한국인 직무 스트레스 측정도구의 개발 및 표준화

장세진,고상백,강동묵,김성아,강명근,이철갑,정진주,조정진,손미아,채창호,김정원,김정일,김형수,노상철,박재범,우종민,김수영,김정연,하미나,박정선,이경용,김형렬,공정옥,김인아,김정수,박준호,현숙정,손동국 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Background and Purposes: Over the past three decades, numerous studies performed in Korea have reported that job stress is a determinant risk factor for chronic diseases and work disability. Every society has its own culture and occupational climate particular to their organizations, and hence experiences different occupational stress. An occupational stress measurement tool therefore needs to be developed to estimate it objectively. The purpose of this study is to develop and standardize the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) which is considered to be unique and specific occupational stressors in Korean employees. Subjects and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project: 2002-2004). A total of 12,631 employees from a nationwide sample proportional to the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were administered. The KOSS was developed for 2 years (2002-2004). In the first year, we collected 255 items from the most popular job stress measurement tools such as JCQ, ERI, NIOSH and OSI, and 44 items derived from the a qualitative study (depth interview). Forty-three items of KOSS, in the second year, were retained for use in the final version of the KOSS by using Delphi and factor analysis. Items were scored using conventional 1-2-3-4 Likert scores for the response categories. Results: We developed eight subscales by using factor analysis and validation process: physical environment (3 items), job demand (8 items), insufficient job control (5 items), interpersonal conflict (4 items), job insecurity (6 items), organizational system (7 items), lack of reward (6 items), and occupational climate (4 items). Together they explained 50.0% of total variance. Internal consistency alpha scores were ranged from 0.51 to 0.82. Twenty-four items of the short form of the KOSS (KOSS-SF) were also developed to estimate job stress in the work setting. Because the levels of the subscales of occupational stress were gender dependent, gender-specific standard norms for both the 43-item full version and the 24-item short form using a quartile for the subscales of KOSS were presented. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that KOSS might be an appropriate measurement scale to estimate occupational stress of Korean employees. Further and more detailed study needs to be conducted to improve the validity of this scale.

경기 일부지역 육용 양돈작업장의 분진 및 내독소 농도

유동호,김형아,허용,성재혁,이한기,박용규 한국산업위생학회 2003 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.13 No.1

The aim of this study was to evaluate exposure to dust and endotoxin produced while working at swine confinement buildings. The dusts and endotoxin may cause adverse health effects on humans. Fourteen swine farms located at Yong-In, I-Cheon and Yeo-Ju of onggi-do were investigated. Husbandry workers form the farms were requested to wear personal sampler to measure respirable dust levels. Area samplings for total and respirable dust were also conducted at swine confinements buildings by season (summer under window open, winter under window close.) Gravimetric analyses and Limulus Amebocyte Lysate assay for measu- rement of dust level and endotoxin, respectively. The highest geometric mean (GM) concentration of airbome dusts was 7.47mg/㎡ for area respirable dust. and 10.35mg/㎡ for personal respirable dust. For respirable dust levels, seven farmers exceeded level of ACGIH, 3mg/㎥. The highest GM of endo- toxin was 5745.40 EU/㎥ for personal respirable dust. Significantly increased level of total dust (p〈0.001) and endotoxin in area total dust was observe with winter samples compared with those of summer. Area total dust and area respirable dust (r-0.622, p〈0.0001) was very significantly correlated in winter. Swine husbandry worker may have a considerable risk of ill health whenexposed to level of dust or endotoxin demonstrated at this study.

한국 여성운동과 걸스카우트운동 : 과거·현재·미래 Yesterday, Present and Tomorrow

정세화,이동원,김미숙,박진숙,장화경,홍승아 이화여대 한국여성연구소 1988 여성학논집 Vol.5 No.-

One of the major implications of women's movements seems to lie in the fact that it tends to promote women's consciousness-raising and, thus, heighten social status of women in general. It would be very much the case when discussion centers around the emergence of Korean women's movements in modern sense. Due to the socio-political atmospheres of the lathe 19th century Korean society, its basic characteristics owe to strong tones of patriotic nationalism under the slogan of "learning is might enough to deal with the imperialistic foreign powers of the time." As such, ever since the introduction of women's enlightenment movements of the time, Korean women's movements have provided for the advancement of egalitarian society. However, assessing the effectiveness of programs that are practiced by the existing women's organizations in Korea, it deserves mention in that most programs are for the adult female members, assuming it would only be applicable to those adults. In this regard, it can be said that the Korean Girl Scout organization has worked a unique role to make up such voids in women's movements - most programs developed and exercised by the Girl Scout are reserved for those young girls. For instance, special activities like social services, field campaigns, and international gatherings would definitely work a profound impact in the formation of gender-role stereotypes of the youth. The present study tries to examine the Korean Girl Scout movement being the case of women's movement organization. Discussion will cover such topics as; historical reviews of Korean Girl Scout movement, principal organizational goals and its practice in real life, and internal dynamics of members between "staffs" and the ordinary members themselves-on perceptions of the movement, evaluation of leaderships, and the future orientations of the Girl Scout, etc. Various research methods are employed. Book reviews, in-depth interviews, questionnaires, and participant observations are utilized, when the respective measurement is required. Major findings of the study can be summarized as follows: (1) Numbers of Girl Scout membership have declined since 1980, while revealing its utmost pick upto mid-70s. In terms of regional distributions of the members, both Seoul and Kyung-Nam Branches are the most prosperous. Whereas commemoration ceremonies and camping works are considered most impressive programs, membership trainings and field works are the lowest. About 70 percent of the members show their length of activities in Girl Scout less than one year. Most members are involved in the activities based on self-decision in order to have social services, club memberships, or self actualizations. They are satisfied with most of the programs, especially when participating in the social service programs. (2) As for the staff members, about half of the leaders in the headquarters are newly appointed. Whereas majority of the 'field' staffs are young (in their 20s, or 30s), other leaders are considered old (most of them are in their 40s, 50s, or 60s). Half of the leaders are involved in the activities for less than 5 years. They are recruited by either colleagues' or office seniors' recommendations. Reasons to participate in the movement are to have self-actualized or to have opportunity for social services. All in all, leaders are satisfied with the Girl Scout activities mainly because they can see their youth members progressing and developing. (3) Several issues for the better organizational managements seem to be related. prevalence of aspirational differences between leaders and members tends to cause psychological burdens. Other problematics such as lack of free communication networks, tensions due to cohort differences, authoritarian leadership styles, and financial difficulties would hinder Girl Scout movement more promising and popular to all. Based on the research findings, two major suggestions might be in order. First, underlying rationales of the Girl Scout movement should be reoriented. A special emphasis on the creation of self-supportive 'androgynous individuals' would be the case (in this regard, an intensive program targeted for those pre-school-aged members would be the most effective). As a way to achieve the strategic reformulation, reliance on the interdisciplinary program (for example, coordination with the university) will be one possibility. Secondly, an organizational management should be sufficiently considered. provisions (tangible and intangible) for the 'field leaders' being the key leader group in the Girl Scout movement should be afforded enough to keep their participations voluntary and continuous.

알코올 사용과 스트레스와의 관련성

전진용,오동열,구민성,이준석,천근아,박웅섭,김상아 大韓神經精神醫學會 2006 신경정신의학 Vol.45 No.4

Objectives : This study was designed to assess the relationship between alcohol use and stress. Methods : The study subjects were 1,261 people who drink among the 2,565 people who lived in Gangneung. We investigated the sociodemographic characteristics, Short Form-12 (SF-12), Global Assessment of Recent Stress (GARS) and Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). Results : In Problem drinking group the GARS was significantly positively associated with the AUDIT (p=0.02). In Social drinking group sex (p<0.001) and age (p=0.02) is significantly associated with the AUDIT. Conclusion : This study showed the significantly positively association between stress and alcohol use. We think that the intervention and active management of the stress can prevent the alcohol problem.

시클러 캡슐(세파클러 250㎎)에 대한 경보세파클러 캡슐의 생물학적동등성

조혜영,강현아,김세미,박찬호,오인준,임동구,문재동,이용복 한국약제학회 2005 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.35 No.1

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two cefaclor capsules, Ceclor (Lilly Korea Co., Ltd.) and Kyongbocefaclor (Kyongbo Pharm. Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The release of cefaclor from the two cefaclor formulations in vitro was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II method with various dissolution media (pH 1.2. 4.0. 6.8 buffer solution and water). Twenty four healthy male subjects. 22.96±1.52 years in age and 67.03±7.90 kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized 2x2 cross-over study was employed. After one capsule containing 250 mg of cefaclor was orally administered, blood was taken at pre-determined time intervals and the concentrations of cefaclor in serum were determined using HPLC method with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar at all dissolution media. In addition. the pharmacokinetic parameters such as AUC_(t), C_(max) and T _(max) were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed AUC_(t). C_(max) and untransformed Tmaa. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, Ceclor. were -1.90%, 2.68% and -7.60% for AUCt, C_(max) and T_(max), respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 (e.g., log 0.91-log 1.06 and log 0.92-log 1.18 for AU', and C_(max), respectively). Thus. the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating Kyongbocefaclor capsule was bioequivalent to Ceclor capsule.

국내산 중하(Metapenaeus joyneri) 내 주알레르겐 규명 : 가열 및 소화액에 의한 변화

윤성호,김현아,김현미,최정희,서창희,남동호,김윤근,민경업,박해심 대한알레르기학회 2004 천식 및 알레르기 Vol.24 No.2

피로와 의료이용, 업무상 사고 및 질병결근

장세진,고상백,강동묵,김성아,정진주,이철갑,강명근,현숙정,조정진,차봉석,박종구 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Objectives: This study examined the relationship of fatigue to medical utilization, occupational accident and sickness absence. Subjects and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project, 2002~2004). A total of 30,146 employees categorized within the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were recruited. A structured-questionnaire was used to assess the participants' sociodemo-graphics, job-related factors, health-related behaviors, personality trait, self=perceived fatigue (MFS) and the frequency of medical utilization, occupational accident and sickness absence. Data on medical utilization and occupational accident were confirmed from company health records. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used to elucidate the relationship of self-perceived fatigue to medical utilization, occupational accident and sickness absence. Results: In logistic regression analyses, self-perceived fatigue was associated with medical utilization (outpatient), occupational accident and sickness absence although the strength of the associations was higher in the blue collar workers except for medical utilization. For medical utilization, the white collar worker's adjusted odds ratios of outpatient utilization for workers scoring in the third quartile and the highest quartile, compared to workers scoring in the lowest quartile were 1.50 (95% CI: 1.20-1.87) and 2.16 (95% CI: 1.69-2.75), respectively. The blue collar workers' adjusted odds ratios of outpatient utilization for workers scoring in the second (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.06-1.43), third (OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.22-1.66) and highest quartile (OR:1.83, 95% CI: 1.55-2.17), respectively, compared to workers scoring in the lowest quartile were statistically significant. However, no associations were found between fatigue and inpatient utilization for either the white or blue collar workers. The blue collar workers' adjusted odds ratios of being injured for workers scoring in the second, third and highest quartile were 1.41 (95% CI: 1.00-2.00), 1.57 (95% CI: 1.10-2.22) and 2.41 (95% CI: 1.69-3.44), respectively, compared to those scoring in the lowest quartile, but, those of the white collar workers were not significant. There was more likely to an increased risk of sickness absence in workers scoring in the second, third and highest quartile compared to those scoring in the lowest quartile in both white and blue collar workers, but the magnitudes of risk were higher in the blue collar workers than the white collars workers. Conclusion: This result suggests that fatigue is a determinant predictor of medical utilization, occupational accident and sickness absence, and that the pattern of risks for the three outcomes differs according to the occupational type. Some limitations of this study and considerations for future study were also discussed.

New Hybrid Hole Extraction Layer of Perovskite Solar Cells with a Planar p–i–n Geometry

Park, Ik Jae,Park, Min Ah,Kim, Dong Hoe,Park, Gyeong Do,Kim, Byeong Jo,Son, Hae Jung,Ko, Min Jae,Lee, Doh-Kwon,Park, Taiho,Shin, Hyunjung,Park, Nam-Gyu,Jung, Hyun Suk,Kim, Jin Young American Chemical Society 2015 The Journal of Physical Chemistry Part C Vol.119 No.49

<P>We report a highly efficient p–i–n type planar perovskite solar cell with a hybrid PEDOT/NiO<SUB><I>x</I></SUB> hole-extraction layer. It has been found that the perovskite solar cell with a NiO<SUB><I>x</I></SUB> thin film as a hole-extraction layer generally exhibits lower fill factor compared to the conventionally used PEDOT:PSS thin film, whereas it shows higher photocurrent and photovoltage. The fill factor of the NiO<SUB><I>x</I></SUB>-based perovskite solar cell can be significantly improved by treating the NiO<SUB><I>x</I></SUB> surface with a dilute PEDOT solution. The photoluminescence quenching study and impedance spectroscopic (IS) analysis have revealed that the hole injection at the perovskite/NiO<SUB><I>x</I></SUB> interface is significantly facilitated with the PEDOT treatment, which should lead to the increased fill factor. As a result, the p–i–n type planar perovskite solar cell with the new hybrid hole-extraction layer exhibits a high conversion efficiency of 15.1% without the hysteresis effect.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jpccck/2015/jpccck.2015.119.issue-49/acs.jpcc.5b09322/production/images/medium/jp-2015-093225_0006.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/jp5b09322'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds and Possibility of Exposure to By-product Volatile Organic Compounds in Photolithography Processes in Semiconductor Manufacturing Factories

Park, Seung-Hyun,Shin, Jung-Ah,Park, Hyun-Hee,Yi, Gwang-Yong,Chung, Kwang-Jae,Park, Hae-Dong,Kim, Kab-Bae,Lee, In-Seop Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute 2011 Safety and health at work Vol.2 No.3

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to measure the concentration of volatile organic compound (VOC)s originated from the chemicals used and/or derived from the original parental chemicals in the photolithography processes of semiconductor manufacturing factories. Methods: A total of four photolithography processes in 4 Fabs at three different semiconductor manufacturing factories in Korea were selected for this study. This study investigated the types of chemicals used and generated during the photolithography process of each Fab, and the concentration levels of VOCs for each Fab. Results: A variety of organic compounds such as ketone, alcohol, and acetate compounds as well as aromatic compounds were used as solvents and developing agents in the processes. Also, the generation of by-products, such as toluene and phenol, was identified through a thermal decomposition experiment performed on a photoresist. The VOC concentration levels in the processes were lower than 5% of the threshold limit value (TLV)s. However, the air contaminated with chemical substances generated during the processes was re-circulated through the ventilation system, thereby affecting the airborne VOC concentrations in the photolithography processes. Conclusion: Tens of organic compounds were being used in the photolithography processes, though the types of chemical used varied with the factory. Also, by-products, such as aromatic compounds, could be generated during photoresist patterning by exposure to light. Although the airborne VOC concentrations resulting from the processes were lower than 5% of the TLVs, employees still could be exposed directly or indirectly to various types of VOCs.

Reduction of Bacterial Mutagenesis of 2-Amino-3-Methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline by S-9 Fraction from Mice Treated with Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA)

Park, Kyung-Ah,Kim, Seck-Jong,Park, Soo-Jahr,Park, Gu-Boo,Lim, Dong-Kil,Bahn, Kyeong-Nyeo,Cho, Yong-Un,Park, Jung H.Y.,Pariza, Michael W.,Ha, Yeongl-Lae The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2001 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.6 No.1

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), when incorporated into mouse liver microsomal membranes, selectively inhibits the mutagenesis of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoline (IQ). Nine-week old female ICR mice were given (p.o.) 0.1 mL olive oil alone (control), 0.1 mL olive oil plus 0.1 mL linoleic acid, or 0.1 mL olive oil plus 0.1 mL CLA, twice weekly for four weeks. The animals were then sacrificed and liver S-9 fractions were prepared. Activation of IQ for mutagenesis by the liver S-9 from CLA-treated mice was significantly reduced in comparison wit liver S-9 from control or linolic acid-treated mice. By contrast, the activation of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene (DMBA) and benzo[a] pyrene (BP) was unaffected. Hence, CLA incorporated into phospholipids may selectively affect cytochrome P450 isozymes responsible for activating IQ, but not those which activate BP or DMBA. The addition of free CLA or the methyl esters of CLA, linoleic acid, or oleic acid, to control S-9 inhibited the activation of all three mutagens (IQ, BP, and DMBA).