한국인 알코올 의존 자녀들과 도파민 D2, D4 수용체, GABAΑ 수용체 β Subunit 및 세로토닌 운반체 유전자 다형성 사이의 연관성에 대한 예비적 연구

천근아,김재원,전진용,이준영,남궁기 大韓神經精神醫學會 2007 신경정신의학 Vol.46 No.1

Objectives : The studies on the genetic risk factors of the children of alcoholics (COAs) are still in an early stage. The A 1 allele of the dopamine receptor 2 gene (DRD2) may be associated with the negative affect and positive alcohol expectancy of the COAs. In addition, several researchers reported that COAs might be associated with the GABA_(A) receptor β subunit gene (GABRB3) and serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR). In this study, we investigated the association of polymorphism of the DRD2, Dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4), GABRB3, 5-HTTLPR with COAs to examine the genetic risk factors of COAs. Methods : Twenty-two COAs and 23 control children (children of non-Alcoholics ; Non-COAs) were included for the genetic study. All COAs aged 6 to 18 were recruited and selected from families of alcoholic patients in alcohol clinics of three university and mental hospital. Alcoholism of parents was classified as type I (non-antisocial, late onset) and type II (antisocial, early onset) by Cloninger's classification. The genotyping of the DRD2, DRD4, GABRB3, 5-HTTLPR was carried out. Chi-square method was used for evaluating the associations between genetic polymorphism and the COAs Results : The frequency of A1 + allele of DRD2 in COAs were significantly higher than Non-COAs (χ²=4.45, df= 1, p=0.035). Significant association between the genotype of DRD4 and COAs was found (χ²=8.32, df= 1, p=0.004). Gl- alleles of GABRB3 in COAs were significantly higher than in Non-COAs (χ²=6.622, df= 1, p=0.022). We found no association of the polymorphic alleles of 5-HTTLPR with the COAs (χ²=0.021, df= 1, p=0.884). There were significant associations between the type of parental alcoholism and depression of COAs. Conclusion : We found that the children of alcoholics had significantly increased genetic risk of alcohol drinking expectancy. This study provides some preliminary information on the risk and protective factors associated with the COAs, which can be usedas a foundation for prevention and intervention of future psychopathology.

Chemically, spatially, and temporally resolved 2D mapping study for the role of grain interiors and grain boundaries of organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites

Namkoong, Gon,Jeong, Hyeon Jun,Mamun, Abdullah,Byun, Hyeryung,Demuth, Derek,Jeong, Mun Seok North-Holland 2016 Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells Vol. No.

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Grain interiors (GIs) and grain boundaries (GBs) of perovskites have been investigated using chemically, spatially, and temporally resolved measurements. Two dimensional (2D) chemical mapping measurements revealed the GBs consisted of the non-stoichiometric PbI<SUB>x</SUB> or CH<SUB>3</SUB>NH<SUB>3</SUB>PbI<SUB>x</SUB>, that were characterized by an absence of chloride, an enriched oxygen concentration, and a high density of iodide vacancies. In addition, steady-state 2D photoluminescence showed the bandgap broadening at the GBs while 2D lifetime mapping measurement suggested that the GBs indeed contained deep defect centers. However, it is found that defective GBs in perovskite materials do not act as high recombination sites for photogenerated charge carriers due to the bandgap broadening of non-stoichiometric PbI<SUB>x</SUB> or CH<SUB>3</SUB>NH<SUB>3</SUB>PbI<SUB>x</SUB> perovskites at the GB that forms the potential barriers for photo-generated charge carriers toward the GBs. As a consequence, the photo-generated charge carriers adjacent to the GBs will be easily repelled by the GBs, resulting in a greater reduction of the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. This is one possible reason for the high performance of CH<SUB>3</SUB>HN<SUB>3</SUB>PbI<SUB>3-x</SUB>Cl<SUB>x</SUB> based solar cells.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Grain interiors and grain boundaries of perovskites have been investigated. </LI> <LI> Bandgap broadening at the GBs was formed due to PbI<SUB>x</SUB> or CH<SUB>3</SUB>NH<SUB>3</SUB>PbI<SUB>x</SUB>. </LI> <LI> GBs were characterized by no chloride, enriched oxygen, and iodide vacancies. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>Two-dimensional photoluminescence and time resolved lifetime contrasting the grain interiors and grain boundaries.</P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

주정 의존 환자의 충동성 및 스트레스 내인력

남궁기,이희상,전종호,현명호,천덕희,유계준 大韓神經精神醫學會 1996 신경정신의학 Vol.35 No.3

충동성과 스트레스는 주정 의존의 원인, 증상 혹은 위험 요인이나 재발 요인으로서 논란의 대상이 되고 있으나, 현재까지 국내에서는 이에 관한 연구가 없다. 따라서 만일 주정 의존의 원인 및 재발 요인으로 생각되는 충동성과 스트레스 내인력이 주정 의존 환자군과 대조군 사이에 의미 있는 차이가 나타난다면 주정 의존의 치료에 있어서도 충동성을 낮추고 스트레스 내인력을 증가시키는데 초점을 두는 새로운 사회 기술 훈련 방법 등을 고안 적용함으로써, 보다 효과적인 치료를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 이러한 배경에서 본 연구가 계획되었다. 이에 본 연구의 목적은 국내 주정 의존 환자군을 대상으로 하여 주정 의존 환자군은 대조군에 비해 충동성의 경향이 유의하게 높을 것이고, 스트레스 내인력이 유의하게 떨어질 것이라는 가설을 검정하므로써, 주정 의존군과 대조군 사이에서 충동성과 스트레스 내인력에 어떤 차이가 있는 지를 알아보는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 29명의 주정 의존 환자군과 29명의 대조군을 연구 대상으로 하였다. 충동성을 측정하기 위해서 충동성 척도(impulsivity scale)와 인식력 검사(Cognitrone test)를 사용하였다. 연구 결과 충동성 척도 검사에서 주정 의존군은 전체 충동성 및 무계획 충동성과 운동 충동성이 대조군에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 인식력 검사에서는 주정 의존군이 대조군에 비해 틀린 문항 수가 통계적으로 유의하게 많았는데(p<0.05) 이는 주정 의존군의 충동성이 높음을 시사한다. 운동 결정력 검사의 소검사-3에서 주정의존군이 대조군에 비해 시간 내에 반응한 옳은 반응의 수가 통계적으로 유의하게 적었으며(p<0.05), 이는 주정 의존군의 스트레스 내인력이 떨어짐을 시사한다. 이러한 본 연구의 결과는 주정 의존 환자가 정상인에 비해 충동성이 높고, 스트레스 내인력이 떨어진다는 기존의 연구 결과들과 일치한다. 이러한 결과들을 통해 볼 때 주정 의존 환자의 치료와 예후의 판단 및 치료 효과의 평가에 충동성과 스트레스 내인력을 그 지표로 사용할 수 있을 것이다. This study was attempted to make a comparison of the impulsivity and the stress tolerance between patients with alcohol dependence(alcoholic group) and control subjects(control group). The author examined 29 alcoholics and 29 control subjects by the impulsivity scale, Cognitrone test and Determination Unit test. The results were summarized as follows : The scores of IMPM(impulsivity-motor), IMPP(impulsivity-nonplanning) and IMP(impulsivity-total score) were significantly higher in alcoholic group than in control group(10.00±5.43 vs 6.38±4.84, t=2.56, d.f.=51, p<0.05 ; 15.22±6.68 vs 10.77±5.87, t=2.53, d.f.=51 p<0.05 ; 36.67±13.20 vs 27.12±11.73, t=2.78, d.f.=51, p<0.05). The number of incorrect responses(Incorrect) of the Cognitrone test was significantly higher in alcoholic group than in control group(25.52±13.26 vs 17.83±7.30, t=2.47, d.f.=43.53, p<0.05 in Student t-test). The number of timely right responses of the Determination Unit test, subset-3 was significantly lower in alcoholic group than in control group(62.79±43.13 vs 90.79±52.02, t=-2.23, d.f.=56, p<0.05 in Student t-test). These results mean that the impulsivity is higher and the stress tolerance is lower in alcoholic group than in control group. With these results, the impulsivity and the stress tolerance in alcoholic patients can be used as indicator of their treatment efficacy and prognosis.

Mechanical Stress Distribution and the Effects of Process Parameter Changes in Vertical NAND Flash Memory

Namkoong, Yeon,Yang, Hyung Jun,Song, Yun Heub American Scientific Publishers 2017 Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Vol.17 No.7

<P>We investigated the stress distribution and electrical characteristics according to changes in the process parameters in a vertical NAND (VNAND) flash cell with a poly-Si channel. We used technology computer-aided design to confirm that process parameters changes affect the stress distribution in a VNAND flash cell and the stress in the poly-Si channel. Also, we found that, as the stress distributions changed, the electrical characteristics depended significantly on the annealing temperature, channel hole angle, and tungsten intrinsic stress in a VNAND flash cell. Thus, the industry needs to develop and apply better process parameters and acquire a better understanding of how the electrical characteristics of a VNAND flash cell depend on those parameters.</P>

Recombination dynamics of the CH₃NH₃PbI<SUB>3-x</SUB>Cl<SUB>x</SUB> using chemically, spatially and temporally resolved 2D mapping

Gon NAMKOONG,Hyeon Jun JEONG,Abdullah MAMUN,Hye Ryung BYUN,Derek DEMUTH,Mun Seok JEONG 한국진공학회 2016 한국진공학회 학술발표회초록집 Vol.2016 No.8

자궁경부암 치료에서 p53 종양억제유전자의 플라스미드와 아데노바이러스를 이용한 유전자 치료법의 개발

이준모(Jun Mo Lee),김승조(Seung Jo Kim),남궁성은(Sung Eun NamKoong),조성대(Sung Dae Cho),황성진(Seong Jin Hwang),박현라(Hyun Ra Park),한유진(You Jin Han),김상태(Sang Tae Kim),이헌영(Hun Young Lee),김동재(Dong Jae Kim),박용석(Yong Serk 대한산부인과학회 1999 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.42 No.9

연구배경: 악성종양의 치료법에서 근간을 이루고 있는 방법은 수술, 방사선과 항암요법이다. 이와같은 치료에도 불구하고 종양세포의 파괴를 주 목표로 하고 있는 현재의 치료법은 그 한계에 도달하고 있다. 따라서 앞으로 종양치료의 방향은 이미 언급한 고식적인 방법과 아울러 종양에 대한 인체의 면역 반응을 항진시켜 종양세포 손상을 유도하는 유전자 치료쪽으로 연구가 진행되어야 할 것으로 사료되어 연구를 시작하였다. 연구목적: 자궁경부암의 유전자 치료를 위하여 자궁경부암 세포주들에 리포솜을 이용한 종양억제 유전자의 직접 이입법 (pRcCMVp53/ lipofectin)과 아데노 바이러스 (AdCMVp53)를 이용한 간접이입법에 의한 종양세포의 성장억제효과를 보고자 하였다. 연구방법: 이 연구에 사용한 자궁경부암 세포주들은 억제 유전자인 야생형 p53유전자를 가지고 있고 인유두종 바이러스 (human papilloma virus : HPV) 16 양성을 나타내는 CaSki, SiHa 세포주, HPV 18 양성을 나타내는 HeLa, HeLaS3 세포주와 HPV 음성을 나타내는 C33A, HT3 세포주이었다. LacZ를 표지유전자로 사용하여 그 이입효율을 확인 하였으며 인체 자궁경부암세포주로의 유전자의 직접 이입법으로는 lipofectin을 매개로 한 방법(pRcCMVp53/lipofectin)을 사용하였고 간접이입법으로는 바이러스를 사용한 AdCMVp53를 사용하였다. 암세포 성장억제 효과는 세포수 측정을 통해 확인하였다. 결과: p53 유전자의 이입에의한 자궁경부암 세포주의 성장억제는 직접이입법에의한 (pRcCMVp53/lipofectin) 경우 CaSki에서는 88.5%, SiHa는 59.1%, HeLa는86.0%, HeLaS3는 78.0%, C33A는 91.3%, 그리고 HT3에서는 74.0%의 성장억제를 나타냈다. 간접이입법 (AdCMVp53)에 의한 세포수 측정에서 CaSki인 경우에는 97.4%, SiHa는 91.6%, HeLa는 95.8%, HeLaS3는 99.7%, C33A는 97.3%, 그리고 HT3에서는 87.4%의 성장억제를 나타냈다. 결론: 자궁경부암 세포주에 직, 간접 이입법을 통한 억제유전자 전달 후 세포성장 억제는 HPV 양, 음성 모든세포주에서 매우 유의하게 감소되었으며 CaSki, HeLa세포주인 경우 직·간접 이입법에서는 유의한 차이가 없었으나 SiHa, HeLaS3, C33A세포주에서는 간접법 HT3세포주에서는 직접법이 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 이와같은 결과는 향후 자궁경부암 환자에 있어서 억제유전자의 직·간접이입법에 의한 유전자 치료를 실시할 수 있는 새로운 장으로 그 의의가 클것으로 생각 되어진다. Background: The basic treatment of malignant tumors is surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy. Even though, the object of these treatments is to kill cancer cells, they have limitations. So, in future studies of treatment of cancer, we should look into increasing human immune response using gene therapy in order to induce damage to tumor cells. Objective: The cell growth inhibitory effect of cervical cancer cells was investigated by direct transfection using liposome(pRcCMVp53/lipofectin). and by indirect transfection using Adenovirus(AdCMVp53). Methods: The cervical cancer cell lines we used in this study were HPV16 positive, having inhibitory gene, wild p53 gene, CaSki, SiHa, HPV18 positive HeLa, HeLaS3 and HPV negative C33A, HT3, LacZ gene was used as the marker gene for the transfection efficacy. Direct transfection was done by using lipofectin (pRcCMVp53/lipofectin) and indirect transfection was done by using virus, AdCMVp53. The effect of tumor cell growth inhibition was measured by cell counting assay. Result: Inhibition of growth of cervical cancer cells in cell counts of direct transfection was CaSki(88.5%), SiHa(59.1%), HeLa(86.0%), HeLaS3(78.0%), C33A(91.3%) and HT3(74.0%). Inhibition of growth of cervical cancer cells in cell counts of indirect transfection was CaSki(97.4%), SiHa(91.6%), HeLa(95.8%), HeLaS3(99.7%), C33A(97.3%) and HT3(87.4%). Conclusion : The inhibition of cell growth of cervical cancer cells by direct and indirect transfection was significantly reduced, and showed little differences depending on the type of cells. These results will have a great meaning in treating cervical cancer patients using gene therapy by direct or indirect transfection

Autophagy Dysregulation and Obesity-Associated Pathologies

Sim, Namkoong,Cho, Chun-Seok,Semple, Ian,Lee, Jun Hee Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology 2018 Molecules and cells Vol.41 No.1

Autophagy is one of the major degradative mechanisms that can eliminate excessive nutrients, toxic protein aggregates, damaged organelles and invading microorganisms. In response to obesity and obesity-associated lipotoxic, proteotoxic and oxidative stresses, autophagy plays an essential role in maintaining physiological homeostasis. However, obesity and its associated stress insults can often interfere with the autophagic process through various mechanisms, which result in further aggravation of obesity-related metabolic pathologies in multiple metabolic organs. Paradoxically, inhibition of autophagy, within specific contexts, indirectly produces beneficial effects that can alleviate several detrimental consequences of obesity. In this minireview, we will provide a brief discussion about our current understanding of the impact of obesity on autophagy and the role of autophagy dysregulation in modulating obesity-associated pathological outcomes.

Alkali Metal Ion Catalysis and Inhibition in Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of 3,4-Dinitrophenyl Diphenylphosphinothioate with Alkali Metal Ethoxides in Anhydrous Ethanol: Effect of Changing Electrophilic Center from P=O to P=S

An, Jun-Sung,NamKoong, Gil,Kang, Ji-Sun,Um, Ik-Hwan Korean Chemical Society 2011 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.32 No.7

Pseudo-first-order rate constants ($k_{obsd}$) have been measured spectrophotometrically for nucleophilic substitution reactions of 3,4-dinitrophenyl diphenylphosphinothioate 9 with alkali metal ethoxides (EtOM, M = Li, Na, K) in anhydrous ethanol at $25.0{\pm}0.1^{\circ}C$. The plot of $k_{obsd}$ vs. [EtOM] is linear for the reaction of 9 with EtOK. However, the plot curves downwardly for those with EtOLi and EtONa while it curves upwardly for the one with EtOK in the presence of 18-crown-6-ether (18C6). Dissection of $k_{obsd}$ into $k_{EtO^-}$ and $k_{EtOM}$ (i.e., the second-order rate constant for the reaction with dissociated $EtO^-$ and ion-paired EtOM, respectively) has revealed that the reactivity increases in the order $k_{EtOLi}$ < $k_{EtONa}$ < $k_{EtO^-}$ ${\approx}$ $k_{EtOK}$ < $k_{EtOK/18C6}$, indicating that the reaction is inhibited by $Li^+$ and $Na^+$ ions but is catalyzed by 18C6-crowned $K^+$ ion. The reactivity order found for the reactions of 9 contrasts to that reported previously for the corresponding reactions of 1, i.e., $k_{EtOLi}$ > $k_{EtONa}$ > $E_{EtOK}$ > $k_{EtO^-}$ ${\approx}$ $k_{EtOK/18C6}$, indicating that the effect of changing the electrophilic center from P=O to P=S on the role of $M^+$ ions is significant. A four-membered cyclic transition-state has been proposed to account for the $M^+$ ion effects found in this study, e.g., the polarizable sulfur atom of the P=S bond in 9 interacts strongly with the soft 18C6-crowned $K^+$ ion while it interacts weakly with the hard $Li^+$ and $Na^+$ ions.

볼 엔드밀 공정에서 공구변형 예측에 관한 연구

박성준(Sung-Jun Park),이교승(Kyo-Seung Lee),남궁재관(Chai-Kwan Namkoong) 한국생산제조학회 2005 한국생산제조학회지 Vol.14 No.3

A new measuring method for tool deflection has been developed when sculptured surface is processed in ball-end milling. Since the vibration due to cutting forces has low frequencies, an electromagnetic sensor is used for measuring the exact vibration displacement. The amplitude and direction of vibration displacement during the cutting process is presented as orbital plot. In this study, it assumes that the vibration displacement is proportional to the length of cutting chip. Therefore, tool deflection is calculated by summing up the vibration displacement of unit chip length for engaged chip length. In addition, computer programs has been developed to predict the deflection of tools when machining sculptured surface. This developed program predicts the tool deflection per block of NC data, so that it can easily identify the parts which have the possibility of machining errors.

지난 4년간 학회지 "신경정신의학" 심사 평가보고

오병훈,권준수,남궁기,김승현,지익성,김창윤,하규섭,박원명,김성곤,오강섭,김정범,이수정,정한용,이창욱,박용천,이영문,김세주,이병욱 大韓神經精神醫學會 2005 신경정신의학 Vol.44 No.5

Four Years Reports of "Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association" during 2001 to 2005 were evaluated by 18 Editorial Board of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association. We investigated the articles to specific fields and rejection rate etc. by different section chiefs. Although several problems concerning review time duration and rejection guideline issues indicated but generally all reviewer processes proved relatively clear and concise criteria. Through these objective and systematic evaluation Processes, "Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association" will develop a good journal.