HRCT Emphysema Scoring과 운동부하 폐기능검사 지표들 간의 상관관계

최은경,최영희,김도형,김용호,윤세영,박재석,김건열,이계영,Choi, Eun-Kyoung,Choi, Young-Hee,Kim, Doh-Hyung,Kim, Yong-Ho,Yoon, Se-Young,Park, Jae-Seuk,Kim, Keun-Youl,Lee, Kye-Young 대한결핵및호흡기학회 2001 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.50 No.4

배 경 : 폐기종의 중증도 판정에 있어서 병리학적 기준은 기강(air space)의 확장 정도에 있으며, 이는 고해상도 전산화 촬영 (high resolution computed tomography, HRCT)에 의해 결정되는 폐기종 점수(emphysema scoring)와 좋은 상관성을 보인다는 것은 주지의 사실이다. 한편 폐기종의 주증상은 운동성 호흡곤란이므로 폐기종에 대한 임상적 평가는 운동능력의 감소를 측정하는 것이 타당하다고 알려져 있다. 그러나 대개의 경우 폐기종의 중증도 판정은 안정시 폐기능 검사에 의존하는 경우가 흔하며, 병리학적 중증도 판정과 상관성이 높다고 알려져 있는 고해상도 전산화 촬영에 의한 폐기종 점수와 운동부하 폐기능검사 지표들과의 상관성 여부에 대한 연구는 드문 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 폐기종의 중증도 판정에 있어서 HRCT와 안정시 폐기능 검사 및 운동부하 폐기능 검사간에 상호 관련성을 확인하여 보았다. 방 법 : 평균 연령 $60.6{\pm}10.3$세인 14명의 폐기종 환자들을 대상으로 HRCT, 안정시 폐기능 검사(forced expiratory flow volume curve, lung volumes by He dilution method, DLco, ABGA), 그리고 점진적운동부하폐 기능검사(incremental cycle ergometer)를 시행하였으며 HRCT는 GE highlight를 이용하여 조영증강 없이 최대흡기시에 1.5mm collimation, 10mm 간격으로 폐전체를 스캔하였고, 환자마다 모든 스캔에서 density mask를 이용하여 -400 HU를 기준으로 한 총폐면적과 -900 HU를 기준으로 한 폐기종 면적을 각각 구하여 백분율로 환산하여 폐기종 점수를 구하였다. 결 과 : 평균 폐기종 점수는 $37.4{\pm}14.9%$ 이었다. 폐기종 점수와 안정시 폐기능 검사의 DLco(r=-0.75)와 $PaO_2$(r=-0.66) 사이에서만 유의한(p<0.05) 상관성이 관찰되었다. 반면 폐기종 점수와 운동부하폐기능 지표들간의 상관성은 최대 산소섭취량(r=-0.68), 혐기성 역치(V-slope method, r=-0.690), 최대운동부하(r=-0.74), 최대운동시 $O_2$ pulse(r=-0.73), 최대운동시의 생리적 사강비율 (r=0.80) 등과 높은 유의성 (p<0.01)을 나타내었다. 그러나 호흡예비율과 심박수 예비율간에서는 유의한 상관성이 없었고, pulse oxymeter로 측정한 산소포화도와의 상관성도 유의하지 않았다. 결 론 : 이상의 결과에서 폐기종의 병리학적 중증도를 잘반영한다고 알려진 HRCT 폐기종 접수는 폐기종에 의한 생리학적 장애를 잘 반영하는 운동부하 폐기능 검사의 주요 지표들과 유의한 상관성이 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. Background : The correlation between the high resolution computed tomography(HRCT) emphysema score and the physiologic parameters including resting and exercise pulmonary function test was investigated in 14 patients($60.6{\pm}10.3$ years) with pulmonary emphysema. Methods : The patients underwent a HRCT, a resting pulmonary function test, and incremental exercise testing(cycle ergometer, 10 W/min). Computed tomography scans were obtained on a GE highlight at 10 mm intervals using 10 mm collimation, from the apex to the base after a full inspiration. The emphysema scores were determined by a CT program 'Density mask' outlining the areas with attenuation values less than -900 HU, indicating the emphysema areas, and providing an overall percentage of lung involvement by emphysema. Results : Among the resting PFT parameters, only the diffusing capacity(r=-0.75) and $PaO_2$ (r=-0.66) correlated with the emphysema score(p<0.05). Among the exercise test parameters, the emphysema score correlated significantly with the maximum power(r=-0.74), maximum oxygen consumption(r=-0.68), anaerobic threshold(V-slope method: r=-0.69), maximal $O_2$-pulse(r=-0.73), and the physiologic dead space ratio at the maximum workload(r=-0.80)(p<0.01). Conclusion: We could find that exercise testing parameters showed a much better correlation with the HRCT emphysema score, which is known to have a good correlation with the pathologic severity than the resting PIT parameters. Therefore it is suggested that exercise testing is superior to resting PIT for estimating in the estimation of the physiologic disturbance in emphysema patients.

저온에서의 indium hydroxide에서 indium oxide로의 상전이

최은경,이원준,한규성,김응수,김진호,황광택,황해진,심광보,조우석,Choi, Eun-Kyoung,Lee, Won-Jun,Han, Kyu-Sung,Kim, Ung-Soo,Kim, Jin-Ho,Hwang, wang-Teak,Hwang, Hae-Jin,Shim, Kwang-Bo,Cho, Woo-Seok 한국결정성장학회 2018 한국결정성장학회지 Vol.28 No.2

Indium hydroxide powder was prepared by precipitation method. The reaction temperature ($150{\sim}250^{\circ}C$) and the holding time at each reaction temperature (1~72 h) were used as experimental variables. The particle size, microstructure and crystal phase of each prepared powder were observed through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscope (FE-TEM) and BET. In this study, we investigated the phase and microstructural change induced by heat treatment of indium hydroxide nanoparticles at various temperatures for different holding times. Indium hydroxide 분말이 침전법으로 제조되었다. 반응온도($150{\sim}250^{\circ}C$)와 각 반응온도에서의 유지시간(1~72 h)이 실험 변수로 사용되었다. 각각의 제조된 분말을 X-선 회절 분석기(XRD)와 투과전자현미경(FE-TEM), BET를 통해 입자크기, 미세구조 및 결정상을 관찰하였다. 본 연구에서는 침전법에 의해 제조된 Indium hydroxide가 열처리 시 반응온도와 각 반응온도에서의 유지시간에 따라 어떻게 Indium oxide로 상전이 거동을 하는 지를 고찰하였다.

Lipopolysaccharide 유도된 Raw264.7 세포주에서 전사조절인자 NF-κB와 IRF-1의 공동작용에 의해 조절되는 PD-1 발현연구

최은경,이수운,이수웅,Choi, Eun-Kyoung,Lee, Soo-Woon,Lee, Soo-Woong 한국미생물학회 2013 미생물학회지 Vol.49 No.4

Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) is one of the important immune-inhibitory molecules which was expressed in T cells, B cells, NKT cells, and macrophages activated by various immune activating factors. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, is one of the crucial immunogens for PD-1 expression. However, there are only a few reports on the expression mechanisms of PD-1 in innate immune cells. In this study, we investigate the expression mechanisms of PD-1 in LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 cell lines by RT-PCR, Western Blot, flow cytometry as well as ChIP assay and co-immunoprecipitation. When Raw264.7 cells were stimulated with LPS, PD-1 expression was greatly up-regulated via PI3K and p38 signaling. Primary macrophages isolated from LPS-injected mice were also shown the increased expression of PD-1. In promoter assay, NF-${\kappa}B$ and IRF-1 binding regions in mouse PD-1 promoter are important for PD-1 expression. We also found that the co-activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ and IRF-1 is indispensable for the maximum PD-1 expression. These results indicate that the modulation of PD-1 expressed in innate immune cells could be a crucial for the disease therapy such as LPS-induced mouse sepsis model. Programmed Death-1 (PD-1)은 중요한 면역조절분자들 중 하나로 다양한 면역활성인자에 자극된 T 세포, B 세포, NKT 세포 및 대식세포에서 발현된다. Lipopolysaccaride (LPS)는 그람음성세균의 세포벽구성물질로 PD-1 발현을 유도하는 중요 면역원들 중 하나로 알려져 있다. 그러나 선천면역세포에서 PD-1 발현기전에 관한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 LPS에 의해 자극된 Raw264.7 세포주를 대상으로 PD-1 발현 및 발현조전기전을 RT-PCR, Western Blot, 유세포분석기, ChIP assay 및 co-immunoprecipitation 방법으로 조사하였다. Raw264.7 세포주가 LPS로 자극되었을 때 PI3K 및 p38 신호전달경로를 경유하여 PD-1 발현이 크게 증가되었다. 또한 LPS 주사된 생쥐의 비장유래 대식세포에서도 PD-1 발현이 증가됨을 확인 하였다. PD-1 유전자의 프로모터 분석을 통해서 NF-${\kappa}B$ 및 IRF-1 결합부위가 PD-1 발현에 중요함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 PD-1 발현을 극대화하기 위하여 전사조절인자 NF-${\kappa}B$ 및 IRF-1의 공동활성이 필수적임을 확인하였다. 본 연구결과는 LPS 유도 생쥐패혈증모델에서 선천면역세포에 발현된 PD-1분자의 제어를 통한 질병 연구에 유용한 자료로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

침전법을 이용한 Indium hydroxide 분말의 합성 연구

최은경,이원준,한규성,김응수,김진호,황광택,김종영,황해진,심광보,조우석,Choi, Eun-Kyoung,Lee, Won-Jun,Han, Kyu-Sung,Kim, Ung-Soo,Kim, Jin-Ho,Hwang, Kwang-Teak,Kim, Jong-Young,Hwang, Hae-Jin,Shim, Kwang-Bo,Cho, Woo-Seok 한국결정성장학회 2017 한국결정성장학회지 Vol.27 No.3

고밀도 ITO 타겟 제조를 위해 입자의 크기가 미세하면서도 응집성이 적은 $In_2O_3$ 분말을 합성해야 한다. 본 실험에서는 $In_2O_3$ 분말의 특성에 영향을 미치는 전구체 Indium hydroxide 분말의 크기와 형상을 제어하는 것에 목적을 두고 있다. 출발 물질로써 Indium metal을 질산($HNO_3$)과 증류수의 혼합용액에 용해시켜 $In(NO_3)_3$ 용액을 만들었다. 침전제로 수산화암모늄($NH_4OH$)을 사용하여 농도, pH, 온도가 Indium hydroxide 특성에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. X-ray diffraction으로 각 시료의 결정상을 분석하고 Crystallite size를 계산하였으며, TEM으로 입자의 형상과 크기를 분석하였다. 그 결과 $In(NO_3)_3$ 농도가 증가할수록 얻어지는 Indium hydroxide의 입자크기는 증가하였고 일정한 농도의 $In(NO_3)_3$ 용액에서 침전 pH 변화에 따른 Indium hydroxide의 입자크기와 형상의 변화는 관찰되지 않았다. 침전 시 온도가 상승할수록 입자크기는 증가하였다. For the production of a high-density ITO target, $In_2O_3$ powders with a small particle size and low agglomeration should be synthesized. The purpose of this study is to control the size and shape of the Indium hydroxide precursor which affects the properties of the $In_2O_3$ powder. As a starting raw material, Indium metal was dissolved in a Nitric acid ($HNO_3$) solution. The effect of concentration, pH, and temperature on the properties of Indium hydroxide was investigated using ammonium hydroxide as a precipitant. Crystallite size of each sample was analyzed by X-ray diffraction and the shape and the size of the powder was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. As a result, the particle size of Indium hydroxide was increased with increase in the concentration of $In(NO_3)_3$ and the particle size and shape of the Indium hydroxide remained unchanged with increase in the pH of the solution. The particle size increased with increase in the precipitation temperature during precipitation.

황순원의「카인의 후예」 연구

최은경(Choi Eun Kyoung) 國際言語文學會 2004 國際言語文學 Vol.- No.9

제2형 당뇨병 환자에서 혈청 라미닌 농도와 경동맥 플라크 진행의 관계

최은경 ( Eun Kyoung Choi ),박명한 ( Ming Han Pao ),박지현 ( Ji Hyun Park ),백홍선 ( Hong Sun Baek ),박태선 ( Tae Sun Park ) 대한내과학회 2006 대한내과학회지 Vol.71 No.4

Background: Laminin, the main non-collagenous constituent of vascular basement membranes, can be changed by alteration of metabolism and distribution in diabetic microangiopathy. The serum laminin levels are known to reflect these histological changes. The aim of present study was to investigate whether the serum laminin levels are related to carotid atherosclerosis and diabetic complications, and to assess what clinical variables influence on the serum laminin levels in type 2 diabetes. Methods: The subjects were 103 type 2 diabetic patients (51 in the no complication group and 52 in the complication group) and 39 controls. We evaluated the intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaques in both carotid arteries by duplex scan. and the serum laminin levels were measured. Results: The serum laminin levels were higher in the group with complications complication group compared to the no complication group (p<0.01), and in the no complication group compared to the control group (p<0.01). There were no differences in the carotid parameter values between the complication group and the no complication group. The correlations between the serum laminin levels and the measured IMT values were not significant. However, there were significant correlations between the serum laminin levels and the plaque counts and scores (r=0.24, p<0.05). The presence of diabetic complications, the waist hip ratio, plaque score and apo B affected the elevation of the serum laminin levels (p<0.05). Conclusions: The serum laminin levels were related to the presence of diabetic complications. Such levels may be a risk factor for plaque progression rather than the initiation of plaque formation or IMT thickening in the carotid atherosclerosis of type 2 diabetic patients.(Korean J Med 71:396-404, 2006)

큐비즘(Cubism)작품을 응용한 한지 패션디자인 연구

최은경(Choi Eun-Kyoung),심화진(Shim Hwa-Jin) 한복문화학회 2006 韓服文化 Vol.9 No.2

This study aims to develop practical fashion design of Korean paper, focusing on its soft and unique texture that enables to express creative fashion image, by combining our native, handmade paper, Han-ji, with the cubism works of Picasso(though the genre of these two are different as fashion and arts), who innovated all kinds of 20C's arts with new forms of plastic arts, and inspired a lot of fashion designers as a cubism artist. Here are the conclusions derived from the production of work. First, It is expected that this combination can lead to create economic value in reality. Second, It can be used practically as well with Han-ji's possibility of expression, with its value as arts. Third, the possibility of new kind of material can be indicated, by skinning thread out of wool, and combining it with Han-ji, and from it, soft, durable and unique-textured new material can be expected. Fourth, when making fashion design out of Han-ji, the weak point such as elasticity, tensile strength, and flexibility can be reinforced by cutting Han-ji and knitting them. From this fact, it is considered that knitting is one of suitable ways to put Han-ji fashin design to practical use.

디지털이미지의 생성과 상호작용성

최은경(Choi, Eun-Kyoung) 한국디자인학회 2011 디자인학연구 Vol.24 No.5

국제규제와 지역성장 세계생산네트워크 관점에서 본 다자간 섬유협정

최은경(Choi Eun-Kyoung) 한국공간환경학회 2015 공간과 사회 Vol.25 No.2

본 연구는 국제규제가 세계생산지리를 어떻게 변화시키는지, 이로 인해 각 지역의 성장 결과가 어떻게 달라지는지를 세계생산네트워크(GPN) 관점을 통해 분석한다. GPN 이론은 기업 및 국가, 시민사회 등 세계적으로 상호 연결된 다양한 행위자들이 어떻게 재화와 용역을 생산, 분배, 소비하는지를 잘 보여주고 있으나, 그동안 기업 외 행위자에 대한 관심이 상대적으로 부족했다. 특히 국제규제체제의 경우, 그 중요성이 널리 인지되고 있으면서도 이에 대한 실질적인 경험 연구 가 진행되지 못했다. 이에 본 논문은 국제규제로 인해 세계생산네트워크가 어떻게 변화되는지, 그로 인한 생산지리와 지역성장의 결과는 어떻게 달라지는지를 보임으로써, 세계지역경제성장에서 국제규제가 가지는 중요성을 보이고자 한다. 이를 위해 먼저 개념적 논의를 통해 국제규제가 GPN과 지역자산의 전략적 결합을 어떻게 변화시키는지 살펴보고, 이후 구체적으로 World Trade Organization(WTO)의 Multifibre Arrangement(MFA) 사례를 통해 이를 논증할 것이다. 주로 문헌분석과 시계열적 데이터를 이용했고, 분석 결과 선진국, 주요 수출개도국, 최빈개도국별로 국제규제로 인한 지역성장의 결과가 상이한 것으로 나타났다. This paper examines the impact of international regulations or institutions on the geography of a global production network(GPN) and its consequent regional growth. The GPN theory, which the paper draws upon, explains well how various actors such as firms, states, and CSOs are interconnected in a multi-scalar geographical structures and how they produce, distribute, and consume goods and services within the network. The literature so far, however, pays little attention to non-firm actors, especially to international regulatory systems that all GPNs are embedded within. Their significance is widely recognized, but empirical studies have not been sufficiently conducted. For the reason, the paper aims at conceptualizing how international regulations affect the dynamics among actors within GPNs and a strategic coupling process between TNCs in a GPN and a region(or regional institutions). This process is then explored and examined through a case study of WTO/MFA(Multifibre Arrangement). The empirical analysis demonstrates that MFA has changed the geography of GPNs and resulted in different regional growth in the three groups of countries-advanced industrial, main exporting, and least development.

연구논문 : 의학드라마에 나타난 의사 캐릭터별 미용요소 분석

최은경 ( Eun Kyoung Choi ),조진아 ( Jin A Cho ) 한국미용학회 2007 한국미용학회지 Vol.13 No.3

We surveyed popular medical dramas in several countries, and analysed actors and their characters in the dramas. And then we correlated their cosmetic aspects such as make-up, hair-style, detail with their characters in drama and analysed them. In the most cases, men`s characters in drama was expressed as brightness of skin-tone, eyebrow make-up, and presence of shave mark. The hair-style, length of hair are the common factors which change the characters in three countries. The wave of hair in Korea, a part of hair in Japan, and the color and wave of hair in USA are influenced on characters. And the color of lip stick and wave of hair are influenced on characters for female doctors. There is an uniform Y-shirt and tie in white gown but making a change with glasses and watch in Korea. There are differences in doctors` appearances among the nations and characters, these are determined by beauty elements such as make-up and hair style. Therefore, there can be a significant meaning in the study of character image according to beauty elements.