Skin Safety of the UV Absorbers by Measurement Cytotoxicity High Functional Product with Water-In-Silicone System

( Kim In-young ),( Kim Min-ho ),( Nam Sang-in ),( Chun Kil Whan ) 대한화장품학회 1997 대한화장품학회지 Vol.23 No.3

Consumers have recently preferred to purchase extensive UV intercepting products, which are waterproof and free from side effects on skin. Testing Cytotoxicity (in-vitro) in SK method, cell survival ratio of UV-B interceptors decreased above 0.08W/V%, and so did that of UV-A interceptors above 0.06W/V%. Also, Patch-test of inorganic UV interceptors resulted in no skin irritation ever below 10.0 and 11.25. UV interceptors in the sunlight showed yellowish discoloration in 5 to 14 days. In absorption curves, UV-B was most suitable for Octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) and UV-A for Butyl methoxy dibenzoylmethane (BMDM). For this reason, Nylonpoly UVA/UVB the material of OMC and BMDM coated with Nylon & polyethylene, was used as the organic UV interceptor. And zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO,) was used as inorganic UV interceptors. The appropriate mixture ratio of ZnO and TiO, was 6 to 4. 6% of ZnO, 4% of TiO, and 5% of Nylonpoly UVA/UVB were all combined with our sunscreen cream. The SPF value of in-vivo applied to a guinea pig was 34.9 and that of in-vivo was 38.5. Cyclomerhicone and dimethicone were used in water-in-Silicone system. Ceryl dimethi-cone and sorbitan sesquiolente were used as emulsifiers and MgSO, · 7 H₂O, Mg-stearate/Mg-Al-stearate copolymer as emulsification stabilizers. In practical application, each SPF duration of O/’W type and W/S type containing sunscreen cream of the same content showed that W/S type of sunscreen cream was 5 times as durable as the other. This product is fit for using in swimming, climbing or skiing. This research is to minimize skin trouble caused by UV interceptors and to make one with proper softness, skin safety and UV intercepting efficiency.

Direct effectiveness of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease and non-bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in elderly population in the era of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: A case-control study

Kim, Jong Hun,Chun, Byung Chul,Song, Joon Young,Kim, Hyo Youl,Bae, In-Gyu,Kim, Dong-Min,Choi, Young Hwa,Jun, Yoon Hee,Choi, Won Suk,Kang, Seong Hee,Kwon, Hyun Hee,Jeong, Hye Won,Kee, Sae Yoon,Hur, Jia Elsevier Ltd. 2019 Vaccine Vol. No.

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Background</B></P> <P>While herd effects and serotype replacement by childhood pneumococcal protein conjugated vaccines (PCVs) continues to accumulate worldwide, direct effectiveness of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) against pneumococcal diseases in the elderly has been challenged. We estimated the direct effectiveness of PPV23 in the elderly population.</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>For a hospital-based case-control study, cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and non-bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia (NBPP) (adults ≥ 65 years) were identified in 14 hospitals participated in the pneumococcal surveillance program from March 2013 to October 2015, following implementation of PPV23 national immunization program (NIP) for the elderly in the Republic of Korea. Controls matched by age, sex, and hospital were selected at ratios of 1:2 (IPD) or 1:1 (NBPP). Clinical data and vaccination records were collected. Vaccine effectiveness was calculated as (1-adjusted odds ratio) × 100.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>We enrolled 148 IPD and 557 NBPP cases, and 295 IPD and 557 NBPP controls for analyses. Overall effectiveness of PPV23 against IPD was 28.5% [95% confidence interval (CI) −5.8%–51.6%] and against NBPP was 10.2% (-15.1-30.6) in all patients ≥ 65 years. However, in subgroup analysis of patients aged 65–74 years, PPV23 was protective against IPD [effectiveness 57.4% (19.4–77.5)] and against NBPP [effectiveness 35.0% (2.3–56.7)]. Furthermore, serotype-specific effectiveness of PPV23 against IPD was 90.6% (27.6–98.8) for PPV23-unique serotypes and 81.3% (38.6–94.3) for PPV23 serotypes excluding serotype 3.</P> <P><B>Conclusions</B></P> <P>This study indicates that PPV23 with broad serotype coverage might be beneficial in preventing IPD and NBPP due to non-PCV13 serotypes in the young-elderly, with potentially increasing effectiveness in the setting of childhood PCV NIP.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> National immunization program for PPV23 for the elderly was implemented in Korea. </LI> <LI> PPV23 was effective against IPD and NBPP for young elderly patients aged 65–74. </LI> <LI> Effectiveness of PPV23 against IPD was higher for PPV23 unique serotypes. </LI> <LI> PPV23 was non-protective against IPD caused by PCV13 serotypes. </LI> </UL> </P>

Adult invasive pneumococcal disease in the Republic of Korea: Risk medical conditions and mortality stratified by age group

Kim, Jong Hun,Baik, Seung Hee,Chun, Byung Chul,Song, Joon Young,Bae, In-Gyu,Kim, Hyo Youl,Kim, Dong-Min,Choi, Young Hwa,Choi, Won Suk,Jo, Yu Mi,Kwon, Hyun Hee,Jeong, Hye Won,Kim, Yeon-Sook,Kim, Jeong Elsevier 2018 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES Vol.74 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Objectives</B></P> <P>This study aimed to characterize the risk factors for mortality in adult patients with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) stratified by age groups, after implementation of the national immunization program of 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) for those aged ≥65 years in the Republic of Korea (ROK).</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>Clinical data and pneumococcal isolates from adult patients with IPD (≥18 years of age) were collected prospectively from 20 hospitals through the nationwide surveillance program from March 2013 to October 2015.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>A total of 319 patients with IPD were enrolled. Median age was 69 years. Overall in-hospital mortality was 34.2%: 17.1% in those aged 18–49 years, 23.7% in those aged 50–64 years, 33.0% in those aged 65–74 years, and 51.0% in those aged ≥75 years (<I>p<</I> 0.001). In particular, early death within 7days of hospitalization accounted for 60.6% (66/109). While old age (≥65 years), higher Pitt bacteremia score (≥4), and bacteremic pneumonia were independently associated with IPD mortality in all age groups, an additional mortality risk factor of immunocompromised status was identified for patients aged 50–64 years. PPSV23 serotypes accounted for 64.4% (122/189) of the pneumococcal isolates serotyped.</P> <P><B>Conclusions</B></P> <P>This study suggests that vaccine-type IPD continues to place a substantial burden on older adults in the ROK, necessitating an effective vaccination strategy for those at higher risk.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> National immunization of the elderly with the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) was implemented in Korea in 2013. </LI> <LI> Overall in-hospital mortality was 34.2% for adult invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and 51.0% for patients ≥75 years of age. </LI> <LI> Mortality risks were older age, higher bacteremia score, and immunocompromised status. </LI> <LI> An effective vaccination strategy for those at higher risk of IPD is needed. </LI> </UL> </P>

동북아 군사정세 전망과 한국의 안보

전인영(全寅永) 한국전략문제연구소 2002 전략연구 Vol.9 No.1

National security stands for capacity or state of a nation to protect the territory, the people, properties, and institutions from internal or external threats. Military defense is the most important core, along with diplomacy, of national security. Nations should constantly adapt to changing security environment, and readjust their security policies for survival and development. It is desirable to foresee military situation to prevent or minimize security problems and obstacles ahead. The main objective of this paper is to examine and analyze South Korea's external security environment in the short, mid, and long term perspective, and consequently to prepare against anticipated military situation in the future. Considering South Korea's geopolitical setting and confrontation with the North as well, its security is greatly influenced by North Korea and the four major powers surrounding the Korean peninsula. South Korea's security is particularly determined by the military policies and capabilities of the five neighboring countries. Contrary to the hopes and expectations of the many, the end of the cold war does not necessarily guarantee peace and stability of the global community. In the post-cold war era, international order and problem solving led by powerful leading nation is uncertain, and in a sense anticipating future situation has become more difficult. Power politics and arms race among nations, which is based on realism rather than idealism, prevail in the post-cold war era. Unlike the European community, Northeast Asia is not an exception. Military confrontation between the two Koreas, despite the sunshine policy and the historical summit meeting between the two Koreas in June, 2000, military tension on the Korean peninsula remains high. The Bush administration seems determined to pursue the goal of Missile Defense project despite the opposition and denunciations of Russia, China, and North Korea. North Korea's suspicious nuclear ambition, developing long-range missile and the exportation of missiles to some of Middle East countries are cause for alarm. On the other hand, North Korea denounces Japanese militarism and South Korea's military spending. Northeast Asia is a dynamic region, but the contending countries create tension and uncertainty. America is more concerned with the strong showing of Chinese economic development, regarding it as a serious challenge to the American superiority. Growing Japanese military strength make China and two Koreas worry. Military rivalry between Japan and China is shown in Japan's plan to redeploy self-defense forces to the South soon to prepare against strengthening Chinese military power. Increase in Chinese military expenditures reflects China's misgivings about American and Japanese threat. Apparent and aggressive Changes in American security policy inevitably affects military situation in Northeast Asia. The QDR submitted to the US Congress by Secretary Rumdsfeld on September 30, 2001 pointed out regional powers' potential to threaten stability in Asia, and warned the possibility of large scale military rivalry and the emergence of military contender. The Bush administration pursues the MD, aggravating relations with Russia, China, and North Korea. Protecting the home land and waging war on terrorism has become America's foremost concern since the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were attacked on September 11, 2001. Although president Bush enjoys high degree of popularity at home, America's arrogance and unilateralism draw criticisms and complaints from foes and allies. In view of uncertain changes in military situation and dynamic relations among the six nations in Northeast Asia, South Korea should be sensitive to its environment, and try to readjust its security policies. South Korea needs strong Korean-American alliance system as well as close Korean-Japanese relationship. It is unlikely that the sole superpower status of the United States will be challenged in the foreseeable future. In a sense, China threat is considerably exaggerated. If South Korea alienate the United States and Japan, it will bring about devastating effects. China and Russia will conceivably support North Korea for political-strategic reason. South Korea should also maintain good and closer relations with China and Russia, and should strengthen the Navy and the Air Force to meet the needs of the unified Korea. As far as national security is concerned, the importance of deterrence and defense as well as wise diplomacy can not be overemphasized. To be free from foreign threats or aggressions, South Korea should be always sensitive to changing military situation, and be physically and mentally prepared to defeat challenges and threats.

우리나라와 臺灣의 중학교 세계사 교과서 비교연구

全寅永 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1991 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.59 No.3

As the recognition of the history of man in the perspective of the world history expands, the study of world history has been established as an independent field which is known as global village history. This development originates from the recent trends where the need for mutual understanding, and political, economic, social, and cultural exchange are growing. In particular, the utilitarian approach in diplomacy and economic policy is accelerating the process of the deemphasizing ideologies, thereby promoting further polarization and internationalization. This study has been initiated with the understanding that the importance of education in terms of world history is growing in this age of internationalization where global inter-dependency is prevalent. Thus we need to search for a more desirable form of education, in terms of world history, in order to cope with this trend. For Korea and Taiwan, we can not overemphasize the importance of history education in the preparation for this age of unification and internationalization. The methodology of this comparative study is as follows: First, the external magnitude and structure of the textbooks of Korea and Taiwan are analyzed and compared. Second, the structure of the description of the content are analyzed and compared. Third, there is a comparative analysis of the individual figures appearing in texts from both countries, as well as an analysis of the usages of study aids. Based on the results if this study, suggestions of the compilation of the world history textbooks for junior high school students are provided to conclude this study. Issues Related to Polity 1. The importance of education should be stressed at a national level. In particular, textbooks should be improved both in quality and quantity. In order to achieve this objective the establishment of a permanent organization is required. 2. Steps need to be taken to increase the interest of scholars in policies relating to world history education. There is a critical need for scholars capable of handling historical studies in the newly emerging countries in both the eastern and western hemispheres. Issues Related to Textbook Compilation 1. Basically, a new viewpoint of history-global village history, macro and unified in nature should be established. 2. Moreover, there is a need to interrelate and harmonize education with national history. 3. There are several issues which are related to the content of textbooks. A) The content of textbooks should be reoriented from description of factual information for memorization to descriptions requiring analysis and thinking. B) The content should break away from simple collection of historical description on individual countries of the east and the west. C) History written only from the prevailing Eurocentric and power-centered perspective should be reoriented. D) History which focuses solely on "political domain" should be avoided. E) The establishment of a descriptive system centered on modern and contemporary history should be emphasized. F) The relevance of presenting history in units beginning with ancient history and ending with contemporary history should be reassessed. G) The relevance of chronology in terms of the presentation of Western history and Asian history in parallel fashion should be reassessed. H) More careful consideration is required in presenting more adequate historical facts and in using proper terms for the junior high school curriculums. I) The use of concrete and more friendly educational aids should be diversified and activated. J) There needs to be an emphasis on new studies that recognize common people as the subject of the history. K) Descriptions explaining the trends of contemporary mass culture should be emphasized.

中共과 臺灣의 中學課程 國史敎科書 比較硏究

全寅永 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1990 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.57 No.-

This study sets out to analyses and compare the national history text books used to cover the junior school curricula in China and Taiwan in an effort to draw lessons for the compilation of history textbooks, and teaching based on them, in Korea, another country that has found itself divided. This study consists of three parts; first, educational background; second, analysis of from; and third, analysis of contents. Greater emphasis is placed on the two latter sections. An outline of the study is set out below. 1. According to their Standard Junior School National History Curricula both China and Taiwan put basic emphasis on the promotion of patriotism, but while China stresses cultivation of materialistic view of history, Taiwan emphasized nationalism and citizenship through an on going tradition. 2. Historical distortions acquired through biased writing or teaching, arising from ideological conflict, should be resolved in history textbooks composed for junior school students, who are at a vital phase in their educational development. 3. Ideal history textbooks for the junior school curriculum should fulfill two essential conditions: (1) attaining objects in history education, and (2) meeting the developmental needs, and interests of students. 4. The objectives of history education in the two countries can be described as follows: A. China (1) to make students understand that the main actors in history are workers and peasants. (2) to cultivate self-esteem of Chinese people, emphasizing the tradition of the class struggle, the efforts to achieve production and cultural tradition. (3) to promote patriotism. (4) to cultivate socialist beliefs and views (5) to facilitate international solidarity based on harmony among races and socialism. B. Taiwan (1) to cultivate the concept of people and nation. (2) to promote patriotism. (3) to revitalize native ethics and morality. (4) to rebuild the self-confidence of the people. (5) to realize harmony among all humanity. 5. Some points to note from the history textbooks of the two countries are as follows: A. Form (1) size and length of textbooks (2) editorial system of chapters, sections and sub-sections (3) other mechanical and physical factors B. Contents (1) division between periods (2) selection of contents(lack of bias, level and soundness) (3) selection of Chinese characters and prose style (4) usages of names of persons and places (5) others a. explanation on culture b. adequacy of captions for chapters and sections c. role of minority races d. use of maps, figures and pictures e. use of foreign languages 6. Two history textbooks with different treatment and implications on the theme of one nation and one people should be adjusted in the light of the progress of the times and for the greater good. Therefore, the need for systematic and continuous studies on the history textbooks in use by the three North east Asian countries(Korea, China, Japan) is absolutely essential.

Quantitative in‐line monitoring of solvent‐mediated polymorphic transformation of sulfamerazine by near‐infrared spectroscopy

Lee, Min‐,Jeong,Seo, Da‐,Young,Wang, In‐,Chun,Chun, Nan‐,Hee,Lee, Hea‐,Eun,Jeong, Myung‐,Yung,Kim, Woo‐,Sik,Choi, Guang J. Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2012 journal of pharmaceutical sciences Vol.101 No.4

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>The in‐line monitoring of pharmaceutical processes with high risk, such as crystallization, has been one of the most popular research topics in recent years. Sulfamerazine (SMZ), a well‐known sulfonamide antibacterial agent was investigated to examine the mechanism of polymorphic conversion by solvent‐mediated polymorphic transformation (SMPT). The primary purpose of this study is to monitor the polymorphic transformation through in‐line near‐infrared (NIR) measurements and concurrently interpret the whole process quantitatively with off‐line characterizations. Samples taken at every hour during SMPT were analyzed by X‐ray diffractometry (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). NIR spectra in the range of 7500–4900 cm<SUP>−1</SUP> were taken into account for multivariate analysis, which included partial least square (PLS) regression and principal component analysis (PCA). In brief, the form II content was estimated very accurately and reproducibly during the SMPT process not only by XRD but also by the DSC measurements. In addition, the form II content values were predicted very accurately by separate experiments at two designated time points. In a separate study, it was demonstrated that PCA could be employed to explain a complicated process such as SMPT mechanistically by several stages. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 101:1578–1586, 2012</P>

Is renal replacement therapy necessary in deceased donor liver transplantation candidates with hepatorenal syndrome?: a 2-year experience at a high-volume center

Gil-Chun Park,Shin Hwang,Dong-Hwan Jung,Gi-Won Song,Chul-Soo Ahn,Ki-Hun Kim,Deok-Bog Moon,Tae-Yong Ha,Young-In Yoon,Hui-Dong Cho,Jae-Hyun Kwon,Yong-Kyu Chung,Sang-Hyun Kang,I-Ji Jung,Jin Uk Choi,Sung- 대한외과학회 2020 Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research(ASRT) Vol.98 No.2

Purpose: Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a fatal complication in patients with end-stage liver disease awaiting liver transplantation (LT). HRS often develops in patients with high model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score. This study investigated the outcomes of peritransplant management of HRS in a high-volume LT center in Korea for 2 years. Methods: A total of 157 recipients that deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) from January 2017 to December 2018 were included. In-hospital mortality (IHM) was analyzed in relation to pre- and posttransplant application of renal replacement therapy (RRT). Results: Primary diagnoses for DDLT were alcoholic liver disease (n = 61), HBV-associated liver cirrhosis (n = 48), retransplantation for chronic graft failure (n = 24), and others (n = 24). Mean MELD score was 34.6 ± 6.2 with 72 patients at Korean Network for Organ Sharing MELD status 2 (45.9%), 43 at status 3 (27.4%), 36 at status 4 (22.9%), and 6 at status 5 (3.8%). Pretransplant RRT was performed in 16 patients (10.2%) that did not show IHM. Posttransplant RRT was performed in 69 patients (44.0%), for whom IHM incidence was 15.9%. In 53 patients that had undergone de novo posttransplant RRT, IHM incidence increased to 20.8%. IHM in the 88 patients not requiring RRT was 2.3%. Conclusion: The majority of adult DDLT recipients in Korean MELD score-based allocation system have very high MELD scores, which is often associated with HRS. Pretransplant RRT appears to improve posttransplant survival outcomes. We thereby recommend that, if indicated, pretransplant RRT be performed while awaiting DDLT.

월성원자력발전소 주변의 삼림식생 분석

이호준,김인택,정흥락,전영문,윤영진,임웅규 建國大學校基礎科學硏究所 1996 理學論集 Vol.21 No.-

월성원자력발전소 주변의 삼림식생을 분석하기 위하여 1994년 4월부터 1994년 10월까지 식물사회학적 조사를 실시하였다. 또한 상관에 의해 현존식생도 및 녹지자연도를 작성하였으며, 순 1차 생산력과 식물현존량도 추정하였다. 군집조성표에 의한 삼림군락은 소나무군락, 곰솔군락, 굴참나무군락, 상수리 나무군락의 4군락으로 구분되었다. 각 군락의 주요 구성종으로는 소나무군락에서 소나무, 졸참나무, 털진달래, 맑은대쑥, 산거울, 곰솔군락에서 곰솔, 소나무, 진달래, 청미래덩굴, 굴참나무군락에서 굴참나무, 조록싸리, 큰기름새, 맑은대쑥, 댕댕이덩굴, 상수리나무군락에서 상수리나무, 갈참나무, 큼기름새, 그늘사초, 맑은대쑥 등이다. 현존식생도에 의한 삼림군락의 분포율은 곰솔군락이 40.3%로 가장 높고, 녹지자연도는 7등급이 60.0%로 가장 넓은 분포율을 보였다. 삼림토양의 pH는 4.45∼5.32, 유기물함량은 5.61∼6.34%의 범위로 나타났다. Montreal model에 의한 순 1차 생산력은 1,555.2g/㎡/yr, 식물현존량은 14,963.32ton/㎢로 추정되었다 The forest vegetation, estimation of phytomass and net primary production on the vicinity of Wolsong Atomic Power Plant were analyzed on the basis of the phytosociological data. And depending on physiognomy, actual vegetation map and the degree of green naturality(DGN) was drawn in 1:50,000 scale. According to Z-M method, the forest vegetation was classified into 4 communities; A. Pinus densiflora community, B. Pinus thunbergii community, C. Quercus variabilis community, D. Quercus acutissima community. Generally, Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, in tree-1 layer, Quercus acutissima, Quercus variabilis, in tree-2 layer, Rhodedendron mucronulatum, Quercus serrate, in shrub layer, Artemisia keiskeana, Carex humilis, in herb layer, showed high coverage index. The pH and contents of organic matter of the forest soil collected in each sites were shown range of 4.45 to 5.32 and 5.61% to 6.34% in mean of communities respectively. The distribution rate in actual vegetation map were the highest in Pinus thunbergii community. The average DGN showed to 5.1. Net primary production and phytomass per unit area which estimated by Montreal model were assumed in 1,555.2g/㎡/yr, 14,963.32ton/㎢, respectively.

한국인 당뇨병 및 비당뇨병 환자에서의 뇌혈관 질환 유무에 따른 PAI-1 촉진자 유전자형과 인슐린저항성에 관한 연구

오승준,김영설,박철영,김덕윤,김성운,양인명,김진우,최영길,팽정령,정경천 대한비만학회 2000 The Korean journal of obesity Vol.9 No.2

연구배경 : 혈전현상을 특징으로 하는 질환에서는 Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) 이 높은 활성도를 보이는데, PAI-1 치는 당뇨병, 심근경색증, 비만 등에서 높다고 밝혀진 바 있다. 또한 당뇨병 환자들의 합병증의 주요한 병인은 죽상경화증으로 혈전현상이 특징인 질환에서 증가하는 PAI-1이 당뇨병 환자에서 높다. 목적 : 정상인에서의 PAI-1 유전자 촉진자의 유전자형의 분포 및 혈액농도를 관찰하고, 당뇨병 및 뇌혈관 질환 환자군에서의 PAI-1 유전자 촉진자 유전자형의 분포 및 혈액농도를 측정하여 정상인과 차이점을 알아본다. 당뇨병 환자군에서의 혈장 PAI-1 치와 인슐린 저항성, 전구 인슐린 등과의 상관관계를 살펴보고, 인슐린저항성과 대혈관질환의 지표로 사용될 수 있는지 알아보았다. 방법 : 대상으로는 정상인 76명, 제2형 당뇨병 환자 56명, 뇌혈관질환이 동반된 제2형 당뇨병 환자 48명, 뇌혈관질환 환자 51명을 선택하여, 환자의 혈액에서 인슐린, 공복시 혈당, 전구인슐린, 중성지방, 총콜레스테롤 및 기타 생화학 검사 및 이학적 검사를 시행하였다. 환자의 DNA를 채취하여 전사개시 -675bp를 포함하는 대립형질 특이 시발체를 사용하여 중합효소 연쇄 반응을 실시하여, 그 유전자형을 판독하였다. 결과 : 정상 대조군 76명 (46.4±11.1세), 2형 당뇨병 환자 56명 (58.3±12.6세), 뇌경색증 환자 51명 (63.1±13.2세) 대상으로 하였다. PAI-1 촉진자 유전자형의 (4G/4G, 4G/5G, 5G/5G)빈도는 정상 대조군이 각각 23.7%, 75.0%, 1.3%, 뇌경색 환자군이 19.6%, 66.7%, 13.7%, 뇌경색이 동반된 당뇨병 환자군이 33.3%, 58.3%, 8.3% 였다. (X2=12.6, p=0.05). 이러한 사실은 서구인에 비해 4G/4G, 5G/5G 동형 유전자형이 낮은 결과였다. 각 군별 혈장 PAI-1 농도는 정상 대조군 13.4, 1.8 ~ 65.2 ng/mL (중앙값 , 범위 ) 2형 당뇨병 환자군 14.4, 2.9 ~ 47.8 ng/mL, 뇌경색 환자군 21.9, 6.2 ~ 154.7 ng/mL , 뇌경색이 동반된 2형 당뇨병 환자군 28.8, 3.2 ~ 139.3 ng/mL 로 차이를 보였다 (p=0.000). 전체 대상에서 PAI-1 촉진자 부위의 유전자형에 따른 PAI-1 활성도와 항원 농도는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 PAI-1 활성도는 혈중 중성지방, 전구인슐린, 체질량지수와 독립적인 상관관계를 보였다 (p=0.000, p=0.000 and p=0.005). 결론 : 결론적으로 PAI-1 촉진자 부위의 유전자형은 뇌경색증의 지표는 아니며, PAI-1 활성도를 결정짓는 인자는 유전적 요인보다는 혈중 중성지방, 전구 인슐린, 체질량지수와 같은 대사적 요인으로 생각된다. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is known be related to insulin resistance and several components of the large vascular disease. Notably, the high frequencies of diseases such as coronary heart disease or stroke are related to type 2 diabetes complications. We studied to find out whether the PAI-1 promother genotype could be a marker for cerebral infarction in type 2 patients. Subject patients were; 56 type 2 diabetics (age 58.3±12.6), 51 patients with cerebral infarction (age 63.1±13.2), 48 type 2 diabetics with cerebral infarction (age 64.8±9.3) , and 76 healthy control (age 46.4±11.1). The 4G/5G genotype of PAI-1 promoter was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction and endonuclease digestion. PAI-1 promoter genotype frequency (4G/4G, 4G/5G, 5G/5G) was 23.7%, 75.0% and 1.3% in healthy control, 17.9%, 67.9% and 14.3% in type 2 diabetes patients, 19.6%, 66.7% and 13.7% in cerebral infarction patients, 33.3%, 58.3% and 8.3% in type 2 diabetics with cerebral infarction (X^2=12.6, p=0.05). This finding is lower in frequency of 5G/5G homozygote than that reported in Caucasians. The plasma PAI-1 concentrations according to the disease were 13.4, 1.8 ~ 65.2 ng/mL (median, range) for healthy control, 14.4, 2.9 ~ 47.8 ng/mL for type 2 diabetes, 21.9 6.2 ~ 154.7 ng/mL for cerebral infarction , and 28.8, 3.2 ~ 139.3 ng/mL, for cerebral infarction with type 2 diabetes (p=0.000). In the all subjects, PAI-1 concentration and activity of PAI-1 promoter genotype did not show any significant difference. However, the PAI-1 activity was independently associated with serum triglyceride level, plasma proinsulin and BMI (p=0.000, p=0.000 and p=0.005 respectively). We concluded that PAI-1 genotype is not a marker for the cerebral infarction ; however, the genotype is related to PAI-1 concentration , and therefore it seems to be that metabolic factors such as triglyceride level or plasma proinsulin or BMI are more in relations with determining the PAI-1 concentration than the genotype.