Efficient Interleukin-21 Production by Optimization of Codon and Signal Peptide in Chinese Hamster Ovarian Cells

( Hee Jun Cho ),( Byung Moo Oh ),( Jong-tae Kim ),( Jeewon Lim ),( Sang Yoon Park ),( Yo Sep Hwang ),( Kyoung Eun Baek ),( Bo-yeon Kim ),( Inpyo Choi ),( Hee Gu Lee ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2019 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.29 No.2

Interleukin-21 is a common γ-chain cytokine that controls the immune responses of B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells. Targeting IL-21 to strengthen the immune system is promising for the development of vaccines as well as anti-infection and anti-tumor therapies. However, the practical application of IL-21 is limited by the high production cost. In this study, we improved IL-21 production by codon optimization and selection of appropriate signal peptide in CHO-K1 cells. Codon-optimized or non-optimized human IL-21 was stably transfected into CHO-K1 cells. IL-21 expression was 10-fold higher for codon-optimized than non-optimized IL-21. We fused five different signal peptides to codon-optimized mature IL-21 and evaluated their effect on IL-21 production. The best result (a 3-fold increase) was obtained using a signal peptide derived from human azurocidin. Furthermore, codon-optimized IL-21 containing the azurocidin signal peptide promoted IFN-γ secretion and STAT3 phosphorylation in NK-92 cells similar to codon-optimized IL-21 containing original signal peptide. Collectively, these results indicate that codon optimization and azurocidin signal peptides provide an efficient approach for the high-level production of IL-21 as a biopharmaceutical.

상아질 접착제의 용매 증발이 접착 효율에 미치는 영향

조민우,김지연,김덕수,최경규 大韓齒科保存學會 2010 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.35 No.5

연구목적: 본 연구는 상아질 접착제의 잔류 용매가 접착 효율에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 본 연구에서는 5세대 2단계 산부식형 접착제와 7세대 단일과정 자가부식형 접착제를 사용하였다. 상아질 접착제의 증발률과 전환률, 적용 후 용매의 공기건조 방법에 따른 미세인장결합강도를 측정하였으며 접착 계면을 FE-SEM을 이용하여 관찰하였다. 결과: 1. 시간에 따라 접착제의 증발률은 증가하나 접착제의 종류에 따라 증가 양상이 서로 달랐다. 2. 대부분 전환률은 증발률에 비례하는 경향을 나타내었다. 3. 공기건조 방법에 따라 결합강도는 대부분 under군, control군, over군 순으로 증가하는 양상을 나타내었다. 4. FE-SEM에서 아세톤을 용매로 사용하는 접착제는 공기건조 방법에 따라 droplet이나 gap이 관찰되었다. 결론: 상아질 접착제의 잔류 용매는 접착 효율에 부정적인 영향을 미치기 때문에, 상아질 접착제의 선택과 사용 시 용매의 종류와 특징에 대한 적절한 이해가 필요할 것이다. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate bonding efficacy by means of measuring the effect of remained solvent on Degree of conversion(DC) and μTBS and FE-SEM examination. Materials and Methods: Two 2-step total etching adhesives and two single-step self etching adhesives were used in this study. First, volume weight loss of 4 dentin adhesives were measured using weighting machine in process of time in normal conditions and calculate degree of evaporation (DE). Reaction/reference intensity ratio were measured using micro-Raman spectroscopy and calculate DC according to DE. Then 2 experimental groups were prepared according to air-drying methods (under, over) and control group was prepared to manufacturer's instruction. Total 12 groups were evaluated by means of micro tensile bond strength and FE-SEM examination. Results: Degree of evaporation (DE) was increased as time elapsed but different features were observed according to the kind of solvents. Acetone based adhesive showed higher DE than ethanol and butanol based adhesive. Degree of conversion (DC) was increased according to DE except for S³ bond. In μTBS evaluation, bond strength was increased by additional air-drying. Large gaps and droplets were observed in acetone based adhesives by FE-SEM pictures. Conclusions: Additional air-drying is recommended for single-step self etching adhesive but careful consideration is required for 2-step total etching adhesive because of oxygen inhibition layer. Evaporation method is carefully chose and applied according to the solvent type.

건설공사의 재해예방에 관한 연구

연길환,조희제,임경택,윤석천 忠南大學校 産業技術硏究所 1994 산업기술연구논문집 Vol.9 No.2

This study aims to review the problems and status of accident and construction projects also to find out the ways of preventing the works from accident. It can let them understand the reasons for the accidents and the way of promoting the awareness of safety. For the study the literature and previous studies are reviewed and then the field managers and safety management members were interviewed intent of status of field safety management and accidents data occurred at domestic construction fields.

2003년 5월의 연무 관측시 에어로졸의 기상·물리·화학 특성

임주연,전영신,조경미,이상삼,신혜정 한국대기환경학회 2004 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.20 No.5

Severe haze, mist, and fog phenomena occurred in the central part of Korea during 15~25 May 2003 resulted in poor visibility and air quality. When these phenomena occurred, Korean peninsula was under the effects of anticyclone. The atmosphere was stable, and wind speed was so weak. Under this meteorological conditions, air quality was worse and worse. The characteristics of aerosol in Seoul, Incheon, and Gosan (Jeju) during this period are investigated from the PM_(10). TSP concentrations and aerosol number concentrations. Concentrations of PM_(10) and TSP measured at KMA increased upto 176 and 230㎍/㎥ on 22 May 2003, respectively. Aerosol number concentrations of size range from 0.82 to 6.06 ㎛ increased in Seoul on 17, 19, and 21~24 May 2003, and the concentrations of NO₂ and SO₂had maximum value of 0.165 ppm at Gwanak Mt. and 0.036 ppm at Guro-dong on 23 May 2003, respectively. Result from analysis on heavy metal elements showed high concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Cd during 20~24 May 2003. This event is examined by comprehensive analyses of synoptic weather conditions, satellite images, concentrations of suspended particles and air pollutants, and heavy metal elements.

증기압 멸균 소독에 의한 치과용 석고의 물성변화

김연웅,이용근,김광만,김경남,조리라,정경호 大韓齒科器材學會 2003 대한치과재료학회지 Vol.30 No.1

Gypsum products have potential contamination by infectious human pathogens, which could be transmitted from patient to the gypsum model via impression materials. Therefore disinfection and sterilization of gypsum products are recommended. Steam sterilization: namely autoclaving is widely available in dentistry. The aim of this study was to investigate degradation of mechanical properties for dental gypsum after steam sterilization. The effect of autoclaving on compressive strength, weight loss and dimensional accuracy of specimens of commercial die stone such as Crystal Rock(CR : Maruishi), Die Keen(DK : Columbus Dental), Resin Rock(RR : Whip Mix), Tuff Rock(TR : Talladium) were estimated, and experimental gypsums{(EP) : 0.5wt% accelerator, 0.02wt% retarder, 0.1wt% surface agent, 0.1wt% Poly Vinyl Acetate} were also measured the above properties after autoclaving. For each group, five cylindrical(6㎜ in diameter and 12㎜ long) specimens made with manufactures water:powder ratio. All specimens were dried in oven until reaching the constant mass. After dried, they were autoclaved at 121℃ for 20 minute, dried again. Compressive strength was measured before and after autoclaving using mechanical testing machine at a cross-head speed of 0.5㎜/min. The dimensional accuracy was estimated by length change of specimens with digital caliper before and after autoclaving. For statistical analysis, ANOVA Tukeys Studentized Range(HSD) test and T test were used. Compressive strength and weight were decreased in all samples after autoclaving. There is significant difference between CR, DK and RR, TR in after autoclaving(p<0.05). EP exhibited the highest compressive strength after autoclaving. The weight was significantly decreased in all group except RR after autoclaving(p<0.05). The dimensional accuracy was not significantly increased in all group except CR. As this result, we found that resin-containing dental stone is more appropriate for autoclaving in dentistry.

동일한 시료에 대한 국내 기관간의 STR 분석결과 비교 : STR 유전자좌 분석법의 표준화 설정을 위하여

박종태,신경진,양윤석,우광만,이숭덕,이승환,이정빈,정연보,조승희,한길로,한면수,홍승범 大韓法醫學會 2001 대한법의학회지 Vol.25 No.1

This paper described a collaborative exercise intended to see what kinds of short tandem repeat (STR) loci are used in different DNA typing laboratories in Korea and to compare their results for the demonstration whether uniformity of DNA profiling results from different laboratory could be achieved in Korea Laboratories were asked to test five tissue DNAs using methods routinely used in each laboratory and to report the results to the coordinating laboratory. The exercise demonstrated that each laboratory was using different STR loci for the typing with different STR numbers,2 VNTRS,36 STRs and amelogenin in total, and the direct comparison of the results from all the laboratory for the 18 loci could not be done as only one laboratory submitted typing results. Among 21 loci for which several laboratories submitted typing results, results for 14 loci were the same and results for the other 7 loci were different depending on the participating laboratory. D1S80, F13A01, D16S539, D21S11, D18S51, D3S1744 were the loci with different typing results. Even in the cases where commercial kits were used, the results were not the same depending on the machines used, that is the capillary electrophoresis or the gel based electrophoresis. The reason for the different results, points about the standardization of the methods arid the profiling data were described.

종격동 종괴를 의심케한 우대동맥궁 1례

김만우,백학연,정춘해,장경식,홍순표,조건국,김종진 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 1987 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.12 No.1

Developmental anomalies of the aortic arch, commonly known as vascular rings, are relatively rare congenital vascular anomalies which can compress the trachea and esophagus. One routine chest film of a patient who was checked and hepatoma-diagnosed in Internal Medicine, Chosun University Hospital left the room for doubt of mediastinal mass. But no subjective symptoms for the mass was told by the patient. This is to report our experience of a patient having right side aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery, as proved by diagnosis, but none of congenital heart disease. This right side aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery is the most frequent type among right aortic arch, the anomaly of which is usually detected from the incidental suspicion for mediastinal mass at routine chest film; because no symptoms are accompanied therewith.

경부외측종괴의 감별진단 및 접근에 대한 고찰

이경호,박현진,강지연,최희원,조용석,김경원,양수남 大韓顎顔面成形再建外科學會 2002 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.24 No.6

Most neck masses of specific cause occur in rather predictable locations within typical age groups. This allows a systematic approach to developing a working diagnosis and a differential diagnosis and management plan for the patient presenting with a neck mass. Pathologic masses of the neck will be divided into the following segment: 1. Masses of nonspecific location. 2. Masses in the submandibular region, 3. Masses in the parotid region, 4. Masses in the median-paramedian region, 5. Masses in the lateral neck region. The lateral neck region is the area posterior to the hyolaryngotracheal conduit, below the posterior belly of the digastric muscle and tip of the parotid gland, and extends down to the clavicle. The contents of this region include the large vessels, nerves and greatest number of lymph nodes of the neck, and lymph node metastasis in this region is usually from a primary lesion at the base of the tongue or elsewhere in the oropharynx. Common lateral neck masses include branchial cleft cyst, carotid body tumor, neurogenic tumor, pan-neck infection, cystic hygroma, hemangioma, lipoma and lymphoma. Especially lymphosarcoma. Hodgkin's disease, cystic hygroma, hemangioma and branchial cleft cyst and more common and often manifest in the young patients. Many head and neck disease processes manifest as neck masses. These conditions are treated by surgical excision, except for some inflammatory masses, and often those also must be excised before a diagnosis can be made. We retrospectively reviewed 5-year experiences in the treatment of lateral neck masses at our department to define better clinical characteristics of the masses and the optimal diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to these rare diseases.

Investigation on the intercepted insects from prohibited-plants by hand-carry in Incheon airport and sea port, Korea

Kyoung Yeon Cho,Heung-Sik Lee,Deuk-Soo Choi 한국응용곤충학회 2019 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2019 No.04

여행객 휴대 수입금지식물에서 발생하는 금지해충(과실파리류, 코드린 나방 등)의 유입 가능성이 높아짐에 따라 지속적인 모니터링을 통하여 품목별, 국가별로 검출되는 해충의 정보 축적이 필요하며, 검역해충 종 동정을 위하여 표본 확보 및 분류학적 정보가 필요하다. 2018년 1월부터 12월까지 인천공항 및 인천항으로 반입되어 압수한 휴대식물 중 사과, 배, 복숭아에서 검출되는 해충을 조사하였다. 그 결과 형태학적 동정 및 DNA 바코딩 분석을 통하여 Carposina sasakii (복숭아심식나방), Grapholta molesta (복숭아순나방), Grapholita dimorpha (복숭아순나방붙이) 등이 검출되었지만 우려하는 코드린나방은 검출되지 않았다. 본 연구결과는 휴대 반입식물에서 검출되는 해충 종 구성에 대한 검역자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

A Study on Social Awareness of Optometrists in Korea

Yeon-Kyoung Cho,In-Chul Jeon 대한시과학회 2019 대한시과학회지 Vol.21 No.1

목적 : 안경사 직업에 대한 일반인들의 사회적 인식을 파악함으로써 안경사의 위상을 강화시킬 수 있는 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 방법 : 일반인 172명과 안경사 70명을 대상으로 하여 안경사의 사회적 인식을 파악하였다. 사회적 인식은 성별, 연령, 교육수준, 직업에 따른 차이가 있을 것으로 사료되어 각 항목별로 질문지를 분류하여 세부항목을 만든 후 온라인 설문지(Goggle)를 통해 배포하였다. 결과 : 일반인 172명을 대상으로 성별에 따른 분포는 남자 73명(42.4%), 여자 99명(57.6%)으로 나타났다. 연령은 20대 22명(12.8%) 30대 42명(24.4%) 40대 37명(21.5%) 50대 이상 70명(40.7%)이었고, 그들의 학력은 고졸 37명(21.5%) 대졸 99명(57.6%) 대학원이상 36명(20.9%)의 분포를 이루고 있었다. 안경사 70명의 응답분포는 남자 43명(61.4%), 여자 27명(38.6%)으로 나타났으며 연령은 20대(12.8%) 30대(24.4%) 40대(21.5%) 50대 이상 (40.7%)이었고, 그들의 학력은 고졸 9명(21.5%) 대졸 56명(57.6%) 대학원이상 5명(20.9%)의 분포를 이루고 있었다. 안경사의 주요업무에 대한 질문에서 일반인과 안경사 두 그룹 모두 시력보건 전문 의료기사로서의 업무라고 생각하는 비율이 가장 높았으며, 그 다음이 안경 및 콘택트렌즈 판매원으로서의 업무라고 생각한다는 응답이었다. 일반인이 안경사의 주요업무를 시력보건 전문 의료기사라고 생각하는 비율이 가장 높게 나타났지만 시력검사 필요성을 느낄 때는 안경원방문(36.0%)보다 안과방문(61.6%) 비율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 일반인이 안경원을 방문 했을 때 방문자의 대부분은 처방에 만족(78.5%)하였다고 응답하였다. 불만족(14.0%)을 느낀 고객들의 불만족 사항은 검안에 대한 전문지식 부족(48.2%), 고객응대(14.1%)의 순으로 나타났다. 안경사를 대상으로 전문 안경사가 되기 위한 요건으로 무엇이 필요한지 알아 본 결과 굴절검사에 관한 전문지식과 양안시검사에 관한 전문지식이 가장 필요하다고 응답했다. 일반인이 불만족을 느끼는 부분과 안경사가 전문가가 되기 위해 필요하다고 느끼는 부분이 일치하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 일반인을 대상으로 안경사가 국가고시를 통과한 전문가임을 알고 있는지 조사 한 결과 일반인 172명 중 33.7%의 응답자가 안경사 국가고시 시험이 존재한다는 사실을 모르고 있었다. 또한 응 답한 일반인들의 절반이상인 50.6%가 안과에서 근무하는 시력 검사자가 안경사임을 모르고 있다고 응답하였다. 결론 : 안경사에 대한 일반인의 사회적 인식을 알아 본 결과 응답자의 45.9%가 안경사를 시력 보건 전문 의료 기사라고 생각하고 있었다. 그에 반해 안경 및 콘택트렌즈 판매사(41.3%)라고 생각하는 응답자도 높게 나타났다. 일반인과 안경사 모두 안경사가 전문가가 되기 위해서는 굴절검사나 양안시검사에 있어서 지식의 보완이 필요하다고 느끼고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 국가고시 시험을 통해 양성된 전문 안경사가 단순 판매사가 아닌 전문가로 위상을 높이기 위해서는 안경사 스스로의 노력뿐만 아니라 제도적인 지원 또한 필요한 것으로 사료된다. Purpose : The purpose of this study is to investigate the social awareness of optometrists. By raising the social awareness of the optometrists, We intend to establish basic data that can positively influence the public eye health for strengthening the status of optometrists. Methods : The subjects of 172 normal people and 70 optometrists were participated. It assumed that the social awareness was considered to be different according to gender, age, education level, and occupation. Thus, the questionnaires were classified by each category, and the detailed items were made and distributed using Goggle online questionnaire. Results : The distribution of the people according to gender was 73 males(42.4%) and 99 females(57.6%). The age groups of respondents were shown 20s(12.8%), 30s(24.4%), 40s(21.5%), 50 or more(40.7%). The educational levels of high school graduates(21.5%), college graduates(57.6%) and graduate schools(20.9%) were distributed. When asked about the main tasks of optometrists, both ordinary people and optometrists thought that optometrists were the experts in vision healthcare, followed by the glasses and contact lens salesman. Most of optometrists’ main tasks were thought to be specialists in vision healthcare, but when they felt the necessity of vision screening, eye clinic visit(61.6%) were higher than optical shop visit(36.0%). Most of the optical shop’s customers were satisfied with their prescription(78.5%). The dissatisfaction of customers who felt unsatisfied(14.0%) was the lack of refractive test expertise(48.2%) and customer response(14.1%) in order. As a result of this survey, optometrists responded that they need the expert knowledge of refraction examination and of binocular vision examination to become a professional optometrist. In the questionnaire to the normals on whether the optometrist is an experts who passed national examination as a professional optometrist, 33.7% of the ordinary people did not realize that optometrists acquire a national’s license. In addition, 50.6% of those said that they did not know that the people working in eye clinics were optometrists. Conclusion : As a result of the social awareness on optometrists in Korea, most people think that the main job of optometrists is vision care. On the other hand, the rate of respondents who think that they are glasses and contact lens sellers(41.3%) was also high. Both normal people and optometrists felt that optometrists need a supplement of knowledge on refractive examination and binocular vision test as an expert. In order to increase the status of professional optometrists who have been trained under the national examination, it is necessary to make an effort by themselves, and institutional support is also needed.