北韓의 行政體系의 變化에 관한 硏究

李聖九,張基秀 弘益大學校 1987 弘大論叢 Vol.19 No.1

The major traits of the North Korean administrative organization can be listed as follows. To begin with, its power structure consists of dualistic system-the Party and the governmental organ. The organic interrelatedness between the Party and the governmental organ has always been strongly stressed. And the organic interrelatedness between them is considered, can most successfully be realized only though the merging of both heads of the party and the government into one. The control of administration by the Party is most complete. And in order to secure the control, the governing power of the administrative organs stems directly from the Party. The administrative system of North Korea has undergone reorganizations as many as eight times since its establishment. The reorganizations of the governmental organ, however, have all been carried out in order to suit and satisfy the aims solely of Kim Il-Sung. Another aspect to be noted is that the first revolutionary generation is lagely replaced by the younger generation comprising bureaucrats of either the Party or the government. As a result, the general trend is toward 'bureaucratization' or the progressive transformation of politics into administration. In terms of organizational change in the North Korea's governmental structure, the lack of efficiency, specialization, effectivity in its structures is noticeable. To make up for these weakness, the decentralization and autonomy of its structure is urgently called for-at least in the substructures beneath the State Cabinet. What obstructs the way, however, (the State Council) is the ever present necessity of strong control over the governmental bodies in order to secure its stability, for the long-drawn-out Kim Il-Sung regime has of necessity raised such harassing problems as the threatening signs of seditions and as the undermining counter-effects. This is the serious dilemma in which the North Korean government finds itself.

생약제제인 이공산(異功散)의 Cisplatin 유도 신장독성 보호 및 항산화 효과

Lee, Kyung-Tae,Ahn, Kyoo-Seok,Chang, Sung-Goo,Oh, Soo-Myung,Jung, Jee-Chang 경희대학교 동서의학연구소 1999 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON EAST-WEST MEDICINE Vol.1999 No.1

Kyung-Tae Lee, Kyoo-Seok Ahn¹, Sung-Goo Chang², Soo-Myung Oh²and Jee-Chang Jung²¹College of Pharmacy, ²Oriental Medicine and ³College of Medicine, and East-West Medical Reserch Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea. Preventive and Antioxidative Effects of Crude Drug Preparation(E-kong-san) on Cisplatin Induced Nephrotoxicity. Proceedings of International Symposium on East-West Medicine, Seoul. 201-211, 1999. -Nephroprotective effects of a crude drug-prearation (E-kong-san) were determined from cisplatin on rabbit kidney proximal tubule and human renal cortical cells by MTT assays and sustained glucose consumption on ciplatin-induced human renal cortical tissue. Levels of creatinine and blood ure nitrogen(BUN) in serum after administration of cisplatin(0.75mg/kg,i.p.) to E-kong-san(0.75g/kg/day,p.o.)-pretreated rats were markedly lower compared to those of cisplatin-treated rats. Moreover, the administration of E-kong-san significantly inhibited the loss of body weight of cisplatin injected rts. These findings suggest that E-kong-san on the cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity led us to investigate whether the effect of this water extract was a result of anti-oxidation. E-kong-san showed strong free radical scavenger activities on 1,1-dipheny1-2picrylhydrazil(DPPH) radical and xanthine/xanthine oxidase(XOD) generated superoxide anion radical(O2-). We further studied the effects of E-kong-san on lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes induced by enzymatic and nonenzymatic methods. E-kong-san exhibited significant inhibition on both ascorbic acid/Fe2+and ADP/NADPH/Fe3+ induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes. Based on these results, we suggest that-E-kong-san attenuate the cisplatin induced cytotoxicity and its mechanism can be eplained by antioxidant.

PET/CT 검사에서 환자체형에 따른 적정검사 프로토콜에 관한 고찰

조석원,함준철,강천구,반영각,이승재,임한상,이창호,박훈희,Cho, Seok Won,Ham, Joon-Chul,Kang, Chun Goo,Bahn, Young Kag,Lee, Seung Jae,Lim, Han Sang,Lee, Chang-Ho,Park, Hoon-Hee 대한핵의학기술학회 2013 핵의학 기술 Vol.17 No.2

Purpose: Whole-body PET using radiopharmaceutical is one of the imaging study methods for physiological changes of body. High specificity of the PET-CT examination is used to detect an early stages of cancer and metastatic cancer by imaging a physiological changes. During the imaging process, PET image has been characterized by a relatively low image quality due to its low sensitivity and the acquisition of random and scatter coincidences as well as patients figure. Therefore, the image quality as the changes of the acquisition times of patient weight was evaluated in this study. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients who presented to our hospital were enrolled. They were divided to normal, overweight, and obese group using BMI index, respectively. The patients with a liver disease and diabetes were excluded. $^{18}F-FDG$ was administered to the patients as 5.2 MBq per kg. After an hour from an injection, image acquisition was obtained as List mode in a part of liver in 1 bed. SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) of each groups acquisition times were confirmed from the calculated radiation counts and random fractions. The statistical significance of three groups was confirmed through one-way ANOVA test. On the basis of the counts of 2 minutes on normal group, the SNR of overweight group and obese group were compared. Results: The SNR were increased with loger aquisition time in 3 groups. In the condition of same acquisition time, the SNR had a statistical significance (P<0.05). The SNR were decreased to the normal, overweight, and obese, respectively. Liver activity had no significance difference on each group and RF had the significance differences (P<0.05). On the basis of the counts of 2 minutes on normal group, there were no statistical significance in a three minute acquisitions of overweight group and two minute acquisitions of obese group (P=0.150). Conclusion: In this study, the administrated amount of radiation dose did not adjust as the change of the patients weight. Increasing the acquisition time when the administration of the same amount of dose was able to get a good result of SNR. When the Based 2 minute on normal group, if overweight and obese case the increased acquisition time of 3 minute was able to obtain a similar SNR. On the basis of the normal group, the acquisition times of overweight and obese group were increased to 3 minutes per bed and the SNR were similar to the normal group.

Titanium과 Cobalt Silicide에 관한 연구

장의구,김상용 중앙대학교 기술과학연구소 1989 기술과학연구소 논문집 Vol.19 No.-

A composite polycide structure consisting of referactory metal and noble metal silicide film on top of polysilicon has been considered as a replacement for polysilicon as a gate electrode and interconnect line in MOSFET integrated circuits. In this paper presents divice characteristics of MOS with ?? polycide and ?? polycide gate. Also, evaporated Ti, Co films on polysilicon has been annealed by RTA and furnace annealing in N(??) ambient at ternperature of 400℃-1000℃. The Ti-, Co-silicide formation is characterized by 4-point probe, silicide growth rate and its reproductivity has been examined by SEM.

전립선 비대증의 약물요법

장성구 대한의사협회 2004 대한의사협회지 Vol.47 No.2

Quinolone 항균제의 임상약리

신상구,최강원,장우현 대한화학요법학회 1988 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.6 No.2

4-quinolone 항균제는 chloroquine 정제 과정에서 처음 발견되었으며, 1963년 nalidixic acid가 처음 임상적으로 사용되었고, 이후 많은 4-oxoquninolin-3-carboxylic acid derivative가 합성되어 임상적으로 이용되었다(1st generation compounds; nalidixic acid, cinoxacin, oxolinic acid). 그러나 이러한 제 1세대 quinolone 제제는 좁은 항균 spectrum을 지녔으며 invitro, in vivo에서 저항균주의 출현이 흔하고, 약동학적(pharmacokinetic) 성상에 있어 경구 투여후 혈장단백 결합율을 높고 체내소실이 매우 빠른 단점으로 전신 감염증 치료에 있어 MIC 이상의 혈장농도 유지가 어려운 점 등으로 단지 뇨로감염증의 치료에 국한 될 수밖에 없었다. 이후 1970년경에 제 1세대의 항균 spectrum을 넓힌 제 2세대 quinolone derivatives(pipemidic acid,flumequin)가 개발되었고, 이들의 특성은 Pseudo monas aeroginosa에 활성을 보이며 일부 enterobacteria 및 Mycoplasma, Chlamydae, Neisseria 및 Acinobacter에 제 1세대보다 더 강력한 항균력을 보인다. 그러나, 이들 제 2세대 역시 타 기존항균제에 비한 장점이 적고 이들의 약동학적 특성등으로 제 1세대와 마찬가지로 뇨로감염증 치료제로서의 이용가치 이상이 부여될 수 없었다. 그러나 제 2세대 중의 fluorinated quinolone인 flumequine이 보인 staphylococci 및 edterobacteria 등에 대한 항균력은 제 3세대의 fluorinated quin-olone derivatives의 장을 열게 하는데 중요 역할을 하게 되었고 근자에 개발된 제 3세대 quinolone 제제들은 전신감염증 치료제로서 적합한 약동학적 성상을 지녀 기존의 new-beta lactams제와 더불어 전신 감염증의 주요 치료약물로 대두될 단계에 이르렀다. 따라서, 본 종설에서는 이들 quinolone 제제중, 특히 제 3세대 quinolone 항균제들의 작용기전 및 항균력, 약동학적 특성 및 임상효과등에 대해 논하고자 하며, quinolone 제제에 대한 국내 연구결과를 소개하고자 한다.

기능성 소화불량증환자에서 Winstal® 투여에 관한 임상경험

이창형,김영탁,금민수,권중구,안병철,윤영미,권영오,김성국,최용환,정준모 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1994 慶北醫大誌 Vol.35 No.3

목적 : 기능성 소화불량증은 소화, 흡수등 장관의 기능적인 이상과 관련되어 있을 것으로 생각되며 복합소화효소제(Winstal®)를 투여하여 그 임상효과를 평가하고자 본 연구를 실시하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 1994년 3월 부터 6월까지 경북대학교병원 내과를 방문한 기능성 소화불량증을 호소하는 환자 20명을 대상으로 Winstal®을 1회 1정씩, 1일 3회 식후 30분내에 경구로 2주간 투여하였다. 결과 : 소화불량증의 증상은 복부불쾌감, 복부팽만감, 식욕부진 및 오심, 복부동통, 공기연하증, 고창 및 구토순이었으며, 증상의 개선은 복부불쾌감이 76.4%(13/17)로 가장 높았으며, 그 다음으로 복부팽만감 및 공기연하증이 66.5%(10/15, 6/9)이었고, 오심 61.5%(8/13), 식욕부진 53.8%(7/13), 복부동통 41.6%(5/12), 고창 37.5%(3/8)이었다. 각 환자별 종합적인 증상의 개선도는 현저한 개선이 2예(10%), 중등도 개선이 3예(15%), 약간개선이 11예(55%), 불변이 4예(20%)이었으며 종합적인 유효율은 80%(16/20)이었다. 부작용은 한 예에서도 관찰되지 않았다. 결론 : 본 제제는 기능성 소화불량증 환자의 증상개선에 추천할 만한 유효한 약제로 생각된다. Dyspepsia is a common symptom in gastroenterologic practice and trigger for numerous consultations with physician. The treatment of chronic functional dyspesia is unsatisfactory. This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of the digestive compound (Winstal®) on 20 functional dyspepsia patients. On open trial, all patients were given 6 tablets daily for 2 weeks and we evaluated the efficacy of this preparation according to the degree of the improvement. The improvement of symptoms was 76.4%(13/17) in abdominal discomfort, 66.5%(10/15, 6/9) in abdominal distension and aerophagia, 61.5%(8/13) in nausea, 53.8%(7/13) in abdominal pain, and 37.5% (5/12) in flatulence, respectively. Overall effectiveness of subjective symptoms was 80% (16/20) and there were no untoward effects of the preparations during this study. As a result, We think that this preparation is an effective one to relieve symptoms of functional dyspepsia.

초음파 센서 및 음성인식 기반 자율주행로봇의 지능제어에 관한 연구

한성현,김윤구,Le Xuan Thu,신행봉,조창제 한국공작기계학회 2006 한국공작기계학회 추계학술대회논문집 Vol.2006 No.-

In this paper, it is presented a new approach to the design of intelligent control system of a autonomous robot with two drive wheel. The proposed control scheme uses a Gaussian function as a unit function in the fuzzy neural network, and back propagation algorithm to train the fuzzy neural network controller in the framework of the specialized learning architecture. It is proposed a learning controller consisting of two neural network-fuzzy based on independent reasoning and a connection net with fixed weights to simply the neural networks-fuzzy. The performance of the proposed controller is shown by performing the computer simulation for trajectory tracking of the speed and azimuth of a mobile robot driven by two independent wheels.

유전자 알고리즘에 의한 모발로봇의 자세/위치 제어

한성현,이우송,김윤구,김홍래,조창제 한국공작기계학회 2006 한국공작기계학회 추계학술대회논문집 Vol.2006 No.-

This paper proposed trajectory tracking control of Mobile Robot. Trajectory tracking control scheme are Real coding Genetic-Algorithm and Back-propergation Algorithm. Control scheme ability experience is proposed by simulation.

전립선암 환자의 질병 상태에 따른 혈중 PSA의 변화

우원희,장성구 大韓泌尿器科學會 1998 Korean Journal of Urology Vol.39 No.6