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김재일,김현택,김기석 한국심리학회 한국심리학회지 생물 및 생리 Vol.4 No.1
많은 이전 연구들은, 청시상의 일부인 내측 슬상핵의 손상이 청각 CS에 대한 조건화된 차별서맥반응, 동맥반응, 동결반응 등을 차단시킴을 보고하고, 내측 슬상핵이 청각 CS를 사용한 정서 조건화에 관여하는 신경구조물임을 밝혀왔다. 그러나, 내측 슬상핵에서 조건화 동안 MUA가 발달하고, 기억의 신경 생리학적 기제로 인정되고 있는 LTP가 일어나며, 해부학적으로 청각 CS와 전기쇼크 US를 모두 입력받는 등 단순한 출력 구조물이 아닌 가소성의 장소일 가능성이 높다. 따라서 실험 1은 상승된 경악반응 패러다임을 이용하여 내측 슬상핵을 전해질 손상시켰을 때에도 조건화된 정서반응인 상승된 경악반응이 일어나는지를 살펴보았다. 먼저 청각 CS와 발바닥 전기쇼크 US를 짝지워 제시하는 조건화시행을 이틀에 걸쳐 실시한 후 내측 슬상핵을 전해질 손상받은 집단은, 모의 손상 집단이나 무처치 집단에 비해서, 차후의 검사시행때 경악반응의 상승률에 있어서 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 실험 2는 내측 슬상핵이 정서 조건화에 있어서 단순한 회로의 일부가 아닌 가소성의 장소임을 확인하기 위해 실시하였는데, 조건화 시행전과 검사시행전에 LTP를 차단하는 NMDA 수용기 길항제인 AP-5 혹은 saline을 쥐의 내측 슬살핵에 주입하였다. 실험결과 조건화전 AP-5 주입된 집단(AP-5/AP-5 집단, AP-5/saline 집단)은 조건화전 saline이 주입된 집단(saline/saline 집단, saline/AP-5 집단)에 비해서 경악반응의 상승률에 있어서 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 이러한 결과는 내측 슬상핵이 청각 CS를 사용한 정서 조건화에서 가소성 구조물임을 시사한다. In many previous studies, it has been reported that lesions of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) which is the part of acoustic thalmaus blocked conditioned emotional response, such as differential bradycardiac response, blood pressure, and freezing response. So, it has been suggested that MGN is a neural structure that is involved in conditioned emotional responses. But, considering MUA and LTP are developed in MGN during conditioning and MGN receives convergent acoustic CS and electrical US input, it may be regarded that MGN is a structure of plasticity, not simply a neural structure. The purpose of this was to indentify the roles of MGN whin the neural circuit involved in fear when it used fear-potentiated startle response as a measure of fear. In experiment 1, after the conditioning that paired acoustc CS with electrical shock US, electrolytic bilateral lesions were administered to the MGN. Results were that the unoperated group and the sham surgery group showed fear-potentiated startle response, but on the other hand the lesioned group did not. In experiment 2, AP-5, which blocks LTP as a NMDA receptor antagonist, was microinjected to MGN before conditioning trials and test trial. Results revealed that the animals which AP-5 was microinjected before conditioning trials did not show potentiated startle response, but the animal which AP-5 was microinjected before test trial did. These observations consist with previous reports that NMDA receptor antagonist blocked acquisition not performance of learning. So it can be concluded that these findings indicate MGN is a structure of neural plasticity as well as a neural structure in emotion conditioning using acoustic CS and electrical shock US.
변혁적 리더십과 기업문화가 조직시민행동과 경영성과에 미치는 영향
김재일,전웅수,손성진 한국관리회계학회 2017 관리회계연구 Vol.17 No.3
This paper aimed, through the perspective of system theory (input-conversion-outputs) to clarify the effects of the Transformational leadership, corporate culture type, and the organizational citizenship behavior on the business performances. The Transformational leadership is defined of its level by Charisma, Individual consideration, Intellectual stimulus. Corporate culture was classified into group, developmental, rational, and hierarchical culture as pooposed by Quinn and McGrath(1985). Also Organizational Citizenship Behavior(OCB) is specified by OCB Individual and OCB Organization, and Business performances are categorized and measured by financial, and non-financial. The hypothesis 1 is to analyze the effect of Transformational leadership and corporate culture’s goodness of fit, on the OCB, and 2nd hypothesis is to clarify the roles of OCBI, OCBO in the relationship between the Transformational leadership & corporate culture, and the business performances. The research result is as follows. Firstly, when the Transformational leadership or/and the corporate culture’s goodness of fit is at a high level, OCBI and OCBO’s could be expected then. Secondly, the regulation effect of interaction of OCBI or COBO was not existed in the relationship between the Business impact (Financial / Non-financial) and Transformational leadership & Corporate culture type(out-directed, inner-directed, flexibility, control). Thirdly, OCBI and OCBO are proven to take the intermediary role between the Transformational leadership & corporate culture and business performances. This research is addressing that when the input of corporate culture and Transformational leadership can be aligned with the organizational citizenship behavior, it increases the success rate of corporate management through maximizing the corporate value. 이 연구는 체계이론(투입-전환-산출)의 관점에서 변혁적 리더십, 기업문화의 유형, 그리고 조직시민행동이 경영성과에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 규명해 보고자 하였다. 변혁적 리더십은 카리스마, 개별적 고려, 지적 자극의 관점에서 그 수준을 정의하고 측정하였다. 기업문화의 유형은 경쟁가치모형(competing value model)에 기초하여 가족문화, 개발문화, 합리문화, 위계문화로 구분하였다. 그리고 조직시민행동(OCB)은 개인차원의 시민행동(OCBI)과 조직차원의 시민행동(OCBO)으로 세분하였고, 경영성과는 재무성과와 비재무성과로 측정하였다. 가설 1은 변혁적 리더십과 기업문화의 적합도가 조직시민행동에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것이고, 가설 2는 변혁적 리더십 및 기업문화와 경영성과 간의 관계에서 조직시민행동(개인차원 시민행동(OCBI), 조직차원 시민행동(OCBO))의 역할을 규명하는 것이다. 이 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 변혁적 리더십 또는/그리고 기업문화의 적합도 수준이 높을 때 OCBI와 OCBO의 수준이 높았다. 둘째, 변혁적 리더십 및 기업문화의 유형(‘유연자율’, ‘안정통제’, ‘외부지향차별’, ‘내부지향통합’)과 경영성과(재무/비재무) 간의 관계에서 OCBI 또는 OCBO의 상호작용 조절효과는 존재하지 않았다. 셋째, 변혁적 리더십 및 기업문화 유형과 경영성과 간의 관계에서 OCBI와 OCBO는 매개역할을 하였다. 이 연구는 기업문화와 변혁적 리더십의 투입이 전환차원의 조직시민행동과 조화로울 때 산출 차원의 기업가치 극대화 즉, 기업 경영의 성공 확률을 더 높여줄 수 있다는 점을 보여주고 있다.
Dimethylformamide 취급 근로자에서의 CYP2E1, GSTM1, GSTT1 유전자 다형성과 N-methylformamide 배설량간의 관련성
김재일,이충한,이용환 KOSIN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE 2006 高神大學校 醫學部 論文集 Vol.21 No.1
Background: N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) has excellent solvent properties and is used intensively in the production of synthetic leather and resins. It has known to induce hepatotoxicity in human and animal by absorbing it through the lungs and skin. The metabolic transformation of DMF takes place mainly in the liver, with the aid of microsomal enzyme systems including cytochrome P450 (CYP), and glutathione S-transferase (GST). In metabolic studies and biological monitoring, urinary concentrations of metabolites are measured and expressed as N-methylformamide (NMF). This study examined the associations of the genetic polmorphism of CYP2E1. GSTM1 and GSTT1 with DMF metabolism. Methods: The subjects were 30 workers who exposed to DMF in a synthetic leather factory. Their urinary samples were collected and NMF concentrations were measured. Also, DMF concentrations in air were measured by personal air sampler during thier work. Genotypes of CYP2E1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 were investigated using PCR-RFLP or multiolex PCR methods with DNA extracted from venous blood. Effects of the polymorphisms of CYP2E1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 on DMF metabolism were analyzed. Results: The frequency of c1/c1 and c1/c2 genotypes for CYP2E1 were 76.6% and 23.3%, respectively. GSTM1 was deleted in 53.3% and GSTT1 deletion rate was 40.0%. In the group of GSTM1 deletion, mean urinary NMF concentrations (95.2 mg/g creatinine) were significantly higher than the undeleted group (45.3 mg/g creatinine, p=0.042). There were no significant differences of mean urinary NMF concentrations in the groups with the defferent genotypes of CYP2E1 and GSTT1. The distribution of CYP2E1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes by urinary NMF concentrations had not statistical significance. Conclusions: In GSTM1 deleted workers who exposed to DMF, mean urinary NMF concentration was higher than undeleted cases. GSTM1 deleted workers are seemed to be more susceptible to DMF toxicity. It is necessary to screen whether the workers have GSTM1 deleted genotype or not when they are arranged to their work place.