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A Study on Earnings Management of Zero-leverage Firms from the Perspective of Financial Constraints
이현아 사람과세계경영학회 2022 Global Business and Finance Review Vol.27 No.1
Purpose: This study verifies the debt covenant hypothesis by exploring the earnings management of zero-leverage firms that are not constrained by debt covenants. Furthermore, this study investigates whether the earnings management of zero-leverage firms varies depending on financial constraints, whether a consecutive zero-leverage period is associated with the level of earnings management, and whether this association varies depending on financial constraints. Design/methodology/approach: Using a sample of 5,669 firm-year data of listed firms in the securities market in South Korea from 2011 to 2019, this study conducts multiple regression analysis to examine the earnings management of zero-leverage firms from the perspective of financial constraints. In the analysis, two types of earnings management behaviors (i.e., accrual-based and real activities earnings management) are considered. Findings: The findings of this study show that zero-leverage firms are less likely to manage earnings than leveraged firms. Moreover, the longer the zero-leverage period, the lower the level of earnings management. However, these findings disappear when the analysis is conducted for firms with financial constraints. They indicate that a zero-leverage policy or a consecutive zero-leverage period is related to earnings management and that this relation varies depending on financial constraints. Research limitations/implications: This study provides insight into the attributes of zero-leverage firms by analyzing their earnings management. The findings of this study provide compelling evidence that zero-leverage firms are not homogeneous and are significantly distinct according to their status with or without financial constraints. Originality/value: This is the first study to test the debt covenant hypothesis by investigating the earnings management of zero-leverage firms. This study also extends the literature by examining the financing decisions that maintain zero leverage for a long period.
만성질환 노인의 자살생각에 미치는 영향에 대한 탐색적 연구
이현아 경북대학교 사회복지연구소 2022 사회복지연구 Vol.23 No.1
본 연구는 생태체계적 모형을 적용해 만성질환 노인의 미시적 체계(만성질환, 주관적 건강상태, 우울, 교육수준, 가구소득, 결혼상태) 요인, 중간 체계(친척, 이웃, 친구의 사회적지지) 요인, 인구사회학적 요인(성별, 연령, 교육수준, 가구소득)을 통제하여 자살생각에 미치는 영향 요인을 알아보았다. 본 연구의 목적을 수행하기 위하여 질병관리본부의 2017년도 지역사회건강조사 자료를 활용해 고혈압, 당뇨병, 관절염의 진단 여부에 응답한 만 65세 이상의 노인 49,306명을 연구대상으로 설정하였다. 수집한 자료는 SPSS 25.0 프로그램을 이용하여 기술통계, 독립 t-tset, 신뢰도 분석, ANOVA, 상관분석, 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 첫째, 만성질환 노인의 미시적 체계(만성질환, 주관적 건강상태, 우울, 교육수준, 가구소득, 결혼상태) 요인이 자살생각에 미치는 영향을 파악한 결과 모두 통계적으로 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 만성질환 노인의 중간 체계(친척, 이웃, 친구의 사회적 지지) 요인이 자살생각에 미치는 영향에서 친척과 이웃, 친구와의 사회적 지지도 자살생각에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 만성질환 노인의 인구사회학적 요인(성별, 연령, 교육수준, 가구소득)을 통제하여 자살생각에 미치는 영향 요인을 알아본 결과, 자살생각이 있는 집단의 경우 만성질환 중 관절염이나 당뇨병과 관절염, 주관적 건강인식, 우울, 결혼상태, 사회적 지지(친구), 교육수준, 가구소득이 자살생각과 통계적으로 유의한 영향이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 본 연구를 통해 만성질환 노인의 자살생각에 영향을 주는 요인들이 복합적으로 작용함을 알 수 있었으므로, 만성질환 노인의 신체적 및 정신적 건강을 관리하기 위한 우울 중재 관련 프로그램들이 개발 및 적용되어야 할 것이다. This study applied an ecological system model to investigate factors affecting suicidal thoughts by controlling the microscopic system (chronic disease, subjective health status, depression, education level, household income, marriage status), middle system (social support of relatives, neighbors, friends), and demographic factors (gender, age, education level, and household income). To answer these questions, the data from 49,306 respondents aged≥65 for diagnosis of hypertension, diabetes, and arthritis in the Community Health Survey conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2017 were used. The collected data were processed using an SPSS 25.0 program to perform descriptive statistics, independent t-test, reliability analysis, ANOVA, correlation analysis, and logistic regression analysis. First, each of the microsystemic factors (chronic disease, self-rated health, depression, education, household income, marital status) statistically significantly affected suicidal ideation in the elderly with chronic disease. Second, as for the effects of the mesosystemic factors (social support by relatives, neighbors, and friends) on suicidal ideation in the elderly with chronic disease, suicidal ideation differed statistically significantly by social support by relatives, neighbors, and friends. Third, as for the effects of the socio-demographic factors (gender, age, education, household income) on suicidal ideation in the elderly with chronic disease, the group with suicidal ideation was statistically significantly affected by either arthritis or diabetes and arthritis among chronic conditions, self-perceived health status, depression, marital status, social support (by friends), education, and household income. In conclusion, these results have demonstrated that mixed factors affect suicidal ideation in the elderly with chronic disease, it is also necessary to develop and apply programs related to depression intervention that can help manage physical and mental health of the elderly with chronic disease.
이현아 한국초등미술교육학회 2019 미술교육연구논총 Vol.59 No.-
I tries to consider Interrelation Analysis between Visual Quotient and Art-Related self concept, which have relationship with Art Eduation. And also tries to consider the meaning what this Interrelation Analysis implicates to Art Eduation. The Purpose of this researh is to investigate the Visual Quotient & the Art-Related self concept analysis of research objects(students) and to search the relationship between the Visual Quotient and the Art-Related self concept. So I checked Visual Quotient 34 questions and Art-Related self concept 41 questions through 131 elementary 6th grade students on the May, 2019. The outcome of this research is that : Female students have more Visual Quotient than male students, the more experience of Art Interesting and Art Education have the more Art-Related self concept appear. Also Art-Related self concept has same results. So this research proves that more Visual Quotient has the more Art-Related self concept come out. At the basis of the research I can acknowledge that Visual Quotient and Art-Related self concept have static interrelation. And the more color visual expression ability, motion visual expression ability, visual cognitive expression ability among the Visual Quotient have the more Art-Related self concept increases. Therefor this research has meaning that through research method relationship analysis we can take a lookout learners abilities & capabilities in the art education. 본 연구는 미술교육과 관련을 가지는 ‘시각지수’, ‘미술자아개념’의 검사 도구의 상관관계를 통해 미술교육에 함의하는 바를 살펴보고자 하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 연구대상에 따른 시각지수의 관계, 연구 대상에 따른 미술자아개념의 관계, 시각지수와 미술 자아개념의 관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 이에 시각지수 34문항, 미술자아개념 41문항을 2019년 5월에 초등학교 6학년 총 131명을 대상으로 검사를 실시하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 ‘시각지수’는 여학생이 남학생에 비해 높게 나왔으며 미술 관심도와 미술교육 경험 기간이 오래될수록 시각지수가 높게 나왔다. 또한 ‘미술자아개념’도 여학생이 남학생보다 높게 나왔으며 미술 관심도와 미술교육 경험 기간이 오래될수록 미술자아개념이 높게 나왔다. 이에 ‘시각지수’가 높을수록 ‘미술자아개념’이 높게 나옴을 알 수 있었다. 이와 같은 결과를 바탕으로 ‘시각지수’와 ‘미술자아개념’은 정적 상관관계를 가지며 ‘시각지수’ 중 ‘색채 시각 표현능력’, ‘운동 시각 표현능력’, ‘시각 인지 표현능력’이 높을수록 ‘미술자아개념’이 높음을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 본 검사도구의 관계 분석을 통해 미술교육에서 학습자의 능력 및 역량에 대한 의미를 살펴볼 수 있다는 의의를 가진다.
시니어 복지선교를 위한 사회복지적 고찰: 코로나 엔데믹과 초고령사회 전환기의 과제
이현아 한국실천신학회 2023 신학과 실천 Vol.- No.87
This study aims to propose the importance of senior welfare mission ministry in the church at a time of conversion into the COVID-19 endemic and upcoming entry into a super-aging society. For this purpose, the study examined discourses around the emergence and aging of the new senior generation as potential human resources in the church and the aging issues from the perspective of social welfare, thus identifying the possibilities and opportunities of older adult ministry in the Korean church and proposing the meanings and methods of senior welfare mission as a new alternative. The findings were as follows: first, the appearance of the new senior generation, who reflects the characteristics of different levels from the older adult, raises a need for changes to the older adult ministry of the church; second, changes to active and healthy aging discourses propose the importance of active and independent older adult ministry; third, such changes propose ways to create an environment friendly to the older adult and promote the active participation of the church in it at the community level; fourth, the importance of older adult ministry, which is to discover the possibilities and values of old age in the image of God, becomes prominent amid the difficulty and crisis of older adult ministry in the Korean church; and finally, the church is asked to practice senior welfare mission including the efforts to advocate and overcome social issues and prejudices against the older adult, develop social movements, and make institutional improvements while providing a chance for spiritual salvation for the older adult and social welfare service in the Christian perspective. Based on the result of research, practical recommendations for senior welfare missions include ‘Creating a new senior culture that bestows senior roles and values’, ‘Exploring the potential changes in senior ministry that reflect the desire of the new senior generation’, ‘Strategies for specialization and segmentation of older adult ministry’, ‘the needs of experts in welfare missions’, and ‘Discussions regarding the church's responsibilities and roles in older adult ministry’. The present study will be followed by more advance follow-up studies to develop practical cases and expertise for senior welfare mission in Korean Churches.