다제내성 그람양성균에 대한 Linezolid(Zyvox^(�))의 시험관내 항균력 비교

박대원,정희진,엄중식,황병연,김성범,이재갑,이연주,정혜원,정성주,박재형,이진수,손장욱,김우주,김민자,박승철 대한감염학회 2003 감염과 화학요법 Vol.35 No.5

배경 : MRSA, VRE, VRSA같은 다제 내성 그람 양성균의 등장에 따라 glycopeptide를 대체할 새로운 항생제의 개발이 필요하게 되었고 결과적으로 새로운 항생제인 linezolid라는 항생제가 개발되었다. Linezolid는 이전의 항생제와는 다른 새로운 계열의 oxazolidinone으로 경구 이용률이 우수하다. 원내 및 원외감염의 중요한 원인균이 되고 있는 MRSA, VRE에 대한 적절한 경구용 항균제가 없는 국내에서 폐렴 및 피부 연조직 감염에서 경구용으로 사용해 볼 수 있는 약제이다. 본 연구에서는 고대 구로 병원에서 분리된 MRSA, VRE 등을 대상으로 다른 여러 항균제와 비교한 linezolid의 시험관내 항균력을 조사하고자 하였다. 재료 및 방법 : 연구대상은 1998년 1월부터 2000년 12월까지 본원에서 입원 및 외래를 통하여 피부 연조직 감염증 및 호흡기 감염증, 요로감염증으로 진단된 환자들의 가검물로부터 분리된 MRSA 60균주, VRE 43균주, PRSP 25균주를 액체배지 또는 한천배지 희석법을 통하여 linezolid 및 기타 항균제에 대한 최소발육억제농도를 구하였다. 결과 : 실험에 사용한 S. aureus는 모두 MRSA였고 이들은 linezolid에 대해 MIC_(90) 2㎍/㎖(MIC 범위 1-2㎍/㎖), Enterococcus spp는 모두 VRE로 linezolid의 MIC_(90)은 2㎍/㎖로 MIC 범위는 1-4㎍/㎖였다. 한 개의 균주에서 MIC 4㎍/㎖로 중등도 감수성을 보였으나 MIC breakpoint가 (8㎍/㎖인 내성균주는 없고 모두 감수성을 보였다. S. pneumoniae의 경우 penicillin 내성이었고, linezolid MIC_(90) 1㎍/㎖ (MIC 범위 0.5-1㎍/㎖)로 전부 감수성을 보였다. 결론 : Linezolid는 MRSA를 위시한 VRE, PRSP 등의 다제 내성 그람 양성균에 대하여 우수한 시험관내 항균력을 보임을 알 수 있었다. Background : The emergence of multi-drug resistant Gram-positive cocci, such as MRSA, VRE, and VRSA, necessitated to develop new antibiotics, which could replace the glycopeptide. As a result, a new antibiotics named linezolid was developed. Linezolid is different line of oxazolidinones with a good oral bioavailability, compared to other antibiotics. Since appropriate oral antibiotics are not presently available for MRSA, which is a major cause of nosocomial and community acquired infections, the introduction of linezolid will have favorable effect on treatment of infections such as pneumonia or skin infections. In this study, we investigated the antibiotic effect of linezolid on MRSA and VRE isolated from patients who were treated in Korea University Guro Hospital. Material and Methods : By using broth microdilution and agar dilution method we measured minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) with sixty S. aureus, forty three Enterococcus spp., and twenty five S. pneumoniae isolates from patients who were diagnosed as skin, soft tissue, respiratory, and urinary infections in Korea University Guro Hospital from January, 1998 to December, 2002. Results : All of S. aureus used in this study were MRSA, and MIG_(90) of linezolid was below 2 ㎍/㎖ (MIC ranged between 1-2 ㎍/㎖). All of Enterococcus spp. were VRE, and had MIG_(90) of 2 ㎍/㎖ (MIC ranged between 1 to 4 ㎍/㎖). One of the VRE showed intermediate susceptibility with MIC of 4 ㎍/㎖. However, none was resistant with MIC breakpoint above 8 ㎍/㎖. All of S. pneumoniae were resistant to penicillin, but they were susceptible to linezolid with MICao of 1 ㎍/㎖(MIC range 0.5-1㎍/㎖). Conclusion : In conclusions, linezolid has an excellent in vitro antibiotic effect on multi-drug resistant Gram-positive cocci, such as MRSA, PRSP, and VRE.

윌리엄 포크너의『소음과 분노』: 사랑의 부재와 가족의 붕괴

박병주 忠州大學校 2012 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.47 No.-

This paper aims to examine The Sound and the Fury by William Faulkner in terms of the loss of love and family’s disintegration. In the novel we can find out a nightmare group of characters, that is, an alcoholic, cynical father; a demanding and hypocritical mother, a helpless idiot, an obsession-driven suicide, a vicious materialist. The pathological aspects of family members drive the Compson to family disintergration. Finally, this study shows us that the loss of love among family members is responsible for The family’s disintegration.

『노인과 바다』에 나타난 비극적 긍정성

박병주 忠州大學校 2008 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.43 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to identify the aspect of tragic affirmation in The Old Man and the Sea. The novel as a later work has been widely recognized as a theme of stoicism by overcoming nihilism revealed in Hemingway's earlier works. Nevertheless, many modern readers wonder if what Santiago showed us during the three day's journey is a heroic gesture or that of a hero. Obviously he is a foolish man in view of modern capitalism related with money and material success. But it is also true that his doings have an affirmative effect through a tragedy. Santiago as a protagonist can exercise his strength and endurance as a man to achieve his final symbolic but meaningful triumph in the face of disaster. His triumph carries a redemptive message for all who share the human condition. The paradox of his tragedy and affirmation is important because it underlines this mythic dimension of The Old Man and the Sea. In this perspective the novel deserves its fame. In place of code heroes in the early works, we have here a genuine hero who achieve meanings by a full commitment to his world and through an intimate relationship between man and nature. In conclusion, I insist that the success of The Old Man and the Sea lies in the paradoxical narrative of tragic affirmation.

포스트모던 소설에 나타난 사회 비판적 요소 : 1960년대 미국소설을 중심으로

朴炳珠 충주대 2000 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.35 No.1

This paper aims to show the social criticism revealed in postmodern novels.In this paper we can identify the following results : In The Crying of Lot 49, social criticism is political.Oedipa realizes that genuine communication stems from understanding of the "Other".She refuses to adopt only formal communication.Journey to Narcisos ironically means an escape from narcissism.We can say that Pynchon reminds us of chances of escape from narcissism by using the term "trystero" as a social metaphor. In Trout Fishing in America, social criticism is ecological.It concerns the author's recollections of his various attempts to find good trout fishing.The narrator's quest for Trout Fishing in America is a series of disappointments. The whole episode is conducted as a gentle fantasy with no bitterness or anger; neverthless, one cannot fail to respond to the poignant sense of "loss" it conveys. In Slaughterhouse-Five, social criticism is about atrocity.Vonnegut shows us that a historical construct which has been regarded as an absolute truth is in fact a kind of arbitrary construct distorted by bad illusions.Bad illusions force man to overlook the common humanity. In conclusion, it can be said that social criticism is dominant in postmodern novels as many postmodern writers have demonstrated.

AZO 투명전도막의 전기 광학적 특성에 미치는 PET 기판 표면처리 효과

박병욱,김지훈,성열문,추영배,곽동주 경성대학교 공학기술연구소 2008 공학기술연구지 Vol.15 No.-

In this paper aluminium-doped zinc oxide(ZnO:Al) conducting layer was deposited on polyethylene terephthalate(PET) substrate by r. f. magnetron sputtering method PET substrate was modified by a DBD(dielectric barrier discharge) plasma before sputtering to improve the electric and optical properties of ZnO:Al film and to increase also the deposition rate The effect of heat treatment time on the dectrical, optical, chemical and structural properties of ZnO:Al thin film were investigated experimentally The PET films modified with the DBD plasma showed a significant decrease in water contact angle The deposition rate of ZnO:Al film in the case of the plasma-treated substrate was also increased by around 2 times compared to the untreated substrate The minimum resistivity of about 28×10-3 Ω-cm and transmittance of about 83.3% were obtained under the experimental condition of 6min of heat treatment time.

은 함유 활성탄소섬유의 기공특성 및 이에 의한 NO 제거에 관한 연구

박수진,김병주,Kawasaki, J. 한국화학공학회 2003 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.41 No.5

본 연구에서는 활성탄소섬유(activated carbon fiber, ACF)의 표면에 전해도금 방법으로 은(Ag)을 도입하여 Ag가 NO 제거에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. Ag가 도입된 ACF 표면특성은 X-ray diffraction(XRD)와 scanning electron microscope(SEM)을 이용하여 관찰하였으며, N₂/77 K 등온 흡착 특성은 BET식과 Boer의 t-plot을 이용하여 확인하였고, NO 제거효율은 가스 크로마토그래프를 이용하여 분석하였다. 실험결과 도금 시간이 증가함에 따라 ACF 표면의 Ag의 양은 점차 증가하였으나, ACF의 흡착 특성인 비표면적, 기공부피 등의 기공구조는 조금씩 감소하는 경향을 보였다. NO 제거효율 또한 초기에는 도입된 Ag의 양에 따라 증가하다가, 일정 도금량 이후에는 반대로 감소하는 경향이 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 ACF 표면에 도입된 Ag이 NO 제거에 도움을 주지만 그 양이 증가됨에 따라 ACF의 기공을 막아 ACF의 NO 흡착특성을 감소시키기 때문으로 판단된다. 결론적으로 Ag가 도입된 ACF의 NO 제거반응은 Ag의 양과 ACF의 흡착특성에 의해 결정된다고 판단된다. In this study, the activated carbon fiber (ACF), on which Ag had been introduced by an electroplating technique, was used to remove NO. Surface properties of the ACF were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). N₂ adsorption isotherms at 77 K were investigated by BET and 1-plot methods to characterize specific surface areas and pore volumes, and NO removal efficiency was confirmed by gas chromatographic technique. As experimental results, Ag content on the ACF increased with plating time. However, adsorption pmpenies such as BET specific surface area and total pore volume were somewhat deneased in the presence of silver. NO removal efficiency of dl Ag-ACF was higher than that with untreated ACF and increased with Ag content. However, decrease in the extent of NO removal was show in the excessively plated ACE which might be associated with the blocking of micropores in the carbon: therefore, an optimal Ag content exits in the presence of initially-well-developed micropores to lead increase in efficient NO removal ability of the ACF.

광중합형 구치부 수복재료의 중합수축량과 중합수축력

박성호,이순영,조용식,김수선,이창재,김영주,이봉희,이광성,노병덕 大韓齒科保存學會 2003 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.28 No.4

The purpose of present study was to evaluate the polymerization shrinkage stress and amount of linear shrinkage of composites and compomers for posterior restoration. For this purpose, linear polymerization shrinkage and polymerization stress were measured. For linear polymerization shrinkage and polymerization stress measurement, custom made Linometer (R&B, Daejon, Korea) and Stress measuring machine was used (R&B, Daejon, Korea). Compositers and compomers were evaluated; Dyract AP (Dentsply Detrey, Gumbh, German) Z100 (3M Dental Products, St. Paul, USA) Pyramid (Bisco, Schaumburg, USA) Synergy Compact (Coltene, Altstatten, Switzerland), Heliomolar (Vivadent/Ivoclar, Liechtenstein), and Compoglass (Vivadent Ivoclar/Liechtenstein) were used. 15 measurements were made for each material. Linear polymerization shrinkage or polymerization stress for each material was compared with one way ANOVA with Tukey at 95% levels of confidence. For linear shrinkage ; Heliomolar, Surefil<Synergy Compact, Z100<Dyract AP<Pyramid, Compoglass F (p<0.05) For Shrinkage stress ; Heliomolar < Z100, Pyramid<Synergy Compact, Compoglass F<Dyract AP<Heliomolar HB, Surefil (p<0.05)

LED를 이용한 복합레진의 광조사시, 중합수축의 속도와 양, 미세경도에 관한 연구

박성호,김수선,조용식,이순영,김도현,장용주,문현승,서정원,노병덕 大韓齒科保存學會 2003 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.28 No.4

This study evaluated the effectiveness of the light emitting diode(LED) units for composite curing. To compare its effectiveness with conventional quartz tungsten halogen (QTH) light curing unit, the microhardness of 2mm composite, Z250, which had been light cured by the LEDs (Ultralume LED2, FreeLight, Developing product D1) or QTH (XL 3000) were compared on the upper and lower surface. One way ANOVA with Tukey and Paired t-test was used at 95% levels of confidence. In addition, the amount of linear polymerization shrinkage was compared between composites which were light cured by QTH or LEDs using a custom-made linimeter in 10s and 60s of light curing, and the amount of linear polymerization shrinkage was compared by one way ANOVA with Tukey. The amount of polymerization shrinkage at 10s was XL3000 > Ultralume 2, 40, 60 > FreeLight, D1 (P<0.05) The amount of polymerization shrinkage at 60s was XL3000 > Ultralume 2, 60 > Ultralume 2, 40 > FreeLight, D1 (P<0.05) The microhardness on the upper and lower surface was as follows; <본문 참조> It was concluded that the LEDs produced lower polymerization shrinkage in 10s and 60s compared with QTH unit. In addition, the microhardness of samples which had been cured with LEDs was lower on the lower surfaces than the upper surfaces whereas there was no difference in QTH cured samples.

The Self-Reflexive Quality in Pale Fire : Based on Creative Function of Parody

朴炳珠 忠州大學校 1998 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.33 No.1

이 논문은 포스트모더니즘 소설의 선구자로 꼽히는 나바코프의 "창백한 불꽃"에 나타난 자기반영적 특질을 연구한 것이다. 나바코프(1899-1977)는 전통적 사실주의 미학에 정면으로 도전한 작가로서 작품의 예술성 특히 언어의 유희성에 탐닉하는 듯하나 패러디 수법을 사용해서 자의식적, 자기반영적 특질을 보여준다. 그는 삶의 진실에 대해서 절대적 권위나 진지한 접근을 포기하고 고의로 패러디를 통해서 기존에 당연시했던 진실의 허구성을 제시한다. 오늘날 시간은 단순한 연대기적 영속성의 개념을 상실했다. 특히 나바코프 소설은 전통적 서술구조를 철저히 파괴한다. 얼핏보면 이 소설에서도 서사(narrative)가 존재하지 않는 듯하다. 머리말, 시 그리고 주석과 색인으로 이루어져 있기 때문이다. 머리말 + 시(창백한 불꽃) + 해설 + 색인 = 소설(창백한 불꽃) 여기서 보는 바처럼 <창백한 불꽃>이라는 두 개의 제목이 있으며 따라서 시와 작품 전체는 구별되어야 한다. 이 소설에서 나바코프는 서문과 시, 시에 대한 비평 그리고 색인이라는 네부분을 배열해서 서술함으로써 작가와 비평가 더 나아가서 저술에 대해서 패러디한다. 그래서 문학이란 것이 객관적이고 절대적이기보다는 주관적이며 개인적 진실을 노정한다는 사실을 보여준다. "창백한 불꽃"이란 시를 쓴 존셰이드와 이 시에 대한 해설로서 찰스 킨보트의 서술 사이에는 리얼리티에 대한 전혀 다른 해석이 존재한다. 린다 허천이 패러디에 대한 현대적 의미를 "차이를 보여주는 반복행위"라고 정의했듯이 나바코프는 한가지 삶에 대해서 고의로 서로 다른 해석을 제공함으로써 자기반성적 특질을 보여주고 있다. 결국 이 소설은 패러디를 통해서 글쓰기와 글읽기에 대한 자기성찰을 보여주고 있는 것이다. 이러한 특질은 언어의 의미가 주는 불확정성에서 기인하는 것이며 언어의 다의성과 유희성을 인정하는 현대작가들의 미학적 태도이다. 현실이라고 하는 불확실한 세계를 예술적으로 재창조함에 있어서 리얼리티는 주관적이며 인식의 차이에 따라 달리 나타난다. 나바코프의 위대성은 바로 이러한 시대적 정신을 실험적 소설기법을 통해서 처음으로 시도하고 있다는 점에서 찾아 볼 수 있다.

스포츠·레저용품 구매행동에 관한 연구

박병주,노영태,이상봉,이영덕,전동호,박철준 釜山大學校 附設 體育科學硏究所 1997 體育科學硏究所 論文集 Vol.13 No.-

The decrease of working time and the increase of leisure time occused by the forms of Factory-Automation, Office-Automation and Household-Automation. The number of people involved in sports & leisure activities are world-widely increasing, and accordingly the demand of sports & leisure goods is outstandingly increased nowdays. In this regard, the main purpose of this study is to find out how the demand and desire of consumers are being formed by purchasing sports & leisure goods, to analysis major influencing consumers' purchasing activities by means of inspecting consumers' recogintion and attitude on sports & leisure goods. The following are results ; 1. In sports & leisure activity, this study is found out that 34 men(15.5%) play once in a week, 31(14.2%) play twice or thrice in a month, 29(13.3%) play twice or three in a week. But 31 women(14.2%) play twice or three in a month, 18(8.2%) play once in a week and 25(11.4%) never do it. 2. In use of purchasing goods, man in that to physical training 114(52.1%), to leisure 13(5.9%), etc 9(4.1%), women buy to leisure 75(34.3%), to physical training 5(2.3%), etc 3(1.3%). 3. The satisfied degrees of consumers is that man(3.82±0.7) is more than woman(2.86±0.7). 4. The determinant factors in purchasing is that woman is higher than, man in price, color, quality and design. But man is higher than woman in brand. 5. In improve method of sports and leisure goods, they answered in quality 113(51.6%), in design 66(30.2%), in price 16(7.3%), in brand 14(6.46%), in color 4(1.8%), etc 6(2.7%). 6. Information resources have mass media 52(23.7%), follow or friends 36(16.4%), show window or seller 21(9.6%). 7. The determinant factors of purchasing goods is 128(58.4%) in quality, 47(21.5%) in design, 37(16.9%) in color, 7(3.2%) in brand.