Piaget의 包含關係와 數保存法則에 대한 再考

서성보 부산교육대학교 과학교육연구소 1997 科學敎育硏究 Vol.22 No.-

For some time now. Swiss biologist and epistemologist Jean Piaget(1896∼1980) has been regarded as one of the leading authorities on the question of how children learn mathematics. This position is well justified, as he has given us many important insights into young children's understanding of mathematical concepts. In recent years, however, several aspects of Piaget's theory - including those concerned with children's early understanding of number - have received serious criticism from psychologists in both Britain and America. In particular, two of the tasks which Piaget used to study the transition from pre-operational to concrete operational thinking are concerned explicitly with number. These two tasks - of class-inclusion and number-conservation - not only are of central importance to Piaget's views on early mathematics education, but also have become the focus of much recent criticism. For both these reasons they are worth looking at in detail. The class-inclusion problem is intended to be a test of the child's ability to compare a set with a subset of itself - or a whole with a part of that whole. In a typical version of the problem the child is presented with a collection of wooden beads, most of which are black but some of which are white. The child is asked: 'Are there more black beads or wooden beads?' Piaget found that children aged 6 years or under generally reply to this question that there are more black beads. They appear to be comparing, not part with whole, but one of the parts with the other. The second task which is crucial to Piaget's account of early mathematical thinking concerns the conservation of number. In a typical version of the standard number-conservation task the child is first shown two rows of counters. Usually these rows contain correspondence, that is, the same number of counters are placed in one-to-one. One row of counters is now displaced so that the two rows are no longer of the same length, but the overall number of counters in each row remains the same. The adult now repeats the original question, asking the there are the same number of counters in each row. If the child still agrees that the two rows contain the same number, then the child is said to have 'conserved' number. Otherwise, the child is said to be a 'non-conserver'. Piaget's views on education embody admirable general principles about the need for children to understand what they are learning in their own terms. However, his theory has come in for some more serious criticisms: it is claimed that he has underestimated young children's abilities, that he has ignored the context in which thinking takes place and that his views on education, while attractive, are not relevant to understanding the difficulties which children experience in learning school mathematics. These criticisms of Piaget not only suggest that a fresh approach is necessary, but also give us some clues as to where to start. Finally, they also suggest we should move away from the traditional Piagetian rasks of class- inclusion and conservation, and look instead at abilities which are more closely related to the kind of mathematics children learn in school. If we can get a clearer picture of what children actually know about number when they first come to school, we should be one step nearer to understanding what is subsequently going wrong.

네모나프라이드의 유효성 및 추체외로 부작용 : Haloperidol 및 Risperidone과의 자연관찰적 개방형 비교연구 A Naturalistic Open Comparative Study with Haloperidol and Risperidone

서영수,김용관,신동환,공보금,이정구,박정환,윤성환,정치영,이상경,김영훈 대한생물치료정신의학회 2001 생물치료정신의학 Vol.7 No.2

Objectives : This open prospective study was performed in order to evaluate the efficacy and extrapyramidal adverse effects of nemonapride in the schizophrenic patients, and was compared wit one of typical antipshchotics. haloperidol and one of atypical antipsychotics, risperidone. Methods : Thirty male and female schizophrenic patients(DSM-Ⅳ) were treated for 12 weeks with haloperidol(n=10), risperidone(n=10) and nemonapride(n=10). The overall efficacy was assessed at baseline, 1st week, 2nd week, 4th week, 8th week, and 12th week by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for Schizophrenia(PANSS). Also the overall safety was assessed in the same time period by the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale(ESRS). Results : There were no significant differences in PANSS scores(total, positive, negative, and general psycho­pathology subscale) among haloperidol, risperidone, and nemonapride groups, Treatment responders, defined as at least 20% reduction of baseline total PANSS score, were achieved by 8 patients(80%) in haloperidol group, 10 patients(100%) in risperidone group, and 8 patients(80%) in nemonapride group. And there were no significant differences in ESRS total scores among haloperidol, risperidone, and nemonapride group. Inter-group comparison among haloperidol, risperidone and nemonapride group, as assessed by the ESRS, revealed no significant differences in the shifts to the maximum score, 9.4(±9.4), 6.2(±8.4), and 11.3(±8.1) respectively, and also revealed no significant differences in the mean time reaching the maximum score, 4.5(±4.5) week, 7.8(±4.8) week, and 4.6(±4.4) week, respectivily. Conclusion : There wee no significant differences in the efficacy and extrapyramidal adverse effects among haloperidal, rispecridone and nemonapride groups. These results suggest that nemonapride was as efficacious and safe in he treatment of schizophrenia, as well known and widely used antipsychotics, haloperidol and risperidone.

혈관신경성부종의 문헌적 고찰 및 증례 보고

서보영,임재석,김 온,김성문 大韓顎顔面成形外科學會 1989 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.11 No.1

Angioneurotic edema is rarely seen in dental practice and manifested by acute attacks of swelling of the extremities, face, airway, or abdominal visera, occuring spontaneously and suddenly or secondary to trauma. Two types are recognized : hereditary and nonhereditary. Prophylatic therapy may be used by fresh frozen plasma or antifibrinolytic agents in hereditary type. Good supportive care for acute attacks, together with a knowledge of course of the disease, can prevent asphyxiation from airway obstruction. A case of acute angioneurotic edema of the facial area in a 19-year-old man is presented in conjunction with a review of the literature. Angioneurotic edema attacks him acutely after the extraction of the lower, right 3rd molar.

미세알부민뇨를 동반한 인슐린 비의존성 당뇨병 환자에서 혈장 Endothelin의 변화

서예경,정상원,남직화,신병호,전종민,김정국,김동희,하승우,김보완 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1996 慶北醫大誌 Vol.37 No.3

목적 : 혈관내피세포에서 생성되는 endothelin(ET)는 강력한 혈관수축작용을 가진 펩타이드로 당뇨병 환자에서 혈관내피세포의 손상여부에 따라 혈중 농도가 증가할 수 있으며 혈관합병증과 관련이 있다는 보고가 있다. 그러나. 혈중 ET치의 상승과 당뇨병성 합병증의 상관성에 대해서는 논란이 많다. 이에 저자들은 인슐린 비의존성 당뇨병 환자에서 미세알부민뇨의 동반유무에 따른 혈중 ET치의 변화 및 혈장 ET치와 요중 알부민 배설률과의 상관성을 검토하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 인슐린 비의존성 당뇨병 환자중 미세알부민뇨를 보인 22명과 정상알부민뇨를 보인 43명을 대상으로 하였으며 혈장 ET를 측정하여 요중 알부민 배설률, 당뇨병성 망막증 및 당뇨병 관련인자들과의 관계를 비교하였다. 결과 : 당뇨병성 망막증이 합병된 군에서 망막증이 합병되지 않은 군에 비하여 혈장 ET치가 유의하게 높았던 반면 (각각 1.9±0.66, 1.5±0.76pg/㎖, p<0.05) 미세알부민뇨를 보인 군과 정상알부민뇨를 보인 군사이에 혈장 ET치는 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다(각각 1.9±1.14, 1.7±0.69pg/㎖). 또한 요중 알부민 배설률과 혈장 ET치 사이에 유의한 상관관계는 없었으며 미세알부민뇨를 동반한 인슐린 비의존성 당뇨병 환자군에서 혈장 ET치는 당뇨병의 관련인자들과도 유의한 상관관계가 없었다. 결론 : 인슐린 비의존 당뇨병 환자에서 혈장 ET치가 초기 당뇨병성 신증의 합병여부나 미세알부민뇨의 정도를 반영하기는 어려울 것임을 시사한다. Background : Endothelin(ET), a potent vasoconstritor peptide released from vascular endothelial cells, is known to be increased in diabetic patients with vascular damage and related with diabetic angiopathy. However, whether plasma ET levels may be related to diabetic complications is controversial. We studied the change of ET levels in non-insulin dependent diabetics with microalbuminuria and relation between ET and urinary albumin excretion rate. Methods : Plasma ET levels of 22 non-insulin dependent diabetics with microalbuminuria and 43 patients with normoalbuminuria were measured and relations of plasma ET to diabetic complications such as urinary albumin excretion rate, retinopathy and other associated factors were studied. Results : Plasma ET levels were significantly higher in patients with diabetic retinopathy than those without retinopathy(1.9 ± 0.66 vs 1.5 ± 0.76 pg/㎖. p<0.05). The difference, however, between diabetics with and without microalbuminuria was not significant(1.9 ± 1.14 vs 1.7 ± 0.69 pg/㎖). There were no correlations of plasma ET to urinary albumin excretion rate and to the other associated factors in non-insulin dependent diabetics. Conclusion : These results suggest that plasma ET levels may not seem to act as a predictor of diabetic nephropathy or microalbuminuria in non-insulin dependent diabetics.

열린 교육의 관점에서 본 영국 초등수학 교과서의 분석 연구

서성보,박성택 부산교육대학교 초등교육연구소 1997 초등교육연구 Vol.11 No.-

We can explain open education by means of pulling down the straight and narrow viewpoint of our educational system. We should incorporate various thoughts and attempts to the most practical educational classrooms and learn to cope flexibly with the several educational problems. On the other hand, Britain for the last fifty years have adapted progressive method in most schools, but with no visible results. The children's fundamental mathematical abilities have not increased. Therefore, mathematical educators in U.S. and Britain proposed the following three facts: First, we need to find out precisely what is involved in applying mathematical skill to practical situations. Secondly, we need to find out why this kind of mathematical understanding is so difficult for so many children. And, finally, we need to know what methods can be used to help children attain this wider mathematical understanding. Thus, we have analyzed and studied the British primary mathematics textbooks <stage 1>, <stage 3>, <stage 4> and <stage 5> from the open educational viewpoint and the above proposals. As result, a central point was that British have well incorporated into their primary mathematics textbooks with the variety of programs using everyday problems.

부산지역 국지기후의 특성분석

김유근,서태건,송상근,오인보 부산대학교 환경문제연구소 2002 環境硏究報 Vol.20 No.-

This study presented the specific analysis of meteorological factors to investigate local climate change of Busan and deduced the characteristics of meteorological elements such as monthly temperature, relative humidity, wind, and precipitation by the influence of urbanization and geographical features. This study used data obtained from Busan Regional Meteorological Office and Automatic Weather System (AWS) for the recent 30 years (1971 to 2000). In analyzing meteorological elements, air temperature, precipitation and hours sunshine show a slightly increasing trend, and wind speed, relative humidity, cloud amount, and radiation show a decreasing trend. A special point is that increasing radio of maximum temperature is higher than that of minimum temperature, then the daily range of temperature is gradually increasing. In addition, the characteristics of local climate vary as each area in Busan. At Seomyeon and Dongnae area which are located at the center of Busan, heat island phenomena occurred over all seasons, especially its intensity is the strongest in August. The annual precipitation is highest at Youngdo, Daecheongdong, Ilgwang which are located at the seaside. Wind velocity is relatively strong at the southern seaside.

미생물을 이용한 페놀 폐수지처리에 관한 연구

박상헌,심학보,이수구,서성조 서울산업대학교 산업대학원 1992 大學院論文集 Vol.1 No.1

본 연구는 혼합 미생물을 이용한 페놀 함유폐수의 생물학적 처리에 관한 연구로서, 높은 페놀 농도에서의 이를 분해시킬 수 있는 균주를 개발하고 페널 함유폐수의 효과적인 처리를 위한 실험연구이다. 각종 공장폐수, 슬러지, 토양 등 40여종의 시료로부터 페놀 분해균을 선별하였으며, 페놀농도를 단계적으로 높여 미생물을 적응시킨 결과, 페놀농도 1,000ppm의 높은 농도에서도 잘 증식하며 페놀을 효과적으로 분해시킬 수 있었다. 혼합 미생물을 분리 동정한 결과, 우점종은Pseudomonas PI인 것으로 나타났다. 회분식 실험에서 초기 페놀농도, 균체량 및 glucose 농도 등을 변수로 실험하였느데, 페놀 분해속도는 시간에 따라 증가함을 나타내었다. 또한 페놀이 완전 제거되는데 소요되는 시간은 초기 페놀 농도에 비례하였으며, 균체 주입량에 다른 초기 MLSS농도의 대수식으로 나타낼 수 있었다. 연속식 활성 슬러지법에 의한 실험에 있어서, 본 실험조건에서 페놀이 완전 제거되는데 필요한 반응기내의 체류시간은 유입 페놀농도 500ppm인 경우 20시간이 소요되는 것으로 나타났다. This investigation was carried out to study the biodegradation of phenol in wastewater using mixed microorganisms. The mixed clutures of phenol degrading microorganisms were selected from various sources such as industrial wastewaters, sludges and soils. The mixed cultures could be adapted to high concentration of phenol by increasing the phenol concentration step by step. The phenol was degraded easily even up to 1,000ppm of phenol using these microorganisms. The predominant bacteria was isolated and characterized as Pseudomonas PI. In a batch system, the removal rate of phenol increased with time due to the lag time of microorganism adapation. The duration time during which phenol could be completely removed was linearly proportional to the initial phenol concentration. And the duration time(td) could be expressed as a funtion of logarithmic initial MLSS concentration(x) as follows. td=?? [8.68-In(x)] In a continuous system, the required residence time to remove phenol completely was found to be 20 hours and 35 hours 500 ppm and 800 ppm of influent phenol concentrations, respectively.

관상동맥 질환에서 SDF-1α의 농도

김보영,박용규,박형서,노상필,정승현,이유선,이정우,이재환,최시완,정진옥,성인환 충남대학교 의과대학 의학연구소 2003 충남의대잡지 Vol.30 No.1

Atherosclerosis is now viewed as an inflammatory disease of the vascular system. Expression of several chemokines, including monocyte chemoattractant protein(MCP)-1, MCP-4, RANTES(regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted), and interleukin-8(IL-8) are increased in human atherosclerotic plaques compared with normal vessels. They are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and plaque rupture by activating and directing leukocytes into the atherosclerotic lesions. However, some are involved in homeostatic functions such as normal leukocyte traffic and growth regulation. SDF-la is a multi-functional cytokine that is involved in myelogenesis, hematopoiesis, angiogenesis and injured gastric mucosal regeneration in the gastric ulcer patient. SDF-la is recently shown to be highly expressed in atherosclerotic plaques and a potent platelet agonist. At least in high concentrations, SDF-la may mediate antiinflammatory and matrix stabilizing effects in unstable angina. Many studies are going on to know the function of SDF-la in coronary artery diseases. I investigated the difference of the plasma level of SDF-la between control group and coronary artery disease group. Total 75 subjects were enrolled. The diagnosis of coronary artery disease was confirmed in all patients by coronary angiography. Control subjects in this study were confirmed normal by coronary angiography. Clinical profile and risk factors were also reviewed. Control subjects in this study were 27 (M=10, F=17). Plasma for the study was collected before the angiography and centrifuged. SDF-la analysis was performed by ELISA. Plasma level of SDF-la is significantly increased in patients with stable angina(n=20) and unstable angina group(n=28) compared with healthy control group(n=27). the risk factors do not influence the plasma level of SDF-la in coronary artery diseases. In this study, plasma level of SDF-la is increased in patients with stable angina and unstable angina groups compared with healthy control group(P<0.05). the risk factors do not influence the plasma level of SDF-la in coronary artery diseases.

활성탄을 이용한 낙동강 상수원수의 수처리 효과

임영성,강관호,이홍재,서동철,허종수,손보균,조주식 한국환경농학회 2002 한국환경농학회지 Vol.21 No.3

상수원수를 보다 효과적으로 처리함으로서 양질의 수돗물을 공급하기 위한 기초자료를 얻고자 낙동강 상수원수를 대상으로 활성탄처리에 의한 공탐체류시간 및 활성탄 여층 깊이에 따른 수처리 효율과 생물활성탄으로서의 이용 가능성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 공탑체류시간(EBCT)에 따른 수처리 효율은 EBCT가 증가할수록 증가되었으나 운전시간이 경과함에 따라 활성탄 흡착능력은 감소되어 처리효율도 서서히 감소하였다. 활성탄 여층깊이에 따른 pH 변화는 활성탄 층 깊이에 따라 거의 없었으며, D0는 활성탄 층 깊이가 깊을수록 서서히 감소하였다. KMnO^4 소비량, UV254 흡광물질 DOC 및 THMFP 처리효율은 활성만 표층으로부터 하부로 내려갈수록 증가하였으며, 운전시간이 경과할수록 활성탄 상층부에 형성되어 있던 흡착대파 하부로 이동하였다. DOC의 상당 부분이 활성탄여과지에 서식하는 미생물 작용에 의해 분해 제거되는 것으로 나타났으며, 운전개시 126일 후의 BAC에서 활성탄 표층으로 부터깊이 20 cm 부근에 미생물이 1.1*10^7 cell/cm^3 이상 존재하는 것으로 관찰되어 생물활성탄 조건을 만족시키고 있었다. This study was carried out to evaluate the pollutant removal efficiencies of the advanced drinking water treatment using mated carbon process. For raw water, Nakdong river was used. From the activated carbon adsorption experiment, the following results were obtained. The efficiency of water treatment enhanced with increase in empty bed contact time. Variation of pH was not detected to the bed depth, but DO content gradually decreased with the bed depth, Removal efficiency of KMnO₄ consumption, UV254 absorption, DOC and THMFP also were increased by increasing in the bed depth. Transition of adsorption zone from upper parts of the bed to the lower parts were detected as treatment periods increased. Large portion of DOCs were degraded and removed by the microbes growing on the surface of activated carbons. Cell numbers of microbes were estimated over 1.1 × 10 exp(7) cell/㎤ at the depth of 20 ㎝ from the surface 126 days after starting operation. The results shown that the activated carbon filter was successfully acted as a biofilm filter.

CT flouroscopy를 이용한 중재적 시술의 유용성

전혜정,박정희,서보경,박상우,신현준,최영철,한혜승,이창희 건국대학교 의과학연구소 2004 건국의과학학술지 Vol.14 No.-

Conventional CT-guided needle localization has been reported many times, but a few reports of interventional procedures by using multidetector CT scan with CT-fluoroscopy have been described. We presented 36 cases of CT-fluoroscopy guided interventional procedures focusing on the puncture technique. Two cases of small pneumothorax and one case of pulmonary hemorrhage out of 2lcases after lung biopsy, were not needed any treatments We can easily and accurately access to the lesion by using CT-fluoroscopy and unique our marker system.