero Scenarios to maintain the global temperature increase below 1.5 ℃. ㅇ Countries that have legislated or been discussing net-zero goals account for more than 70% of global GDP and greenhouse gas emissions (IEA, 2021). ㅇ In 2020, South Korea announced its goal to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. In 2021, it will release its net-zero scenario and strategies by sector. ㅇ Due to the uncertainty of innovative technologies, various net-zero scenarios can be developed and different entities including international organizations, independent public institutes, and private profit and non-profit institutes are each suggesting their own scenarios. □ Objectives and scope of the study ㅇ Comparing several net-zero scenarios to select core indices and implications for providing South Korea’s scenario ㅇ Examining several evaluating and monitoring systems for greenhouse gas reduction targets to provide the appropriate system for South Korea’s net-zero targets Ⅱ. Examples and Implications of Net-zero Scenarios 1. International Renewable Energy Agency: IRENA(2020) □ Outline ㅇ IRENA (2019) discusses renewable energy issues and decarbonization by 2050 and IRENA (2020) examines ways to achieve net-zero emissions by 2060. ㅇ IRENA suggests global scenarios and they focus on stronger decarbonization and electrification measures than regional scenarios. □ Core technologies and indices by sector ㅇ IRENA suggests five core factors for net-zero emissions: 1) electrification of final energy, 2) increasing the flexibility of power system, 3) utilizing traditional renewable energy sources, 4) expanding the use of green hydrogen, and 5) promoting innovation in sectors for which greenhouse gas reduction is challenging. □ Costs and benefits ㅇ IRENA provides comprehensive costs and benefits of each scenario but does not provide a detailed cost-benefit analysis by technology. - It presents investment scales by scenario, the estimation of levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of renewable energy technologies, and socio-economic effects. 2. International Energy Agency: IEA(2021) □ Outline ㅇ IEA presents scenarios to achieve net-zero emissions targets by 2050 in the energy sector on a global scale and suggests that the world accommodate available technologies by 2030. - It emphasizes the innovation of technologies that are not developed yet or have high uncertainty such as battery, hydrogen electrolysis, and CCUS (Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage) technologies. - Also, energy consumption habits are another important core factor. □ Core technologies and indices by sector ㅇ IRENA suggests critical technologies and measures for reaching net-zero emissions: increasing energy efficiency, changing consumer behavior, electrification, renewable energy, hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuel, bio energy, and CCUS. ㅇ People in advanced countries should reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to reach the level of per capita emissions equal to that in developing countries. ㅇ Key measures for reduction are solar power, wind power, electrification, and increasing energy efficiency until 2030; afterward, CCUS and electrification will be important. 3. Net-zero Europe (McKinsey & Company, 2020) □ Outline ㅇ McKinsey & Company suggests the minimum cost path focusing on the technologies in the sectors of generation, mobility, industry, building, and agriculture for Europe to reach net-zero emissions by 2050. □ Core technologies and indices by sector ㅇ It suggests reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 55% compared to 1990 levels by 2030 and 100% by 2050. ㅇ It is expected that the sectors of power generation, mobility, building, and industry will achieve net-zero emissions by mid-2040, 2045, 2040, 2050 respectively; and it forecasts that it would be challenging to achieve net-zero emissions in the agricultural sector. 4. European Commission (2020) □ Outline ㅇ It is a meta-analysis study that compares eight scenarios of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 50% compared to 1990 levels by 2030 and 16 scenarios for reaching net-zero emissions by 2050. □ Core technologies and indices by sector ㅇ In most scenarios, the reduction in energy demand due to an increased proportion of renewable energy and enhanced energy efficiency was the major indicator. 5. UK Climate Change Committee (2019) □ Outline ㅇ UK CCC suggests technologies and policies for achieving net-zeo emissions by 2050 in a report which examined the UK’s climate policy targets. ㅇ It provides core factors to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. - Reducing more greenhouse gases in industrial processes through increased efficiency, electrification, CCS, and heat generation with low carbon hydrogen - Decarbonization of all freight transportation and buildings - Changes in the sectors of aviation, agriculture, and land use □ Core technologies and indices by sector ㅇ It presents core factors for the sectors of transition, mobility, industry, building, agriculture, land use, and forestry and stronger measures. □ Costs and benefits ㅇ It has not conducted a complete cost-benefit analysis due to the uncertainties of future technology but provides analysis for general scenarios. - It is expected that about 1-2% of yearly GDP will be required to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. - It also provides the benefits of Net Zero technologies; avoiding the damage from climate change, climate opportunities, and health and environmental impacts. Ⅲ. Establishing the Net Zero Monitoring System 1. Case examples □ South Korea’s greenhouse gas reduction road map monitoring ㅇ In 2019, the Second Climate Change Basic Plan suggested a specific monitoring system. - The central government collects and submit the targets, indices, and performances by sector to the Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Research Center(GIR) which writes evaluation reports. - It focuses on implementing 2030 reduction targets but not on 2050 Net Zero policies. - Evaluation reports lack in-depth evaluation on governmental policies because GIR itself is a governmental agency. □ UK Climate Change Committee’s monitoring ㅇ UK CCC, which is independent from the government, writes yearly monitoring reports, submits them to the national assembly, and provides policy suggestions. - Its policy suggestions include reaching net-zero emissions by 2050, carbon budgets, and 2030 NDC. □ UNEP ㅇ UNEP publishes an yearly Emissions Gap Report - It presents a gap between the situation when each country accomplishes its reduction targets and the situation when the Paris Agreement target is achieved with a minimum cost path. - UNEP also provides policy suggestions on reflationary measures, international aviation and marine transport, and lifestyle. 2. Monitoring system for achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 ㅇ The monitoring system should include reduction performance, the implementation status, evaluation of technologies, and suggestion on policies. ㅇ The Net Zero Committee should take a central role within the monitoring system. - It is proposed that GIR should write assessment reports on the emissions status and the Committee should deliberate on it. - GIR and KISTEP should collaborate on evaluating technologies and costs and the Committee should deliberate on the reports. - The Committee should evaluate the implementation status of last year’s suggestions and make new policy suggestions. Ⅳ. Summary □ Key factors for scenarios and indices ㅇ The government should provide diverse scenarios and update them regularly to prevent confusion between scenarios and targets. ㅇ Energy transition is the core theme of Net Zero scenarios and it starts from energy efficiency. ㅇ Energy supply should be mainly based on renewable energy. ㅇ Energy demand should be electrified because it is relying on solar and wind power mainly. ㅇ Technologies that are difficult to be electrified can utilize hydrogen. ㅇ To reach net-zero emissions, innovative technologies such as CCUS and BECCS are required. ㅇ The necessity of achieving net-zero emissions is emphasized by proper cost-benefit analysis. ㅇ The international community and each country should implement policies with a strong determination. ㅇ Scenario data should be provided as an open-source for researchers. □ Further studies ㅇ Core indices of different scenarios should be stored in the database and updated regularly. ㅇ Raw data for scenario should be established. ㅇ A specific guideline for monitoring system should be established.

환경,경제의 상생 기반 구축 및 잠재력 활성화 : 화석연료 대체에너지원의 환경,경제성 평가(2): -재생에너지 발전원을 중심으로

이창훈,조지혜,윤정호 한국환경연구원 2014 기후환경정책연구 Vol.2014 No.-

This study estimates the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) and resources potentials of Photovoltaic (PV), wind and bioenergy. Considering different technologies compete at different price levels and their potentials differ according to the size of the systems, installation types, location, and capacity factors, they are divided into 12 categories. For PV, there are four end-use sectors which are residential systems, utility scale systems, floating PV/solar roadways and Building Integrated Photovoltaic System (BIPV). Onshore and offshore wind are divided according to their capacity factor(onshore: 25%, 30%, 35%, offshore: 30%, 35%), and bioenergy is categorized by the type of generators(bio-gasification generator and bio-solid refuse fuel generator). Then, each LCOE and the potentials are estimated through to 2035. Among these technologies, as PV is still in its early stage, the LCOE is expected to decline in the near future as new technologies steps in. For residential PV, LCOE decreases from KRW 197 in 2013 to KRW 91 in 2035. For utility scale systems, LCOE decreases from KRW 171 to KRW 77 in the same period, from KRW 216 to KRW 8 6 for f loating PV and roadways, and f rom KRW 7 26 to KRW 293 for BIPV. LCOE onshore wind is estimated to drop from KRW 115 (capacity factor 35% ) ~ 1 61 ( capacity f actor 2 5%) t o K RW 7 0~98 , w hile o ffshore w ind i s e stimated to decrease from KRW 208~242 to KRW 126~147 for the same period. Although biomass and bio-solid refuse fuel including forest biomass is expected to drop from KRW 162 to KRW 146 and f rom KRW 126 to KRW 101 p er kWh, respectively. However, the drop percentage is smaller compared to the other energy sources. In the following chapter, installation potential and achievable energy generation potentials for different energy sources were estimated. For PV, the installation potential was estimated to be 114.1GW and development potential was estimated to be 154.9TWh. Similarly, onshore wind was estimated to be 15.0GW and 34.5TWh, offshore wind 44.4GW and 127.7TWh, biogas 2.9TWh and solid biomass 11.7TWh for the year 2035. However, renewable energy has limited competitiveness in the market due to its high generation cost compared to nuclear and fossil fuel power generation, thus requires government intervention. This study proposes the following policies to complement the weakness of the renewable portfolio standard (RPS) system and enable renewable energy generation. First, the re-introduction of feed-in tariffs (FIT) system is needed for small scale renewable energy sources (such as small scale PV) which involve multiple users. Second, there is the need to review the current RPS system that only applies to the utility companies by extending it to power over-consuming companies. To facilitate the commitment, there is the need to provide flexibility to the system. Instead of the providers having to directly install the renewable energy facilities, the renewable energy certificate (REC) markets could be used for purchases. Third, to avoid conflict with local residents from the installation of renewable energy facilities, there needs to be improvements associated with the benefit sharing of renewable energy facilities among the local residents.

An analysis of the Mean Delay Time and the Maximun Throughput of FFOL Protocol

이창훈,조봉제 대한산업공학회 1995 대한산업공학회 추계학술대회논문집 Vol.1995 No.-

[인터뷰] 두산인프라코어주식회사 곽세영 전무

이창훈,양회관 대한기계학회 2014 기계저널 Vol.54 No.3

철도 위험물 수송에 따른 위험도 산정방안

이창훈,원종운,권용장,김시곤 한국방재학회 2014 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.14 No.6

본 논문에서는 철도 위험물 수송의 안전성 향상을 위하여 네트워크의 위험확률 및 피해영향을 분석하기 위한 위험도 산정방법을 제안한다. 본 연구에서 정의하는 철도 네트워크 위험도 분석기법은 사고를 일으킬 수 있는 주요요인(인구밀도, 인구밀집지역의 위치, 철도네트워크의 형태, 위험물질 등)을 설정하였다. 이는 인구밀도, 인구밀집지역의 위치, 철도 네트워크의 형태, 위험물질 등이었다. 본 위험도 산정 방법을 기초로 하여 전국철도수송경로의 구간별 위험도 분석, 위험물질별 특성에 따른 피해영향 정도를 분석하였다. 최종적으로는 위험물 수송 구간별 위험도 진단 및 피해영향 정도를 분석하여 철도의 안전성 향상을 위한 방안을 제시하였다. A method of risk assessment for transporting hazmats(hazardous materials) by railway is proposed in this paper. This method isfocused on finding the risk probability dependent by railway geometries and consequences by hazmats railway accidents in order toimprove safe movement by railways. The level of risk by railways are dependent of several factors which are population density, accidentlocation, railway geometries, and the type of hazmats. Based on this method the level of risk was analyzed, section by section,along the all the railway networks nationwide. Addition to this the consequences by hazmat types was analyzed. Finally, the countermeasuresfor alleviating the risk and improving safe transportation by railway were suggested.

제2형 당뇨병 환자의 혈소판 응집능에 관한 연구

이창훈,정동진,이대호,이태희,신현호,이연상,김정민,천남일,조동혁,정민영 대한당뇨병학회 2000 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.24 No.3

Background: Increased platelet aggregability is known to be one of the important risk factors for diabetic vascular complications. The relationship between platelet aggregability and diabetic macravascular complications, varying severity of diabetic microvascular complications and other possible factors was evaluated in Korean adults. Methads: Platelet aggregability was measured with platelet rich plasma by addition of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in 45 cases. Normal control group (n=15) was compared with diabetics without macrovascular complications (n=15), diabetics with macrovascular complications (n=15) and several groups divided accoring to the severity of microvascular complications. Results: 1) The mean maximum value of platelet aggregation was 70.3?.3% in control group, and 80.0±7.3% in diabetics (p$lt;0.005). 2) The mean maximum value of platelet aggregation was 78.0±5.5% in diabetics without macrovascular complications and 83.5±7.1% in diabetics with macrovascular complications (p=0.093). 3) The mean maximum value of platelet aggregation was 77.0±5.1% in normoproteinuria group, 78.1±7.3% in microproteinuria group, and 82.9±6.2% in overt proteinuria group (p=0.083). 4) The mean maximum value of platelet aggregation was 77.2±6.8% in diabetes without neuropathy group and 82.9±6.2% in diabetes with neuropathy group (p=0.114). 5) The mean maximum value of platelet aggregation was 79.3±4.9% in diabetes with normal funduscopic findings, 80.2±7.3% in diabetes with background retinopathy and 81.6±7.9% in diabetes with proliferative retinopathy (p=0.852). 6) Blood glucose showed positive correlations with the mean maximum platelet aggregation (γ=0.529, p$lt;0.005). Conclusion: The elevated mean maximum value of platelet aggregation was found in diabetics and there were no significant differences between macrovascular complications and between varying severity of retinopathy, neuropathy and proteinuria. Blood glucose showed positive correlations with mean maximum platelet aggregation, Hyperglycemia was a major risk factor affecting platelet aggregation in diabetics and its control may play an important role in prevention of diabetic vascular complications.

나노구조 TiO2 용사코팅의 미세조직 제어 공정기술 개발과 광촉매 특성평가

이창훈,최항신,김형준,이창희 한국표면공학회 2001 한국표면공학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2001 No.-