Backchannelling in deutschen und koreanischen Telefongesprächen − ein gesprächsanalytischer Ansatz

( Kook¸ Ji-yeon ) 한국독일언어문학회 2021 독일언어문학 Vol.- No.92

언어적 의사소통에서 발신자, 수신자, 맥락, 정보 등과 같은 요소들도 중요하지만, 화자가 말을 할 때 청자가 경청하고 있는지의 여부도 중요하다. 청자는 화자의 발화에 대해 관심이 있다거나 듣고 있다는 것 혹은 자신이 그 대화에 참여하고 있다는 등의 표시로 ‘응’, ‘어’, ‘음’, ‘맞아’, ‘그래’ 등과 같은 청자신호를 보낸다. 이러한 청자반응신호는 면대면 대화에서뿐만 아니라 전화 대화에서도 나타나지만, 전화 대화라는 유형적 특성상 매우 중요하다. 왜냐하면 면대면 대화에서는 화자의 표정이나 몸짓 등이 함께 작용하지만, 음성이나 말로서만 이루어지는 전화 대화에서는 결정적인 역할을 하기 때문이다. 특히 청자반응은 개별 언어마다 달리 나타나기 때문에, 본 연구에서는 한국어와 독일어의 전화 대화에 나타난 청자반응신호의 공통점과 차이점을 살펴보고자 했다. 이를 위해 독일과 한국 전화 대화 코퍼스를 추출하여 각 언어의 청자반응을 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 두 언어 간 청자반응의 수행양상이 어떻게 달리 나타나는지를 고찰할 수 있었다. 빈도수 측면에서는 두 언어 간의 차이가 잘 나타나지 않았으나, 청자 반응 신호의 유형별 비교는 가능했다. 그 중 주목할 만한 것은 한국어 청자의 경우 독일어 청자에 비해 상대방이 발화하는 일부나 발화 전체를 그대로 따라서 반복하는 표현을 보다 선호했으며, 독일어 청자들은 한국어 청자에 비해 상대방의 문장을 완성하는 경향이 더 두드러지는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 청자반응신호 양상 연구는 문화 간 이해를 위한 소통지식 향상과 제2외국어로서 언어를 배우는 독일어 학습자나 한국어 학습자가 상호 소통을 할 때 오해를 최소화 할 수 있다는 점에서 그 의의가 있다고 볼 수 있다. Diese konversationsanalytische Studie widmet sich den Typen, Formen und der Frequenz von Backchannels in deutschen und koreanischen Telefongesprächen. Auf der Basis von 21 Telefonaten (12 deutschen aus dem FOLK-Korpus des Instituts für Deutsche Sprache und 9 koreanischen aus dem Sejong-Korpus für gesprochenes Koreanisch des Nationalen Instituts der Koreanischen Sprache) wurde das Backchannelling-Verhalten der Gesprächsteilnehmer kontrastiv untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dokumentieren Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede: Bezüglich der prozentualen Verteilung der Typen von Backchannels machen kurze verbale Äußerungen in beiden Sprachen den größten Anteil aus. Der Typ ‘Bitte um Klärung’ bildet in beiden Korpora den zweitgrößten Anteil, Lachen als Backchannel den drittgrößten. Während koreanische Hörer den Typ ‘kurze Nachformulierungen’ präferieren, wurden bei den deutschen Hörern eher der Typ ‘Satzvervollständigungen’ bevorzugt. Hinsichtlich der Frequenz von Backchannels pro Token bestand kein wesentlicher Unterschied, so dass die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer durch Frequenz verursachten Fehlinterpretation zwischen Deutschen und Koreanern geringer als mit anderen Kulturen ist.

여자 테니스 선수의 양손 백핸드 스트로크 동작시 상지의 근전도 분석

유국종,서국웅,윤양진,이훈식,정미라,서국은 한국운동역학회 2000 한국운동역학회지 Vol.9 No.2

This study analzed AEMG, muscle activity duration time, peak value and work load of six high school student players, three college student players, three business team players in order to analyze Arm's EMG when they play games with two-handed backhand stroke. The instruments of measuring EMG are muscle tester ME3000p. And measured parts of muscle are the triceps brachii, biceps brachii, brachioradialis and flexor carpi radialis of body left and right arm. The following is the result according to the analysis of raw data and statistics. 1. The AEMG of trained group was higher than the untrained. In both groups AEMG of right arm was higher than left one. And AEMG of forearm was higher than upperarm. The order of high AEMG among the trained is as followed ; right biceps brachii, left brachii, right brachioradialis. Among the untrained ; right brachioradialis, left brachioradialis, biceps brachii. 2. The muscle activity duration time of the trained group was totally shorter than the untrained. In both groups muscle activity duration time of the right arm was shorter than the left one. As to trained muscle activity duration time of upperarm is shorter than the forearm. Contrarily, as to untrained muscle activity duration time forearm is shorter than the upperarm. The order of short muscle activity duration time among the trained is as followed ; right biceps brachii, triceps brachii, left flexor carpi radialis. 3. The peak value of trained group was higher than the untrained. In body groups peak value of the right arm was higher than the left one. As to the trained the peak of the upperarm is higher than the forearm. Contrarily, as to the untrained, the peak value of the forearm was higher the upperarm. The order of high peak value among the trained is as followed ; right biceps brachii, left biceps brachii, right brachioradialis. Among the untrained, right brachioradialis, left biceps brachii, brachioradialis.

초등학생에서 인두배양과 항-OF 항체 보유율

정현주,김선주,김윤정,맹국영,정현주,김선주,김윤정,맹국영 대한임상병리학회 1998 대한임상병리학회지 Vol.18 No.3

Changes of functional ionotrophic receptor subunits in rat hippocampus following transient global ischemia

Ko, Ok,Jung, Yong Wook 東國大學校醫學硏究所 2002 東國醫學 Vol.9 No.2

허혈 후 해마세포내 칼슘의 유입과 증가기전은 아직까지 알려져 있지 않다. 그러나 허혈해마에서의 이온지향성 NMDA 수용체와 AMPA수용체 아단위의 변화는 많은 양의 칼슘이 흥분성연접을 통해 신경세포내로 유입될 수 있다는 가능성을 제시한다. 따라서 본 실험은 일시적 허혈 후 초래되는 해마신경세포의 세포손상정에 AMPA와 NMDA 수용체의 구성단백질의 변화를 관찰하였다. 일시적 허혈 모델은 280∼320 gm의 Sprague-Dawley종의 숫 흰쥐를 이용하여 50㎜Hg의 저혈압을 초래 후 10분간 양쪽 온목동맥을 결찰하여 제작하였으며 AMPA 수용체의 GluR2 아단위와 NMDA 수용체의 NR2A, NR2B에 대한 단백질 정량분석은 Immunoblot을 이용하였다. 허혈 후 세포손상은 세포골격단백질인 NF200의 분자생물학적 조사를 시행하여 관찰하였다. 일시적 허혈은 해마에 존재하는 이온지향성 수용체의 아단위인 NR2A, NR2B, 그리고 GluR2의 분해를 유도하였으며 특히 GluR2의 현저한 감소는 GluR2-lacking AMPA 수용체의 칼슘지향성 특성을 고려할 때 해마신경세포 손상과정에서 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 생각되며 또한 세포사망의 중요인자인 신경세사단백질200의 분해정도는 AMPA 수용체의 GluR2의 분해와 비례하여 감소하였다. The mechanism by which elevated Ca^2+ enters and concentrates within the hippocampal neurons after ischemia remains unclear. However, one appealing possibility, given the well-documented involvement of NMDA and AMPA receptors in ischemic hippocampus, would involve the up or down-regulation of NMDA and AMPA constituents, which would thereby allow increased amounts of Ca^2+ to enter the vulnerable neuron with each excitatory synaptic event. we tested a potential roles for AMPA and NMDA receptor functional subunits levels in the hippocampus at times after transient global ischemia when neuronal cell damage was observed. Transient global ischemia was performed in male Sprague-Dawley rats (280∼320 gm) and was induced by bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 10 minutes along with a decrease of mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) to 50 ㎜Hg. Immunoblottings were used to assess protein concentration and expression of AMPA (GluR2) and NMDA receptor (NR2A and NR2B) functional subunits. Molecular analysis of ischemic injury was measured with NF200. This study determined that hippocampal NR2A, NR2B, and GluR2 expression in response to the transient global ischemia was decreased compared with sham-operated controls. This data indicate that AMPA receptors lacking GluR2 may play a role in excessive influx of extracellular calcium following ischemia because of GluR2-lacking AMPA complexes have larger. more prolonged calcium conductances than those containing this subunit. We also found that the severity of the NF200 degradation, one of the neuronal death-inducing factors correlated well with the severity of GluR2 degradation.

Changes of functional ionotrophic receptor subunits in rat hippocampus following transient global ischemia

Ko, Ok,Jung, Yong Wook 약업신문사 1983 의약정보 Vol.9 No.-

Preparations of microencapsulated PCMs-coated nylon fabrics by wet and dry coating process and comparison of their properties

Koo, K.,Park, Y.M.,Choe, J.D.,Kim, E.A. Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2009 Polymer engineering and science Vol.49 No.6

<P>To analyze the thermal insulation effect in textiles, waterproof, and breathable nylon fabrics PCMs microcapsules (PCMMcs) were prepared by wet and dry coating processes. The morphology, water vapor permeability (WVP), water penetration resistance (WPR), and peel strength of the PCMMcs-coated fabrics were characterized. At the same time, DSC was used to measure the thermal insulation properties of the PCMMcs-treated fabrics as a means of testing the thermal storage/release capacity according to their phase change temperature. The result showed that the heat storage capacity of the PCMMcs-treated fabrics prepared by wet coating was noticeably better than that of the PCMMcs-untreated samples, whereas the PCMMcs treatment had an insignificant effect on the heat capacity of the fabrics prepared by the dry coating process. From the SEM analysis, it was found that the PCMMcs were physically unstable during the dry coating process, so, they could not be observed. Also, the WVP, WPR, and peel strength were found to decrease with increasing PCMMcs contents. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers</P>

한국인 고정식 교정 환자의 치태, 치은염 및 탈회의 초기 변화에 관한 연구

강국진,손병화 대한치과교정학회 1999 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.29 No.3

구강내 고정식 교정장치의 장착으로 인해 치은염 및 치주염, 법랑질 탈회 및 치아 우식증, 치근 흡수, 치수변화 등 일시적 혹은 영구적 손상이 야기될 수 있다. 이러한 부작용발생의 원인으로 치태의 증가, 세균수의 증가와 조성의 변화 등을 들 수 있고 이러한 변화는 치은의 염증과 탈회를 유발한다. 이에 본 연구는 한국인 고정식 교정장치 장착환자에서 장치장착 전후의 치태, 치은염 그리고 탈회의 변화를 시간에 따른 변화, 남녀간의 차이 그리고 좌.우 소구치 부위간의 차이를 통해 알아보고자 전신질환이 없고, 여자의 경우 초경이 지난 사람을 대상으로 대조군은 연세대학교 치과대학생48명(남자 26명, 여자 22명)과 실험군으로 고정식 교정장치로 치료할 환자 73명(남자 36명, 여자 37명)을 모두 잇솔질교육(TBI)을 실시한 후, 치태치수, 치은염지수 그리고 탈회지수에 대하여 대조군은 3주 간격으로 2회를, 실험군은 최초측정을 하고 공정식 교정장치를 부착한 뒤 3주, 6주, 9주에 걸쳐 총 4회 측정을 실시하였다. 이상의 자료를 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 치태지수(PI)는 고정식 교정장치 장착후 3주의 측정 이후 서서이 증가하였다. 2. 치은염지수(GI)는 고정식 교정장치 장착후 3주의 측정 이후 치태 지수의 증가보다 좀더 바른 속도로 증가하였다. 3. 탈회는 3주와 6주 사이에서 발생하기 시작하며, 탈회지수(DI)는 처음과 비교하여 6주 측정시부터 증가하기 시작하였으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 발견할 수는 없었다. 4. 좌.우 소구치 부위의 비교에서는 실험군의 치태지수와 치은염지수에서 우측에서 높은 값을 보였다. Intraoral fixed type of orthodontic appliance can cause reversible or irreversible damages such as gingivitis, periodontitis enamel decalcification, dental caries, root resorption, and pulpal changes. Such adverse effects are brought by increase in dental plaque as well as oral flora. Such an increase cause gingival inflammation and enamel decalcification. The purpose of this study is to get knowledge on initial changes in dental plaque, gingivitis, and enamel decalcification after bonding fixed orthodontic appliances according to time flow, gender, and sides(right/left) of premolar region. For control group, 48 students of dental college, Yonsei university(26 males, 22 females) were chosen; for experimental group, 73 orthodontic patients(36males, 37 females) who will be treated with fixed appliances were chosen. All the subjects had no systemic disease, juvenile periodontitis and all the females had passed their menarche. Tooth brushing instruction was given to all the subjects prior to the experiment. for control group, plaque index, gingival index, and decalcification index were measured twice at 3 weeks interval ; for experimental group, the same was done prior to, 3, 6, 9 weeks after bonding fixed appliances. The following results were obtained: 1. In plaque index 3 weeks after placement of appliances, and it showed gradual increase afterwards. 2. In gingival index 3 weeks after placement of appliances, and afterwards it showed increase at a faster rate than plaque index. 3. Enamel decalcification began to show between 3 and 6 weeks after bonding fixed appliances. Decalcification index began to increase 6 weeks appliance placement, but there was no statistical significance. 4. When the comparison was made between two sides of premolar region, the right side showed greater index in plaque and gingival index of experimental group.

불어 형용사의 결합가에 대한 고찰

임국진 중앙대학교 외국어문학연구소 1999 외국학연구 Vol.- No.3

결합가 이론의 토대는 프랑스의 언어학자인 Tesnie`re에 의하여 이루어졌으나, 이 이론을 연구하여 발전시킨 사람들은 독일의 언어학자들이었다. 그들은 동사의 결합가를 집중적으로 연구하였고, 여기서 얻어진 결과를 가지고 다른 품사들의 결합가를 기술하였다. 그리하여 1983년에는 "독일어 형용사의 결합가와 분포에 대한 사전"도 출판되었다. 그러나 불어에서의 결합가 연구는 동사에 관해서도 아직 체계적인 연구가 이루어지지 않고 있다고 말할 수 있다. 본 논문의 목적은 Tesnie`re의 결합가 이론을 중심으로 불어형용사의 결합가를 살펴보는 것이다. 즉 형용사에서도 동사에서와 마찬가지 방식으로 결합가를 고찰할 수 있는지, 또 결합가의 종류는 얼마나 되는지를 알아 보는 것이다. 이를 위하여 우리는 우선 Tesnie`re의 결합가 이론에 대한 고찰을 통해 결합가의 본질이 무엇인지를 간략하게 살펴볼 것이다. 그리고 불어형용사의 종류, 기능에 대해서 다시 검토해 본 후, Picabia(1998)가 4000여 불어형용사의 통사적 특징들을 조사하여 발표한 불어형용사 구문을 근거로 해서 형용사의 결합가에 대해 구체적으로 살펴볼 것이다. 끝으로 결합가의 관점에서 동사와 형용사 상호간에 유사한 점은 무엇이며, 다른 점은 무엇인지 살펴볼 것이다. 본 논문에서 그 결합가를 고찰한 형용사들은 Picabia가 불어형용사 구문 연구를 위하여 조사한 형용사들임을 다시한번 일러 둔다.

韓國 어린이의 綜合的 診斷

秋菊姬,李惠星 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1980 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.35 No.-

Children are more than the object of their parent's love and attention, and they are also the leading forces of the nation in the future. The importance of providing a desirable environment for growing children cannot be fully emphasized in terms of their education. This study is an attempt to analyze the physical, intellectual, emotional, social and personality development of Korean children. I. Objectives A. To survey the actual developmental conditions of physical, intellectual, emotional, social and personality growth of Korean children. B. To analyze home environments of Korean children. C. To form a comprehensive diagnosis of the developmental condition of Korean children as whole persons. D. To examine the factors hindering Korean children's normal development. E. Ro survey the actual conditions of isolated children who should be educated under various types of special programs. II. Method A. Subjects : Primary school third and sixth graders were chosen as subjects. By the stratified sampling method, the whole nation was divided into four types of districts according to degree of industrialization and modernization. These districts were designated: 1) big cities, 2) medium-sized citied, 3) towns, and 4) villages. Four schools were selected from each district and eight classed were chosen from each school by random sampling. The total number of subjects was 3,478 : 1,712 third graders and 1,760 sixth graders. B. Measurement tools: The tools used to effectively implement this study were as follows : 1. A Physical development record file for each child was used to survey physical development. 2. Standardized I.Q. tests were administered to survey intellectual development. 3. A standardized personality inventory and a researcher made self-concept inventory were given to survey emotional, social, and personality development. 4. A standardized home environment inventory was used to analyze the home environments of the children. III. Results A. Physical Development. The average age of the third graders and sixth graders studied was 8 years 10 months, and 11 years 7 months, respectively. 1. As shown below, there seems to be an increasing tendency in terms of physical growth among primary level students. --------------------------------------------------------------- Dimension 1970 Study by Ministry 1975 study by Korean 1979 this study Of Education Pediatrics Association School Grade 3 6 3 6 3 6 Height (in cm) 121 134 123 137 125 141 Weight(in kg) 23 29 23 30 24 33 Girth(in cm) 59 66 60 66 60 67 2. The physical development of children from big and medium-sized citied was significantly greater than of children from towns and villages. 3. Third grade boys were significantly larger in all dimensions studied than girls in the same grade, while sixth grade girls were larger than boys of the same grade. B. Intellectual Development 1. In both grade studied, boys obtained significantly higher I.Q. scores than girls. Third grade: 116.86 (boys) 114.14 (girls). Sixth grade : 108.45 boys), 107.19 (girls). 2. In terms of districts, children of big and medium-sized citied scored significantly higher in the exams I.Q. than children from other districts. 3. In intelligence test performance, there was no significant difference between sexes for the third graders in terms of verbal ability, pictorial grouping and figure grouping. However, children big and medium-sized cities preceded children from towns and villages in this area. For sixth graders there is no significant difference between sexes in word usage, verbal reasoning, numerical reasoning, and figure reasoning. Again at this level, big and medium-sized city children precede town and village children in these areas. Summary of Intellectual Development Findings 1. Children from big and medium-sized cities significantly precede town and village children in terms of I.Q. scores. 2. Regardless of grade level, statistically boys perform higher than girls in terms of intellectual development. C. Emotional Development 1. In the third grade, boys show more active tendencies than girls, while girls demonstrate more stability. In the sixth grade, girls show more sociability than boys. In general, girls grow more rapidly than boys when they develop from third grade to sixth grade. 2. Regardless of grade, the children from big and medium-sized cities have higher scores in terms of general activity, dominance, impulsiveness, and reflectance. Interestingly, sixth graders of towns and villages scored higher on measures of stability and sociability than their big and medium-sized, city-bred counterparts. D. Home Environment 1. According to our inventory scores, big and medium-sized city children have home atmospheres superior to children from towns and villages. 2. In terms of psychological home atmosphere, third grade boys we superior in scores of social upwardness, materialism and openness than girls, while girls were superior to boys in attitudes toward family members, cohesiveness and achievement expectations. 3. In the third grade, the bid and medium-sized city children were superior to town and village children in social upwardness mutual attitude toward family members, cohesiveness, achievement expectations, openness, affection and autonomy. On the other hand, scores of town and village children were superior in terms of role expectations and materialism. In the sixth grade, bid and medium-sized city children are superior to town and village children in social upwardness and cohesiveness, while scores of town and village children precede the bid and medium-sized city children in materialism, role expectations, openness, affection and autonomy. E. Correlations between Home Environment and Physical, Intellectual, and Emotional Development. 1. There was a significant correlation between physical development and emotional development. 2. There was a significant correlation between physical development and emotional development. Weight, especially had a significant correlation to personality development as well as self-concept. 3. There was a significant correlation between physical development and physical home environment. Namely, the ecological environment, including residence, size of house, cultural condition (status) of the house, economic status and family structure correlated with the physical development of the children. 4. There was a significant correlation between self-concept and I.Q. score. 5.There was a significant correlation between personality development and intellectual development. 6. There was a significant correlation between self-concept and personality. 7. There was a significant correlation between home environment and I.Q. scores. 8. There was a significant correlation between self-concept and home environment. 9. There was a significant correlation between personality and home environment.

저속 충격을 받는 적층판의 충격거동과 손상에 관한 연구

안국찬,김규수,박승범,황병선 한국산업안전학회 2002 한국안전학회지 Vol.17 No.1

This paper presents the impact behavior and damage of laminated composite plates subjected to the low-velocity impact. For this purpose, a pendulum impact test for impact behavior and C-scan for impact damage are done. Test materials are carbon/epoxy laminated composite plates and stacking sequences [0/90]_4, [0/45_2/-45]_s, [45_2/-45/90]_s, [0/45/-45/90]_s and [0/26/51/77/-77/-51/-26/0].