공간통계량을 활용한 베이지안 자기 포아송 모형을 이용한 소지역 통계

이상은,Lee, Sang-Eun 한국통계학회 2006 응용통계연구 Vol.19 No.3

표본조사에서는 일반적으로 지형학적 범위가 넓거나 흔히 우리가 알고 있는 지형적 범위 즉시 또는 도 단위로 표본설계가 이루어진다. 그러므로 지형학적 범위가 작은 소지역은 충분한 표본의 확보가 불가능하며 따라서 정확한 소지역 통계를 얻는 것은 매우 어렵다. 이러한 문제로 정확한 소지역 통계를 얻기 위한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 최근 신기일과 이상은(2003)은 공간통계 모형을 이용한 소지역 추정을 연구하였다. 본 논문은 신기일과 이상은(2003)의 공간자기회귀(Spatial Autoregressive: SAR) 모형을 확장한 모형인 베이지안 자기 포아송 모형 (Bayesian Auto-Poisson Model: BAPM)을 이용한 소지역 추정에 관하여 연구하였다. 분석에 사용된 자료는 호주의 1998년 장애인 통계 (Survey of Disability, Aging and Cares:SDAC)이 며 MSE, MB 그러고 회귀 분석을 이용한 편의 분석기법이 비교에 사용되었다. In sample survey sample designs are performed by geographically-based domain such as countries, states and metropolitan areas. However mostly statistics of interests are smaller domain than sample designed domain. Then sample sizes are typically small or even zero within the domain of interest. Shin and Lee(2003) mentioned Spatial Autoregressive(SAR) model in small area estimation model-based method and show the effectiveness by MSE. In this study, Bayesian Auto-Poisson Model is applied in model-based small area estimation method and compare the results with SAR model using MSE ME and bias check diagnosis using regression line. In this paper Survey of Disability, Aging and Cares(SDAC) data are used for simulation studies.

유동인구 밀집지역 인근의 도로구간별 배출량 산정 및 보행자 노출 강도 평가

이상은,신명환,이석주,홍다희,장동익,길지훈,정택호,이태우,홍유덕,Lee, Sangeun,Shin, Myunghwan,Lee, Seokjoo,Hong, Dahee,Jang, Dongik,Keel, Jihoon,Jung, Taekho,Lee, Taewoo,Hong, Youdeog 한국액체미립화학회 2018 한국액체미립화학회지 Vol.23 No.2

The objective of this study is to estimate the level of exposure of traffic-related air pollutants (TRAPs) on the pedestrians in Seoul area. The road network's link-based pollutant emission was calculated by using a set of mobile source emission factor package and associated activity information. The population information, which is the number of pedestrian, was analyzed in conjunction with the link-based traffic emissions in order to quantify exposure level by selected 23 spots. We proposed the Exposure Intensity, which is defined by the amount of traffic emission and the population, to quantify the probability of exposure of pedestrian. Link-based traffic NOx and PM emissions vary by up to four times depending on the location of each spot. The Hot-spots is estimated to be around 1.8 times higher Exposure Intensity than the average of the 23 selected spots. The information of Exposure Intensity of each spot allows us to develop localized policies for air quality and health. Even in the same area, the Exposure Intensity over time also shows a large fluctuation, which gives suggestions for establishing site-specific counter-measures.

절사표본에서 최적 절사점에 관한 연구

이상은,조민지,신기일,Lee, Sang Eun,Cho, Min Ji,Shin, Key-Il 한국통계학회 2014 응용통계연구 Vol.27 No.3

상당수의 사업체 조사는 절사표본설계법을 사용하고 있다. 이는 절사표본설계법에서 얻은 전수층이 많은 정보를 포함하고 있어 전체 표본크기를 최소화 할 수 있는 장점이 있기 때문이다. 그러나 최근 전수층에 포함된 사업체들의 무응답률이 높아감에 따라 전수층이 가지고 있는 장점에 한계가 나타나고 있다. 이에 Lee (2011), Shin과 Lee (2013)는 표본설계 단계에서부터 주어진 허용오차를 만족하면서 전수층 규모를 최소화하는 연구를 실시하였다. 본 연구에서는 주어진 허용오차를 만족하고 Hidiroglou (1986)가 제안한 방법으로 산출 된 표본크기를 고정한 상태에서 표본층 분산에 알려진 함수를 적합하여 전수층 크기를 최소화하는 새로운 최적 절사점을 제안하였다. 또한 Hidiroglou (1986)와 Shin과 Lee (2013)가 제안한 절단분포를 이용한 방법과 본 연구에서 제안한 방법을 모의실험과 사례연구를 통해 비교하였다. Modified cut-off sampling is widely used for highly skewed data. A serious drawback of modified cut-off sampling is the difficulty of adjustment of non-response in take-all stratum. Therefore, solutions of the problems of non-response in take-all stratum have been studied in various ways such as substitute of samples, imputation or re-weight method. In this paper, a new cut-off point based on minimizing MSE being used in exponential and power functions is suggested and it can be reduced the number of take-all stratum. We also investigate another cut-off point determination method with underlying distributions such as truncated log-normal and truncated gamma distributions. Finally we suggest the optimal cut-off point which has a minimum of take-all stratum size among suggested methods. Simulation studies are performed and Labor Survey data and simulated data are used for the case study.

산화물 반도체 기반의 이종접합 광 검출기

이상은,이경남,예상철,이성호,김준동,Lee, Sang-eun,Lee, Gyeong-Nam,Ye, Sang-cheol,Lee, Sung-ho,Kim, Joondong 한국전기전자재료학회 2018 전기전자재료학회논문지 Vol.31 No.3

In this study, double-layered TCO (transparent conductive oxide) films were produced by depositing two distinct TCO materials: $SnO_2$ works as an n-type layer and ITO (indium-doped tin oxide) serves as a transparent conductor. Both transparent conductive oxide-films were sequentially deposited by sputtering. The electrical and optical properties of single-layered TCO films ($SnO_2$) and double-layered TCO ($ITO/SnO_2$) films were investigated. A TCO-embedding photodetector was realized through the formation of an $ITO/SnO_2/p-Si/Al$ layered structure. The remarkably high rectifying ratio of 400.64 was achieved with the double-layered TCO device, compared to 1.72 with the single-layered TCO device. This result was attributed to the enhanced electrical properties of the double-layered TCO device. With respect to the photoresponses, the photocurrent of the double-layered TCO photodetector was significantly improved: 1,500% of that of the single-layered TCO device. This study suggests that, due to the electrical and optical benefits, double-layered TCO films are effective for enhancing the photoresponses of TCO photodetectors. This provides a useful approach for the design of photoelectric devices, including solar cells and photosensors.

정신분열병의 결핍증후군과 비결핍증후군에서 QEEG와 sLORETA를 이용한 비교연구

이상은,임선진,이미경,이재원,한규희,이종일,심민영,윤해주,신병학,Lee, Sang-Eun,Yim, Seon-Jin,Lee, Mi-Gyung,Lee, Jae-Won,Han, Kyu-Hee,Lee, Jong-Il,Sim, Min-Young,Yoon, Hai-Joo,Shin, Byoung-Hak 대한수면의학회 2010 수면·정신생리 Vol.17 No.2

목 적: 본 연구는 정신분열병의 결핍증후군과 비결핍증후군이 다른 생물학적 동등성을 가진 독립된 질환일 수 있다는 가설 아래 quantitative EEG와 standardized LORETA (sLORETA)를 이용한 전기생리학적인 방법을 통하여 생물학적 병인을 파악하고자 시도되었다. 방 법: 정신분열병 환자를 대상으로 42명의 뇌파를 비교 분석하였으며 그 중 결핍증후군 환자군은 남자 10명과 여자 11명이었고 비결핍증후군 환자군은 남자 12명, 여자 9명이었다. 주파수 대역은 delta(1.5~4 Hz), theta(4~8 Hz), alpha(8~12 Hz), low beta(12~15 Hz), high beta(15~30 Hz)의 5가지로 분할하였고 EEG LAB을 이용한 파워스펙트럼 분석 및 standardized sLORETA software package를 이용하여 신호원을 국소화 하였다. 결 과: 파워 스펙트럼 분석에서 결핍증후군 집단은 비결핍증후군과 비교하였을 때 전두엽, 두정엽 및 측두엽 영역에서 delta파와 theta파의 유의한 활성도 증가를 보였으며 뇌파 스펙트럼은 간편 정신상태 평정 척도 중 철퇴/지연과 적대/의심 항목의 임상적인 특징과 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. sLORETA분석 결과에서는 배측 전대상피질에서 결핍증후군에서 유의하게 delta파의 활성도가 증가되었다. 결 론: 결핍증후군은 비결핍증후군과는 연관된 뇌 영역이 다를 수 있으며 특히 전두엽 영역의 신경회로 이상이 일차적 음성증상에 영향을 줄 것으로 생각된다. Objectives: Deficit schizophrenia (DS) constitutes a disease separate from non-deficit schizophrenia (NDS). The aim of the current study was to compare the quantitative EEG and low resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) imaging between DS and NDS. Methods: This study was performed by 32 channels EEG for 42 schizophrenia patients who we categorized into DS and NDS using proxy instrument deficit syndrome (PDS). We performed the absolute power spectral analyses for delta, theta, alpha, low beta and high beta activities. We compared power spectrum between two groups using Independent t-test. Partial correlation test was performed with clinical parameters. Standardized LORETA (sLORETA) was used for comparison of cortical activity, and statistical nonparametric mapping (SnPM) was applied for the statistical analysis. Results: DS showed significantly increased delta and theta absolute power in fontal and parietal region compared with NDS (p<0.05). Power spectrum showed significant correlation with 'anergia' and 'hostility/suspiciousness' subscale of brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS)(p<0.05). sLORETA found out the source region (anterior cingulate cortex/limbic part) that delta activity was significantly increased in DS (p=0.042). Conclusions: DS showed different cortical activity compared with NDS. Our results may suggest QEEG and LORETA could be the marker in differentiating between DS and NDS.

Effects of pH and Redox Conditon on Silica Sorption in Submerged soils

이상은,Lee, Sang-Eun,Neue, Heins Ulitz 한국토양비료학회 1992 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.25 No.2

Silica sorption isotherm belonged to the C-type with weak L-type characteristics according to the classification system of adsorption isotherm. Silica sorption isothem fitted well to the Freundlich and Tempkin equation but not to the Langmuir equation. The color interference probably due to $Fe^{2+}$ during spectrometric silca determination by Molybdenum-blue method affected the sorption isotherm in reduced soils or low pH. Four parameters such as the intercept of Freundlich equation, the slope of Tempkin equation, the "Silica reactivity", and the "C-type slope", where the last two parameters were termed in the current study, were examined to assess treatment effects on silica sorption. Among them the "C-type slope" was found out to be the best parameter. The C-type isotherms showed the same high correlation coefficient as Freundlich and Tempkin equation when regressed to the sorption isothem. Plotting the C-type slope on a logarithmic scale vs. the pH showed high linearity. Using the "C-type slope" as a perameter, the pH and soil type affected the silica sorption while the effect of redox condtion was not significant. All Fe and Al extracted by the various reagents, and OM were highly correlated to silica sorption. Among them $Fe_d$ was identified as the highest influencing soil property. Since there is no equivalent reliable method to discriminate the forms of the soil Al-oxides their likely importance remains unclear. pH와 산화환원(酸化還元) 전위(電位)가 토양(土壤)의 규산흡착(珪酸吸着)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 보기위하여 두개의 필리핀토양과 두개의 한국 토양을 사용하여 실내(室內)에서 실험하였다. 규산의 등온흡착(等溫吸着)은 등온흡착(等溫吸着)의 분류체계(分類體系)에 의하면 약(弱)한 L-type(점근선적(漸近線的) 증가(增加))을 지닌 C-type(직선적(直線的) 증가(增加))에 속(屬)하였다. 규산의 등온흡착(等溫吸着)은 Freundlich와 Tempkin 등온흡착식(等溫吸着式)에 잘 맞았으나 Langmuir 등온흡착식(等溫吸着式)에는 잘 맞지 않았다. Molybdenum-blue 법(法)에 의한 규산 발색시(發色時) 환원(還元) 및 낮은 pH 조건(條件)에서 $Fe^{2+}$ 이온에 기인(起因)된 것으로 보이는 발색장해(發色障害)가 나타났다. Freundlich 식(式)의 절편(切片), Tempkin 식(式)의 기울기, "Silica reactivity"와 C-type slope" 등 4개의 지표(指標)를 규산흡착에 미치는 처리효과 판정(判定)을 위한 지표(指標)로서 검토(檢討)하였다. 이들중 "Silica reactivity"와 C-type slope"는 본(本) 실험에서 제안(提案)된 지표(指標)였다. 4개의 지표(指標)중 "C-type slope"가 가장 좋은 지표(指標)로 판명되었다. C-type 등온흡착(等溫吸着)의 직선회귀(直線回歸)는 Freundlich와 Tempkim식(式)과 거의 동일(同一)한 높은 직선회귀(直線回歸) 상관계수(相關係數)를 보였다. 또한 pH와 log(C-type slope)는 고도(高度)의 직선관계(直線關係)를 보였다. C-type slope를 지표로 이용한 처리효과 분석(分析)결과 pH와 토양종류(土壤種類)는 규산의 토양흡착에 크게 영향을 미치는 반면 산화환원(酸化還元) 전위(電位)의 효과는 없었다. 모든 형태(形態)의 Al과 Fe 및 OM이 규산흡착과 고도(高度)의 상관(相關)을 보였으며 그 중 $Fe_d$가 기여도(寄與度)가 가장 큰 성분(成分)으로 나타났다. 산화(酸化)알루미늄의 분별정량법(分別定量法)이 확립(確立)되어 있지 않은 결과(結果) Al의 기여도(寄與度)는 불확실(不確實)하게 나타나는 것으로 보였다.

총담관 결찰후 집토끼 십이지장내 Enterochromaffin Cell의 미세구조적 변화

이상은,고정식,양남길,안의태,박경호,Lee, Sang-Eun,Ko, Jeong-Sik,Yang, Nam-Gil,Ahn, E-Tay,Park, Kyung-Ho 한국현미경학회 1990 Applied microscopy Vol.20 No.1

This experiment was performed to study the morphological responses of the enterochromaffin cells in the duodenal mucosa of rabbit following bile duct ligation. Adult male rabbits were divided into normal, sham operation and experimental groups. Bile duct ligation was performed under ether anesthesia and animals were sacrificed on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 14th day after operation. Mucosal specimens from the duodenum were prefixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde(0.1M Millonig's phosphate buffer, pH 7.3), followed by postfixation with 1% osmium tetroxide(0.1M Millonig's phosphate buffer, pH 7.3), and embedded within araldite mixture. The sections were cut on a LKB-V ultratome, and observed under a JEM 100CX II electron miroscope. The results were as follow; 1. Irregularities of the nuclei of the enterochromaffin cells were noticed from the 1st day after bile duct ligation, and concentration of the chromatin in the nucleus was more frequently observed on the 7th and the 14th day. 2. The granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex of the enterochromaffin cell were more developed than those of the normal on the 1st day after bile duct ligation, but they showed poor organization from the 3rd day. 3. Amount of the microfilaments in the enterochromaffin cell was significantly increased from the 5th day after bile duct ligation and they were more frequently observed in the vicinity of the nucleus. 4. Vacuoles with various electron densities in the enterochromaffin cell were increased in number from the 3rd day after bile duct ligation. 5. Glycogen-like particles in the enterochromaffin cell were frequently observed on the 3rd and the 5th day after bile duct ligation. 6. In the early stage of the ligation of bile duct, in the enterochromaffin cells, well developed intracellular organelles, such as granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus were pronounced. But, in the later stage, the cells contained poor organelles, with the some structural sign of necrotic change.

2차원 구조 나노시트의 첨가를 통한 Ag의 치밀화 방지

이상은,박희정,Lee, Sang Eun,Park, Hee Jung 한국결정성장학회 2022 한국결정성장학회지 Vol.32 No.2

The physical properties of the noble metal current-collector used for fuel cells are greatly influenced by the material porosity. Therefore, increasing the porosity of the material studies has attracted much attention. One of the most representative strategies is to use porosity additives in sintering materials. The conventional porosity additive had a threedimensional structure of a spherical powder. In this study, porosity additive with 2-dimensional (2D) nanosheet was used to decrease the sintering density of Ag current-collector and its effect was confirmed. As a 2D layered structure material, 1 nm-thick RuO₂ nanosheets were used as porosity additives.

과잉치 치수 세포와 치주인대 세포의 유전자 발현 비교

이상은,김종빈,김종수,Lee, Sangeun,Kim, Jongbin,Kim, Jongsoo 대한소아치과학회 2018 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.45 No.2

이 연구의 목적은 정량적 실시간 중합효소 연쇄 반응법을 이용하여 발거된 과잉치 치수 및 치주인대 줄기세포의 유전자 발현을 비교하는 것이다. 전신병력이 없는 만 6세 남아 2명의 상악 전치부에 매복된 과잉치를 발거하였다. 같은 날 치수 및 치주인대 세포를 채취하였고, 3계대까지 계대배양하였다. 분석을 위해 상아질모세포 특이 유전자인 Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Dentin Matrix Protein 1 (DMP-1), Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), Osteocalcin (OCN) 그리고 Osteonectin (ONT)을 사용했고, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)을 대조군으로 설정했다. 과잉치 치수 세포에서는 ONT, OCN, ALP, DMP-1, DSPP 순서로 발현량이 많았고, 치주인대 세포에서는 DMP-1과 DSPP의 순서만 바뀌었다. 치주인대 세포보다 치수 세포에서 모든 유전자의 발현량이 많았다. 이러한 상아질모세포의 특성을 고려해 보았을 때, 다른 조직으로의 분화 가능성이 있는 과잉치 줄기세포는 유용한 공여부로서 그 잠재력이 있음을 알 수 있었다. The purpose of this study is to compare the properties of dental pulp and periodontal ligament stem cells from extracted supernumerary teeth by quantitative real-time PCR. Impacted supernumerary teeth in the maxillary anterior region were extracted. Dental pulp and periodontal ligament cells were collected from extracted supernumerary teeth on the same day. After isolation and culture of cells, compare characterization of them by using qRT-PCR. Primer sequences for odontoblasts are ONT, ALP, OCN, DMP-1 and DSPP. On dental pulp group, ONT has the largest quantity of gene expression, followed by OCN, ALP, DMP-1 and DSPP. On periodontal ligament group, ONT has the largest quantity of gene expression, followed by OCN, ALP, DSPP and DMP-1. Analysis of quantitative gene expression data using relative quantification showed that the expression of all genes decreased in periodontal ligament cells. Dental pulp and periodontal ligament stem cells from supernumerary teeth have the properties of odontoblasts. Considering that properties, supernumerary teeth were considered a useful donor site of dental pulp and periodontal ligament stem cells.

원자층 두께를 갖는 대면적 TiO_x 나노쉬트 합성

이상은,원종한,박희정,Lee, Sang Eun,Won, Jonghan,Park, Hee Jung 한국결정성장학회 2017 韓國結晶成長學會誌 Vol.27 No.6

원자층 두께의 2차원 나노쉬트(2 dimensional nanosheets)를 이용하여 제작한 필름은 나노쉬트 크기에 따라 다양한 물성을 나타낸다. 이는 필름의 물성이 쉬트와 쉬트 사이 계면물성에 의존하기 때문이다. 따라서 큰 나노쉬트의 합성은 필름의 계면물성 의존도를 줄일 수 있다는 점에서 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서 단결정 성장된 출발물질과 화학적 박리법을 이용하여 마이크로미터 이상의 크기를 갖는 원자층 두께의 $TiO_x$ 나노쉬트를 제조하는데 성공하였다. 또한 제조 공정 중 유기물을 이용한 박리 단계 시 기계적 원심 교반속도가 나노쉬트 크기와 농도에 밀접히 연관되어 있음을 알 수 있었다. Films fabricated using atomic layer 2-dimensional nanosheets exhibit various physical properties depending on the size of the nanosheet. This is because the physical properties of the film depend on the interfacial properties between the sheets. Therefore, the synthesis of large-sized nanosheets is very important because it can reduce the dependency of the film on the interfacial properties. In this study, we succeeded in fabricating $TiO_x$ nanosheets with atomic layer thickness over micrometer size by using single-crystallized starting material and its chemical exfoliation. In addition, it was revealed that the mechanical agitation speed (the stirring speed of a magnetic bar) during the exfoliation step using the organic material is closely related to the nanosheet size and the colloidal concentration of the nanosheets.