한국, 미국, 스웨덴의 소비문화 비교 -성별, 세대별 차이를 중심으로-

김선우 ( Sunwoo Kim ) 한국소비자학회 2013 소비자학연구 Vol.24 No.3

본 연구는 시장이 세계화되고 글로벌기업의 활동이 활발해지면서 소비문화 이해의 중요성이 점점 더 커지고 있다는 점에 착안하여 한국, 미국, 스웨덴 삼국의 소비문화를 비교하고 성별, 세대별 소비문화 차이를 살펴보았다. 한국, 미국 및 스웨덴 삼국의 20~40대 성인 각 500명 등 총 1,500명을 조사대상으로 온라인조사를 실시하였으며, 조사도구는 김선우와 김난도(2011)의 연구에서 개발된 소비문화 차원 척도를 적용하였다. 연구결과, 세 국가에서 모두 상징지향적 소비수준보다 기능지향적 소비수준이 높게 나타났고, 사회지향적 소비수준보다 개인지향적 소비수준이 더 높게 나타나 소비의 의미는 보편적으로 기능적이고 개인적인 특성를 지닌다고 할 수 있다. 한국, 미국, 스웨덴의 소비문화적 특징을 살펴보면, 한국은 집단주의 문화권에 속하여 타자승인지향적이고 미국은 개인주의 문화권의 영향으로 개인지향적이었으며, 한국과 미국이 상징적 소비성향이 높은데 반하여 스웨덴은 전반적으로 소비성향이 낮고 개인적 기능지향 차원에 대한 고려가 발견되었다. 성별과 연령대에 따른 소비문화 수준을 살펴본 결과, 상징적 소비차원에서 두드러진 차이를 발견할 수 있었다. 성별에 따라서는 여성이 개인적 상징에 더 큰 비중을 두는 반면 남성은 사회적 상징에 상대적으로 더 큰 비중을 두고 있었다. 한편 젊은 층일수록 상징 차원의 소비수준이 더 높게 나타났는데, 기능적 소비차원의 경우 성별과 연령대에 따른 차이가 상대적으로 미미하거나 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 연구결과를 바탕으로 글로벌마케팅에 대한 시사점을 도출해보면, 한국에서는 사회적 상징, 미국에서는 개인적 상징으로 소구하고 스웨덴에서는 기능적 혜택을 제공하는 것이 중요하다. 또한 여성은 개인적 상징에 더 어필하며 남성에게는 사회적 상징을 강조하는 것이 소구 포인트가 될 수 있겠다. 아울러, 20대는 상징적 소비에 매 우 적극적이었으므로 20대를 대상으로 한 마케팅 커뮤니케이션을 원활하게 하기 위해서는 20대가 원하는 상징의 기원 및 유포과정에 대한 보다 심층적인 후속연구가 필요할 것으로 보인다. In the era of globalization since 1990``s, many global companies are actively pursuing crosscultural consumer understanding for optimized marketing decision. A lot of marketing efforts may be wasted or even hurt its brand due to the cultural or linguistic failure. With this background, culture has been a major research theme in the field of consumer studies, business management and consumer psychology. But the early researches with cross-cultural perspectives were mostly adopted qualitative ethnographic research methods to understand various aspects of the consumer culture. Empirical researches for cross-cultural consumer understanding from the global point of view are still emerging area. This research aimed to understand consumer culture and investigate gender and generation difference in the global context. An online survey was conducted to the 1,500 respondents in 20``s to 40``s of three metropolitan cities in Republic of Korea, USA and Sweden: Seoul, New York, and Stockholm. The dimensions and measures of consumer culture were adopted which was developed by S. Kim and R. Kim in 2011. Shortly introducing the dimensions and measures of consumer culture, consumer culture can be defined as an interaction of meaning via consumer goods, and herein, a meaning and an interactivity can be the main analysis unit. A consumer culture is classified into two dichotomies by meaning and interactivity; functional-symbolic and individual-social. These two dichotomies are combined into a 2×2 cross-classification, and four-celled dimensions of consumer culture are produced; individual-functional, socio-functional, individual-symbolic and socio-symbolic. Each dimension has two sub-dimensions; ‘economical efficiency’ and ‘frugality’ (individual-functional dimension), ‘fun pursuing’ and ‘self expression’(individual-symbolic dimension), ‘approval by others’ and ‘brand-good preference’(socio-symbolic dimension), and ‘ethical action’ and ‘pro-environmental action’(socio-functional dimension). The main findings from the study are as below. First, consumption is dominantly perceived as a functional and individual human activity with the finding that the functional consumption level was apparently higher than the symbolic and the individual consumption level was higher than the social. There was no significant difference in the ‘economical efficiency’ by country while it was scored around 4 points among 5 points likert type scale. ‘Economical efficiency’ is perceived as the main consideration point for consumers in the developed market economy countries to achieve a consumption task. Second, Korean consumers scored higher in ‘approval by others’ based upon their collectivism culture, while American consumers concerned more on ‘self expression’ influenced by their individualism culture. Swedish preferences were more located in individual-functional dimension, while Korean and American were striving more individual or social symbolic consumption. This finding supports the theory that culture and consumption is interdependent. Third, there was an apparent difference in symbolic consumption by gender and generation but there was no significant difference by age and generation in the functional consumption. By gender, female was more focused on individual symbol but social symbol and ‘brand good preference’ was more important to western male. This is an evidence that the consumption is a mechanism to form and reinforce culture and habitualize its fixed stereotype systematically. In the perspective of generation, the younger was attached more to the symbolic consumption than the older. Generational commons were found in 30``s and 40``s in Korea and 20``s and 30``s in America and sweden. This can be explained that the maturity of the market economy and that of the consumer culture is closely related with each other. In western society, the market economy was already matured in early 1970``s and the generation X in 30``s and the early 40``s is the first generation born to be a consumer. But Korea was transformed to the consumption society after the middle of 1980``s and the generation Y in their 20``s and early 30``s has its own identity as homo consumens. One more discussion point from the generation difference perspective is that the younger in America and Sweden is more eager to the ethical and pro-environmental consumption activity while the older has higher tendency in the socio-functional consumption activities in Korea. This can be explained that the long civic engagement tradition in the western country affects consumer culture as well. To expand ethical and pro-environmental consumption in young generation, it is important for them to provide an well-organized education program to reinforce Korean civil society and enhance their identity as consumer citizen. This research tried to provide business managerial implication from the global marketing``s point of view and ultimately to contribute to the expansion of empirical consumer culture study. The research findings imply several managerial implications for efficient global marketing. Frist, Korean``s aspiration is a social symbol but an individual symbol appeals to American, while Swedish is mainly focusing on the functional benefits. In addition, female prefers to individual symbols but social symbols are the key for the male targeted marketing. Furthermore, Y generation in their 20``s and in early 30``s is eager to consume the symbolic images, which need to be deeply explored more on to understand the nature of the symbols and their preferred touch points. This research has some limitations as below. First, this research didn``t limit the product category and measured the overall consumer culture. If the different category dynamics can be considered in the future research, it will be much more clear to understand the cultural differences and to provide more sharpened implications. Furthermore, there was a tendency of lower score in some question items from Swedish consumers even though the author tried to make a best effort to achieve equivalence of the measures. More thorough approach should be considered to understand the cross-cultural differences in the response styles for the elaborate cross-cultural comparison study. Finally, this research only included countries with matured market economy but it is suggested to consider developing countries or eastern european countries as well to investigate the consumer adjustment process and their identity as consumer.

기존 골조의 내진성능 향상을 위한 철근콘크리트 현장타설 끼움벽의 보강성능 평가

김선우,윤현도,김윤수,지상규,Kim. Sun-Woo,Yun. Hyun-Do,Kim. Yun-Su,Ji. Sang-Kyu 한국방재학회 2008 한국방재학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2008 No.1

A reinforced concrete (RC) cast-in-place (CIP) infill wall retrofitting method may provide an improved seismic performance and economical efficiency for the non-ductile rahmen structures. In this study, four one story-one bay non-ductile frame were constructed and retrofitted with CIP infill wall to evaluate seismic performance of CIP infill wall-frame. From the test results, infill wall-frame exhibited a marked increase in shear strength compared to non-ductile RC frame specimen. But the ductility and story-drift at maximum load were decreased when shear strength of infill wall larger than that of existing RC frame. Therefore, it is confirmed that adequate reinforcement detail is required to assure sufficient seismic performance.

해양구조물 특수해석 : 선박충돌해석

김선우,신민용,정사교,Kim, Seon-U,Sin, Min-Yong,Sin, Min-Yong 한국전산구조공학회 2015 전산구조공학 Vol.28 No.2

스타트업 나우 - 카프만 인덱스(Kauffman Index)를 통해 본 2015 미국의 창업활동(II)

김선우,박기윤,Kim, Seon-U,Park, Gi-Yun 과학기술정책연구원 2015 과학기술정책 Vol.- No.205

3차원적 시뮬레이션에 의한 TFT-LCD의 Gray Scale 성능 분석

김선우,박우상,Kim, Sun-Woo,Park, Woo-Sang 한국전기전자재료학회 2007 전기전자재료학회논문지 Vol.20 No.3

We analyzed the effect of a pixel and all the inter-electrode capacitances in a unit pixel of TFT-LCDs on the gray scale capability. The pixel and all the inter-electrode parasitic capacitances were obtained from the tree dimensional profiles of potential distribution and molecular director considering lateral fields generated at the edge of the pixel. To obtain the RMS and kickback voltages of the pixel, we constructed an equivalent circuit of the panel containing all the parasitic capacitances. The calculation was performed though H-SPICE. As results, we confirmed that the pixel becomes smaller, the effect of parasitic capacitances on the gray scale capability becomes larger.

固體傳播音 및 構造體의 遮音實態

김선우,Kim, Sun-Woo 한국음향학회 1991 韓國音響學會誌 Vol.10 No.3

바닥 衝擊音 遮音性能基準 및 等級化에 관한 硏究(Ⅱ)

김선우,손철봉,송용식,장길수,이태강,국찬,김재수,한명호,Kim, Sun-Woo,Son, Chul-Bong,Song, Yong-Sik,Jang, Gil-Soo,Lee, Tae-Kang,Kook, Chan,Kim, Jae-Soo,Han, Myung-Ho 한국음향학회 1990 韓國音響學會誌 Vol.9 No.4

국내 설정에 적합한 차음성능기준 및 등급화 방안을 설정하기 위하여 그 기초 연구단계로서 주민반응조사 및 차음성능수준을 측정하고, 차음성능 평가치와 생활감과의 상관관계를 분석 외국의 기존 평가기준곡선 적응가능성을 검토하였다. 분석결과 ISO에 의한 평가방법보다는 JIS에 의한 평가방법이 국내 공동주택의 경우에는 보다 합리적임을 파악하였고, 표준충격원은 경량 및 중량충격원을 사용하는 것이 타당하다고 판단된다. 또한 측정시 문제가 되는 63Hz 중심 주파수대역을 측정범위에서 제외하여도 차음성능 지수상의 오차는 무시할 수 있었다. This study aims to establish the appropriate class and standards of sound insulation performance, which are suitable for domestic conditions. For, these purpose, field surveys were conducted, correlationship between subjective response and impact sound insulation performance and then, the applicability of ISO and JIS evaluation method was reviewed. As a result, the JISs method is more advisable than the ISO to evaluate Impact sound insulation performance of domestic apartment house and it is desirable to use both light and heavy weight source (tapping machine, tire) as standard impact sources. And, whether including 63Hz bandwidth or not, the difference was recognized very small in calculating impact sound insulation index of JIS A 1419.

성대 용종 환자의 후두미세수술 전후 음성 평가에서 OperaVOX^TM와 Multi-Dimensional Voice Program 간의 신뢰도 연구

김선우,김소연,조재경,진성민,이상혁,Kim, Sun Woo,Kim, So Yean,Cho, Jae Kyung,Jin, Sung Min,Lee, Sang Hyuk 대한후두음성언어의학회 2020 대한후두음성언어의학회지 Vol.31 No.2

Background and Objectives OperaVOXTM (Oxford Wave Research Ltd.) is a portable voice analysis software package designed for use with iOS devices. As a relatively cheap, portable and easily accessible form of acoustic analysis, OperaVOXTM may be more clinically useful than laboratory-based software in many situations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the agreement between OperaVOXTM and Multi-Dimensional Voice Program (MDVP; Computerized Speech Lab) to assess voice quality before and after laryngeal microsurgery in patient with vocal polyp. Materials and Method Twenty patients who had undergone laryngeal microsurgery for vocal polyp were enrolled in this study. Preoperative and postoperative voices were assessed by acoustic analysis using MDVP and OperaVOXTM. A five-seconds recording of vowel /a/ was used to measure fundamental frequency (F0), jitter, shimmer and noise-to-harmonic ratio (NHR). Results Several acoustic parameters of MDVP and OperaVOXTM related to short-term variability showed significant improvement. While pre-operative value of F0, jitter, shimmer, NHR was 155.75 Hz (male: 125.37 Hz, female: 183.37 Hz), 2.20%, 6.28%, 0.16, post-operative values of these parameter was 164.34 Hz (male: 129.42 Hz, female: 199.26 Hz), 2.15%, 5.18%, 0.14 Hz in MDVP. While pre-operative value of F0, jitter, shimmer, NHR was 168.26 Hz (male: 135.16 Hz, female: 201.37 Hz), 2.27%, 6.95%, 0.26, post-operative values of these parameters was 162.72 Hz (male: 128.267 Hz, female: 197.18 Hz), 1.71%, 5.36%, 0.20 in OperaVOXTM. There was high intersoftware agreement for F0, jitter, shimmer with intraclass correlation coefficient. Conclusion Our results showed that the short-term variability of acoustic parameters in both MDVP and OperaVOXTM were useful for the objective assessment of voice quality in patients who received laryngeal microsurgery. OperaVOXTM is comparable to MDVP and has high intersoftware reliability with MDVP in measuring the F0, jitter, and shimmer

움직임 벡터와 GPU를 이용한 인간 활동성 분석

김선우,최연성,Kim, Sun-Woo,Choi, Yeon-Sung 한국전자통신학회 2014 한국전자통신학회 논문지 Vol.9 No.10

본 논문에서는 실시간 감시 시스템에서 인간의 활동성을 분석하기 위하여 움직임 벡터를 사용하며, 고속연산에 GPU를 활용한다. 먼저 가장 중요한 부분인 전경으로부터 적응적 가우시안 혼합기법, 두드러진 움직임을 위한 가중치 차영상 기법, 움직임 벡터를 이용하여 인간이라고 판단되는 블랍을 검출하고, 추출된 움직임 벡터를 이용하여 사람의 활동성을 분석한다. 본 논문에서는 사람의 행동을 크게 {Active, Inactive}, {Position Moving, Fixed Moving}, {Walking, Running}의 세 가지 메타 클래스로 분류하고 인식하였다. 실험을 위해서 약 300개의 상황을 연출하였으며, 약 86%~98% 의 인식률을 보였다. 또한 $1920{\times}1080$ 크기 영상에서 CPU 기반은 4.2초 정도 걸렸는데, GPU 기반에서는 0.4초 이내로 빨라진 결과를 얻었다. In this paper, We proposed the approach of GPU and motion vector to analysis the Human activity in real-time surveillance system. The most important part, that is detect blob(human) in the foreground. We use to detect Adaptive Gaussian Mixture, Weighted subtraction image for salient motion and motion vector. And then, We use motion vector for human activity analysis. In this paper, the activities of human recognize and classified such as meta-classes like this {Active, Inactive}, {Position Moving, Fixed Moving}, {Walking, Running}. We created approximately 300 conditions for the simulation. As a result, We showed a high success rate about 86~98%. The results also showed that the high resolution experiment by the proposed GPU-based method was over 10 times faster than the cpu-based method.

공간자료에 대한 지리적 가중회귀 모형과 크리깅의 비교

김선우,정애란,이성덕,Kim Sun-Woo,Jeong Ae-Ran,Lee Sung-Duck 한국통계학회 2005 응용통계연구 Vol.18 No.2

공간상관이 존재하는 지리통계 자료(geostatistical data)에 대하여 일반적으로 널리 사용되는 Kriging 모형과 통계학적 공간자료 분석모형인 지리적 가중회귀 모형을 고려하고, 미지의 위치에 대한 예측력을 비교해 본다. 두 모형의 예측력을 검토하기 위하여 환경부 자료를 실증사례로 활용한다. 전국의 116개 대기오염 측정망에서 얻은 1999년의 월별 일산화탄소(Co/ppm) 자료의 평균을 구하여 Kriging모형과 지리적 가중회귀 모형에 적합하고 미지의 위치를 예측하여 예측오차제곱합(PRESS)으로 각각의 방법에 대한 예측성능을 비교한다. Kriging methods as traditional spatial data analysis methods and geographical weighted regression models as statistical analysis methods are compared. In this paper, we apply data from the Ministry of Environment to spatial analysis for practical study. We compare these methods to performance with monthly carbon monoxide observations taken at 116 measuring area of air pollution in 1999.