The C- and G-value paradox with polyploidy, repeatomes, introns, phenomes and cell economy

Ik‑Young Choi,Eun‑Chae Kwon,Nam‑Soo Kim 한국유전학회 2020 Genes & Genomics Vol.42 No.7

Background The apparent disconnection between biological complexity and both genome size (C-value) and gene number (G-value) is one of the long-standing biological puzzles. Gene-dense genomic sequences in prokaryotes or simple eukaryotes are highly constrained during selection, whereas gene-sparse genomic sequences in higher eukaryotes have low selection constraints. This review discusses the correlations of the C-value and G-value with genome architecture, polyploidy, repeatomes, introns, cell economy and phenomes. Discussion Eukaryotic chromosomes carry an assortment of various repeated DNA sequences (repeatomes). Expansion of copies of repeatomes together with polyploidization or whole-genome duplication (WGD) are major players in genome size (C-value) bloating, but genomes are equipped with counterbalancing systems such as diploidization, illegitimate recombination, and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) after double-strand breaks (DSBs). The lack of these efficient purging systems allowed the accumulation of repeat DNA, which resulted in extremely large genomes in several species. However, the correlation between chromosome number and genome size is not clear due to inconsistent results with different sets of species. Positive correlations between genome size and intron size and density were reported in early studies, but these proposals were refuted by the results with increased numbers of species, in which genome-wide features of introns (size, density, gene contents, repeats) were weakly associated with genome size. The assumption of the correlations between C-value and gene number (G-value) and organismal complexity is acceptable in general, but this assumption is often violated in specific lineages or species, suggesting C- and G-value paradoxes. The C-value paradox is partly explained by noncoding repeatomes. The G-value paradox can also be explained by several genomic features: (1) one gene can produce many mature mRNAs by alternative splicing, and eukaryotic gene expression is highly regulated at both the transcriptional and translational levels; (2) many proteins exert multiple functions during development; (3) gene expansion/contraction are frequent events in the gene family among evolutionarily close species; and (4) sets of homeotic genes regulate development such that organismal complexity is sometimes not clear among organisms. A large genome must be burdensome in terms of cell economy, such that a large genome constraint results in the distribution of genome sizes skewed to small genomes. Moreover, the C-value can affect the phenome. A strong positive correlation has been recognized between genome size and cell size, but the relationship is weak or null with higher-level traits. Additional analyses of the relationship between the C-value and phenome should be carried out, because natural selection acts on the phenotype rather than the genotype. Conclusions Dramatic advancement in genomics has given some answers to the C-value and G-value paradoxes. We know the mechanisms by which the current genomes have been constructed. However, basic questions have not yet been fully resolved. Why have some species retained small genomes yet some closely related species have large genomes? Random genetic drift and mutational pressure might have affected for genome size in the limited population size during evolution; thus, genome size may be quasiadaptable rather than the best adaptive trait.

생쥐에 있어서 單一害球가 分離된 受精卵의 移植에 의한 새끼生産에 관한 硏究

崔有林,全益秀,金宣宜,崔光洙,朴修奉,辛明宰 慶北大學校農業科學技術硏究所 1991 慶北大農學誌 Vol.9 No.-

本 연구는 생쥐의 4細胞期胚에서 하나의 割球를 뽑아내는 새로운 割球分離技術인 biopsy에 대한 효율성과 分離된 受精卵과 分離한 割球의 생존성 및 새끼생산율을 검토한 結果이다. 그 結果를 要約하면 다음과 같다. 1. 4細胞期胚에서 分離한 單一割球와 4細胞期胚를 M2 배양액에 배양한 結果, 單一割球는 82.6%가 영양배엽을 형성한 割球로 發生하였고 4細胞期胚로 89.5%가 胚盤胞期胚로 發生하였다. 2. 4細胞期胚를 biopsy하여 하나의 割球가 分離된 受精卵과 대조구인 4細胞期胚를 M2배양액에서 배양한 결과 각각 83.3%와 90.4%가 胚盤細胞胚로 發生하였다. 3. Biopsy하여 4細胞期胚에서 分離한 單一割球와 대조구인 4細胞期胚에서 4개의 割球로 분리한 單一割球를 M2 배양액에서 배양한 결과 각각 80.8%와 83.3%가 영양배엽을 형성한 割球로 發生하였다. 4. 4細胞期胚에서 하나의 割球를 뽑아낸 受精卵과 대조구인 4細胞期胚를 수란생쥐에 이식한 결과 각각 36.0%와 48.6%의 새끼쥐 생산率을 얻었다. The study was carried out to investigate the viability and the offspring production rate of single blastomeres and biopsied 4-cell mouse embryos and, also to examine the efficiency of biopsy. The results obtained are summerised as follows : 1. The separated blastomeres from 4-cell embryos and intact 4-cell embryos which were cultured in Medium 2 were developed to trophoblastic vesicle and blastocyst embryo by 82.6% and 89.5%, respectively. 2. The biopsied embryos from 4-cell embryos and intact 4-cell embryos which cultured in Medium 2 were developed to blastocyst embryo by 83.3% and 90.4%, respectively. 3. The biospied blastomeres and the separated blastomeres from 4-cell embryos which were cultured in Medium 2 were developed to trophoblastic vesicle by 80.8% and 83.3%, respectively. 4. The biopsied embryos from 4-cell embryos and intact 4-cell embryos were transferred to recipients, and the offspring rate was 36% and 48.6%, respectively.

基準點 間隔이 블럭調整의 精密度에 미치는 影響에 관한 硏究

崔在和,崔允秀,千翼卿 成均館大學校 科學技術硏究所 1989 論文集 Vol.40 No.2

Up to now, analyses of the precision in A.T, have been dealt with hypothesis of error-free on ground control coordinates. In fact, it is not error-free but the precision of ground control surveying is higher than the precision of aerotriangulation. In this investigation, it has, therefore, given weight corresponding to precison of the ground control surveying, and it has analyzed the influence which the precision of ground control coordinates exerts upon the absolute error of check points with the change of the control spacing. Then, the results of this investigation can be concluded as follows: (1) In weight 10^1 case, it has known that ground control coordinates have been permitted error-free. (2) It is thought that it will be desirable to give the corresponding weight when the precision of ground control surveying is had. (3) The absolute error goes to bad with the change of control spacing from 2 models to 4 models. Therefore, it is known that the control spacing influences the absolute error.

트래드밀 운동프로그램 적용이 성인비만자의 심폐기능과 혈청지질에 미치는 영향

최건식,정영자,김남익,황수관 대한스포츠의학회 1994 대한스포츠의학회지 Vol.12 No.2

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of treadmill exercise programs on cardiopulmonary functions and serum lipids in adult obesity men. The subjects consisted of 33 obese adults between 30 and 70 years old and all of them had no other complications. Subjects participated in treadmill exercise programs for 12 weeks according to the exercise prescriptions. They started to exercise for 20 minutes per day, six times a week at 50% of maximum O_2 consumption (V˙O_2max), and later exercised for 50 minutes at 80% of V˙O_2max, which was the maximum exercise intensity of the program (Exercise intensity has been increased gradually). The changes of body composition, serum lipids, and cardiopulmonary functions in the subjects before and after the treadmill exercise program have been measured. The results are as follows. 1. Body weight, percent body fat, and fat body weight were reduced(p<0.05, p<0.01), and body fluid were increased after exercise programs(p<0.01). The group below 50 years old and above 25% of body fat showed more decrease in body weight and percent body fat, and more increase than that above 50 years old below 25% of body fat. 2. Resting heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly reduced after exercise programs(p<0.05, p<0.01), but these parameters decreased approximately same for the groups of ages and percent body fat. 3. Vital capacity, forced expiratory volume for 1 second percent and maximal voluntary ventilation were increased after exercise programs. The group below 50 years old and above 25% of body fat showed more increase than that above 50 years old and below 25% of body fat. 4. Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol rate and triglycerides were reduced (p<.05, p<0.01), and HDL cholesterol levles were increased after exercise programs. The group below 50 years old and above 25% of body fat showed more decrease in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol rate and triglycerides, and more increase than that above 50 years old and below 25% of body fat. 5. Heart rate increase during exercise were reduced after exercise programs. The group below 50 years old and above 25% of body fat showed more decrease than that above 50 years old and below 25% of body fat. 6. Blood pressure increase during exercise were reduced after exercise programs. The group above 25% of body fat showed more decrease than that below 25% of body fat. 7. Oxygen uptake of during exercise were increased after exercise programs. 8. Maximal oxygen uptake were significantly increased after exercise programs (p<0.01). 9. The regression equations between heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and oxygen uptake were obtained. These correlation coefficients of the post-programs showed higher that those of pre-programs. In this study, the treadmill exercise programs suitable for the obese was developed and applying this programs weight, percent of body fat, body fat weight, and serum lipids levels ere reduced. Thus cardiopulmonary functions was improved. The group below 50 years old and above 25% of body fat showed more decrease than that above 50 years old and below 25% of body fat. It is to be noted that both systolic blood pressure and oxygen uptake can be estimated by heart rate only using the regression equations.

마취중 체온변화에 관한 연구

손수창,이정은,김익수,최세진 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1985 충남의대잡지 Vol.12 No.2

To study the temperature change and the degree of heat loss during general anesthesia, skin temperature, tympanic temperature and rectal temperature were measured in 21 patients. Mean skin temperature was calculated from four probes situated on the lateral aspect of the mid-calf, the ventral surface of the mid-thigh, the nipple and the lateral aspect of the upper arm, using the formula of Ramanathan, and the heat loss can be calculated by Burton's formula. the result are as follows. 1. Mean skin temperature increased higher than control value at 20 minute, not significantly. thereafter remained high. 2. Tympanic temperature decreased significantly at 20 minute (p<0.005), esophageal temperature decreased at 60minute, and rectal temperature decreased at 90 minute significantly (p<0.05). 3. There was continuous loss of total body heat during general anesthesia. 4. In the recovery room, the aural temperature increased progressively.

급성 조증에서 기분안정제와 리스페리돈의 병합 투여 효과 : 다기관 개방연구

김광수,배치운,윤진상,김영훈,이양현,지익성,이철,송혜경,최성구,박원명 大韓神經精神醫學會 2005 신경정신의학 Vol.44 No.2

Ohjective : The primary purpose of this study was a replication of the effectiveness and tolerability of rispehdone in the treatment of patients with acute mania in very larger cohon in naturalistic treatment setting to extend the data on the effect and tolerability of risperidone in the treatment of patients with acute mania to Asian population. Methods : A total of 909 patients with DSM-TV criteria of bipolar disorder current manic and hypomanic episode, entered this large, open, multicentre study. The Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), Clinical Global Impression (CGI) and Simpson-Angus Rating Scale (SARS) were measured at baseline and weeks 1, 3 and 6, for the assessment of effectiveness and extra-pyramidal symptom (EPS). Results : This study showed statistically significant reduction of scores on the YMRS and CGI-s (mean change=-23.5±11.8, p<0.0001 ; mean change=-2.7±1.5, p<0.0001, respectively) from the baseline to the endpoint (week 6). Number of patients with 50% reduction or more in the YMRS and CGI-s scores was 693 (77.8%) and 630 (70.7%) at endpoint, respec-tively. There were no statistically significant increments of scores on SARS. Risperidone was generally well tolerated. Conclusion : The present larger open study demonstrates that hsperidone add-on therapy is effective and tolerable in treat-ment of bipolar disorder, replicating results in various controlled and uncontrolled studies from Western countries.

화학기상응축 공정으로 제조한 Fe 나노입자의 TEM 미세조직 및 결정화거동

김택수,이희정,오익현,한재길,최철진,이병택 대한금속재료학회 2003 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.41 No.12

Iron and iron nitride nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical vapor condensation (CVC) process, using a precursor of Fe(CO)_(5) and carrier gas of NH₃. Phase change and crystallization behaviors of as received particles were mainly examined by TEM technique. Only α-Fe nanoparticles were formed at the lowest decomposition temperature of 500℃. As the temperature increased, the crystallization of α-Fe nanoparticles was suppressed and Fe₃N nanoparticles were begun to be formed. Finally full crystallization of Fe₃N was observed at 1000℃. Typical size of the α-Fe and Fe₃N particles was less than 30 nm in diameter.

韓國産 검정망둑(Tridentiger)屬 魚類의 分類學的 硏究

金益秀,崔允 全北大學校 基礎科學硏究所 1991 基礎科學 Vol.14 No.1

1982年부터 1987年 사이에 우리나라 沿岸과 汽水 및 淡水에서 採集한 Tridentiger屬 魚類의 標本을 檢討하여 이들을 새로운 檢索表와 함께 再記載하고 本 調査에서 처음으로 밝혀진 1未記錄種에 대해 記載하였다. 즉 韓國産 Tridentiger屬에는 T. trigonocephalus, T. obscurus, T. nudicervicus, T. brevispinis가 出現하는 것이 確認되었다. T. trigonocephalus는 동해안과 남해안의 沿岸과 汽水域에 廣範圍하게 分布하였고 T. nudicervicus는 전북 옥구군 미성읍과 금강河口에서만 出現하였다. 形態的으로 T. obscurus와 아주 類似하여 그동안 우리나라에서 T. obscurus와 同一種으로 여겨졌던 T. brevispinis는 논산, 부안, 삼척(담수), 아산, 영덕 등의 淡水에서 出現하였고, T. obscurus는 제주도 (서귀포, 중문), 삼척(맹방해수욕장 부근), 보길도 등의 汽水에서 出現하였다. 또한 T. brevispinis는 體長에 대한 百分比로서 제1등지느러미 제3기조의 길이가 암컷은 14.4-24.7, 수컷은 16.1-32.0이고, 새파수가 8-11인 반면, T. obscurus는 體長에 대한 百分比로서 제1등지느러미 제3기조 길이가 암컷은 15.4-33.0, 수컷은 24.4-43.8 이고 새파수가 11-14개라는 점에서 2種은 잘 區分되었다. The goby genus Tridentiger of Korea is reviewed and keys to following four species of the genus Tridentiger are provided for T. trigonocephalus, T. obscurus, T. nudicervicus and T. brevispinis. Among them, T. brevispinis is reported for the first time from Korea with the descriptions and illustrations of other three species of this genus in this paper. The external features of T. brevispinis are very similar with those of T. obscurus, however T. brevispinis is distinguished from T. obscurus by having the shorter 3rd dorsal spine, lesser number of gill rakers and longer intestine length. T. obscurus lives in the river mouth and esturaies around the coast of Korea, while T. brevispinis is collected from only the fresh water area.

금강에 서식하는 감돌고기 Pseudopungtungia nigra의 탁란

김익수,최승호,이흥헌,한경호 한국어류학회 2004 韓國魚類學會誌 Vol.16 No.1

2003년 5월부터 7월까지 전북 진안군 주천면의 금강상류의 지류인 주자천에서 감돌고기의 탁란에 관하여 조사하였다. 감돌고기는 꺽지의 수컷이 보호하는 산란장에 무리를 지어 침입하였고 탁란을 실시하였다. 감돌고기의 산란은 꺽지가 산란을 시작한 직후부터 시작되어 꺽지의 산란이 끝난 후에도 3∼5일 동안 더 진행되었다. 감돌고기 알의 부화는 대부분 숙주의 알보다 먼저 이루어졌고, 감돌고기의 자어는 부화 후 즉시 숙주의 산란장을 떠났다. 산란장을 지키는 부화 후 즉시 숙주의 산란장을 떠났다. 산란장을 지키는 꺽지 수컷이 사라졌을 때 산란장의 숙주의 알과 감돌고기 알은 즉시 다른 어류에 의해 모두 섭식되었다. 따라서, 감돌고기는 자신의 알이 부화할 때까지 숙주의 보호를 받는 커다란 이득을 획득한다. A field study of the brood parasitism by Korean shiner, Psudopungtungia nigra, on nests of the Korean aucha perch, Coreoperca herzi, was carried out from May 2003 to July 2003 at the Juja stream, Jinan-gun, Jeonlabuk-do, Korea. Observations in the wild showed that the Korean shiner concentrated on nests of Korean aucha perch in which the nest owners had just spawned. The Korean shiner always spawned in nests of Korean aucha perch. When the parasite shiner spawned in the perch nest, the parasite eggs hatched earlier than the host eggs. Parasite prelarvae shiner left the nest of the host immediately after hatching. Host and parasite eggs disappeared with no guarding by the host male. We suggest that the parasite eggs are protected from egg predators by the host male.

미꾸리과 어류 남방종개 Iksookimia hugowolfeldi (Cobitidae)의 핵형

김익수,최은경,양현,고명훈 한국어류학회 2003 韓國魚類學會誌 Vol.15 No.2

영산강의 상류인 전라남도 장성군 북하면 신계리에서 2003년 2월 3월에 채집된 남방종개 Iksookimia hugowolfeldi 암컷 14마리와 수컷 9마리의 신장 조직에서 염색체를 조사하였다. 2n 염색체수는 50개이었는데 핵형은 meta-submetacentrics이 24개이고, subtelo-telocentrics가 26개였으며 FN은 74개이었다. 염색체에서 배수체나 암수간의 성적이형은 보이지 않았다. Chromosome analysis of the southern spined loach, Iksookimia hugowolfeldi was investigated in 23 individuals collected at Bukha-myon, Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do Provice, Korea an upper stream of the Yongsan River, in February, 2003. The diploid modal number of the specimens examined was 50, and the karyotype was composed of 24 metacentrics-submetacentrics and 26 subtelocentrics-telocentrics. Polyploidy and sex dimorphism were not observed in the present species.