The C- and G-value paradox with polyploidy, repeatomes, introns, phenomes and cell economy

Ik‑Young Choi,Eun‑Chae Kwon,Nam‑Soo Kim 한국유전학회 2020 Genes & Genomics Vol.42 No.7

Background The apparent disconnection between biological complexity and both genome size (C-value) and gene number (G-value) is one of the long-standing biological puzzles. Gene-dense genomic sequences in prokaryotes or simple eukaryotes are highly constrained during selection, whereas gene-sparse genomic sequences in higher eukaryotes have low selection constraints. This review discusses the correlations of the C-value and G-value with genome architecture, polyploidy, repeatomes, introns, cell economy and phenomes. Discussion Eukaryotic chromosomes carry an assortment of various repeated DNA sequences (repeatomes). Expansion of copies of repeatomes together with polyploidization or whole-genome duplication (WGD) are major players in genome size (C-value) bloating, but genomes are equipped with counterbalancing systems such as diploidization, illegitimate recombination, and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) after double-strand breaks (DSBs). The lack of these efficient purging systems allowed the accumulation of repeat DNA, which resulted in extremely large genomes in several species. However, the correlation between chromosome number and genome size is not clear due to inconsistent results with different sets of species. Positive correlations between genome size and intron size and density were reported in early studies, but these proposals were refuted by the results with increased numbers of species, in which genome-wide features of introns (size, density, gene contents, repeats) were weakly associated with genome size. The assumption of the correlations between C-value and gene number (G-value) and organismal complexity is acceptable in general, but this assumption is often violated in specific lineages or species, suggesting C- and G-value paradoxes. The C-value paradox is partly explained by noncoding repeatomes. The G-value paradox can also be explained by several genomic features: (1) one gene can produce many mature mRNAs by alternative splicing, and eukaryotic gene expression is highly regulated at both the transcriptional and translational levels; (2) many proteins exert multiple functions during development; (3) gene expansion/contraction are frequent events in the gene family among evolutionarily close species; and (4) sets of homeotic genes regulate development such that organismal complexity is sometimes not clear among organisms. A large genome must be burdensome in terms of cell economy, such that a large genome constraint results in the distribution of genome sizes skewed to small genomes. Moreover, the C-value can affect the phenome. A strong positive correlation has been recognized between genome size and cell size, but the relationship is weak or null with higher-level traits. Additional analyses of the relationship between the C-value and phenome should be carried out, because natural selection acts on the phenotype rather than the genotype. Conclusions Dramatic advancement in genomics has given some answers to the C-value and G-value paradoxes. We know the mechanisms by which the current genomes have been constructed. However, basic questions have not yet been fully resolved. Why have some species retained small genomes yet some closely related species have large genomes? Random genetic drift and mutational pressure might have affected for genome size in the limited population size during evolution; thus, genome size may be quasiadaptable rather than the best adaptive trait.

OFDM 시스템의 PAPR 저감을 위한 심벌 그룹핑 SLM 기법

최익녕,이현재,오창헌 한국기술교육대학교 2004 論文集 Vol.10 No.2

본 논문은 OFDM 시스템에서 PAPR (peak-to-average power ratio) 문제를 효과적으로 저감시키기 위하여 기존 SLM (selective mapping) 기법과는 달리 심벌 그룹핑 후 그룹별로 같은 스크램블 코드를 이용하는 새로운 방법을 제안하고 성능을 분석하였다. 기존의 SLM 기법은 IFFT단에 들어가는 OFDM 심벌을 여러 개의 스크램블 코드에 의해 랜덤화 시켜 PAPR 중 작은 값을 선택하여 전송한다. 그러므로 SLM 기법은 스크램블 코드만큼 부가 정보를 전송함으로 대역의 손실이 발생한다. 그러나 제안된 심벌 그룹핑 SLM 기법은 부반송파들을 M 개로 그룹화 하여 동일한 스크램블 코드를 사용함으로써 그룹화한 OFDM 심벌의 개수만큼 부가정보 데이터를 줄일 수 있고, SLM 기법에서 사용한 숫자만큼 스크램블 코드를 사용한다면 기존의 SLM 기법보다 PAPR 성능을 더 개선할수 있다. In this paper, we propose and analyze a new scheme which uses the same scramble codes to each group after symbol grouping to reduce the PAPR (peak-to-average power ratio) problem in OFDM system. The conventional SLM scheme randomizes OFDM symbols entered into IFFT block by several scramble codes and then transmits the lowest one among PAPRs. Therefore, the SLM scheme results the loss of bandwidth because of transmitting additional information as many as scramble codes. The proposed scheme can reduce the additional information as many as the number of grouped OFDM symbols by using same scramble codes after M grouping of sub-carriers. It can also improve PAPR performance more than conventional SLM scheme when we use scramble codes as same as those numbers of SLM scheme.

오렌지 껍질로부터 분리된 프라보노이드의 화학요법 감작효과

최철익,변익건,차윤정,김선필,민영돈,유진철,송재경 조선대학교 2001 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.26 No.2

Background and Objectives : The overexpression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) or multidrug resistanceassociated protein (MRP) confers multidrug resistance (MDR) to cancer cells. MDR cells could be sensitized to anticancer drugs when treated concomitantly with a chemosensitizer. In this study, orange peel have been screened for the development of chemosensitizers reversing MDR. Materials and methods : Expression of Pgp in AML-2/WT and AML-2/D100 were determined using western blot analysis and RT-PCR. Candidates for chemosensitizers were isolated, purified from orange peel using sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and silica-gel column chromatography, whose structure was determined using ^1H-NMR, ^13C-NMR, ^1H-^1H-COSY, 13C-NMR, EI-Mass, IR. Chemosensitizing effect of NP-28 on AML-2/DX100 over expressing Pgp and MRP was determined by the MTT assay. Membrane toxicity was evaluated by the RBC hemolysis test. Antioxidant effects were examined by using a fluorescence probe (2’-7’-dichlorofluorescein diacetate). Results : A potent candidate, NP-28, has a flavonoid nucleus with some methoxy moiety. NP-28 is believed to have high therapeutic index, being non-transportable inhibitor and possibly, of inhibiting other efflux pumps such as MRP and antioxidant effects. NP-28 is also unlikely to be a substrate of Pgp. NP-28 did not increase Pgp levels. Conclusion : NP-28 has a Chemosensitizing effect to reverse Pgp-mediated MDR by increasing the intracellular accumulation of drugs. Furthermore, they do not increase expression of Pgp, which can allow a long term use without the concern about Pgp activation. NP-28 is anticipated as an ideal second-generation flavonoid chemosensitizer and/or possibly other therapeutic agents by further investigation.

고전압 전력 MOSFET의 설계기술개발

최연익,임한조,노영화 亞洲大學校 1986 論文集 Vol.9 No.-

Design programs which can be used for the fabrication of high-voltage power MOSFET's have been developed on HP-15C programmable calculator. Also, we proposed a method for finding optimum gate pitch with source pitch given after the specifications of the starting wafer and fabrication process were determined. The method was applied to the cases of using two kinds of epitaxially grown wafers and variations of on-resistance were studied in terms of source geometry, source pitch, gate-drain over-lap ratio, etc.

초중고등학교 행정관리 시스템 설계 및 구축 사례 Easy_SRP System v1.0의 기능

최성,최장의,김승찬,김호성,이종욱,최현식,오영갑 호서대학교 반도체제조장비국산화연구센터 2001 반도체장비학술심포지움 Vol.2001 No.-

현재 초· 중 · 고등학교(이하 ' 학교기관' )에서 산이고 있는 기존의 수작업 방식의 회계관리와 DOS 방식의 행정전산관리 프로그램의 한계점을 벗어나 새로운 GUI 원도우 체계의 프로그램의 개발 필요성이 대두되어 본 시스템을 개발 하게 되었다.또한 학교기관에 납입해야 할 모든 납부금, 급식비, 장부관리에서부터 수입, 지출 등 학교에서 쓰이는 회계부분의 수작업을 모듈화 및 집약화 하고 누구나 쉽게 운영할 수 있는 행정관리 시스템, 일괄처리로 구성하도록 하였으며, DB를 이중모드(사용자 모드와 관리자모드)로 분리, 보안문제를 보충하고, 문서의 표준화로 정보교류의 용이하다.전국 학교기관의 회계운영방식을 표준화하여 구축 설계하고, 초보자 입장을 지향한 순차적 처리방식과 회계관리의 중복처리를 집약화 하여 구축하였다.

토양미생물을 이용한 하수의 질소제거효율 향상

최영균,오동익,이종영,손대희 대구대학교 환경기술연구소 2005 미래환경기술 Vol.1 No.2

The effect of humus soil on biological denitrification was investigated through NUR batch tests. Specific denitrification rate of HMLE(Modified Ludzack Ettinger process combined with Humus soil contactor) and CMLE(Control Modified Ludzack Ettinger process) sludges as well as COD consumed for denitrification could be estimated from the batch tests. Two linear phases of denitrification rate could be observed when acetate was used as a carbon source. However, denitrification behavior was composed of three linear phases when a primary settled municipal wastewater(PW) was used as a carbon source. The specific denitrification rates on SBCOD(slowly biodegradable COD) fraction in raw wastewater were estimated 4.82 and 3.73 mg N/g VSS·hr when HMLE and CMLE sludge was used as a seed sludge. It means that the hydrolysis rate of HMLE sludge on SBCOD fraction was higher than that of CMLE sludge. Actinomycetes, one of the soil microorganisms, was estimated 150,000 actinomycetes/ml in the biomass of HMLE process, which was 10 times higher than that of CMLE process. Actinomycetes was well known for its distinguished hydrolyzing ability on particulate organic matter. Almost of input COD was utilized for denitrification and cell synthesis when HMLE sludge was used as a seed sludge in NUR batch test. While, about 70% of input COD was comsumed when CBNR sludge was used. It means that substrate utilization rate, especially SBCOD utilization rate, of HMLE sludge was higher than that of CMLE sludge.

스포츠 몰입상태 척도(FSS)에 대한 통계적 타당성 검증 : The Korean Flow State Scale

손영수,최만식,문익수 한국스포츠심리학회 2002 한국스포츠심리학회지 Vol.13 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 한국설정에 맞는 스포츠 몰입상태 측정을 위한 도구의 타당도와 신뢰도를 검증하는데 있다. 연구대상자는 대학·고교 운동선수, 체육전공학생과 동호회 가입 학생들이었으며, 측정도구는 Jackson & Marsh(1996)가 개발한 몰입상태척도(Flow State Scal; FSS)를 사용하였다. FSS 설문지는 9개의 하위요인을 구성되었으며, 각 요인별 4문항씩 총 36문항으로 구성되었다. 이 FSS를 1, 2차에 걸쳐 조사를 실시하여 한국어판 FSS가 개발되었다. 한국어판 FSS의 신뢰도(Cronbach'α) 계수는 7개 하위요인에서 .61∼.81로 높게 나타났으며, 한국어판 FSS는 7개 요인구조를 보였으며, 설명변량으로 66.4%로 나타났다. 또한 확증적 요인분석을 통해 한국어판 FSS질문지로 측정한 몰입상태 측정모델이 적합함을 살펴보았다. 한국어판 FSS의 기초 적합도 지수(GFI)는 .89로서 일반적으로 수용되는 .90에 거의 근접한 것으로 측정모델에 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 조정 적합도 지수(AGFI)의 경우 .84로 적합한 것으로 나타났다. FSS는 이러한 타당성과 신뢰성 검증과정을 거쳐 한국어판 몰입상태 설문지로 완성되었다. The purpose of this study was the validity of Flow State Scale(FSS) when used with Korean athletes. The FSS was developed by Jackson and Marsh(1996) and translated into Korean by 3 Ph. D sport psychologist, 1 doctoral course student, and 1 master course student. In order to reflect culture difference, this study was focused on process of translation. Namely 3 time - translation course have enforced(first translation, reverse translation, commitment translation). After 2 times study, final translation version was used this study. Statistical procedures included descriptive statistic, factor analysis, internal consistency. Cronbach's Alpha was calculated to test the reliability of items and their internal consistency. Exploratory Factor Analysis(EFA) was conducted to test the structure of each factors with principal analysis and varimax rotation. Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA) was conducted to test the factor validity of this inventory with CALIS. Exploratory Factor Analysis(EFA) extracted a seven-factor solution and internal consistency estimates for the seven FSS scales were reasonable(alpha= 81). Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA) supported the seven scale. Suggestions for use of the scale and for further research are discussed.

두개외 경동맥 협착증에 대한 스텐트 삽입술의 추적 결과

윤영섭,홍범기,최동훈,김선호,김동익,김승민,장양수,심원흠 대한순환기학회 1998 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.28 No.11

의사소통의 활성화가 수학적 추론 능력의 발달에 미치는 영향에 관한 사례연구

김익표,권은영,최정현 大邱大學校 師範大學 附設 敎育硏究所 2010 學校敎育硏究 Vol.5 No.2

NCTM(2000, p.60)은 수학적 추론 능력의 신장을 위한 의사소통의 활성화를 강조하고 있다. 그리고 추론을 포함한 수학적인 활동의 활성화를 위한 학생들 사이의 의사소통을 강조한 사례연구(Elbers, 2003; Goos, 2004)도 소개되었다. 이와 같이 많은 문헌들이 수학적 추론과 의사소통과의 관련성을 언급 하고 있지만 서로 어느 정도의 영향을 미치고 있는지에 대한 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 추론과 의사소통 을 포함한 수학적인 활동들이 별개의 것이 아닌 통합된 전체의 각 부분을 차지하면서 밀접하게 관련되어 있음을 인지하는 것은 학교 수학에서 중요한 부분이다. 따라서 수학교육의 목표를 향하여 가는 학생 들에게 관계망으로 연결된 수학적인 활동들은 효과적으로 목표에 도달할 수 있도록 도와주는 뼈대의 역할을 할 것이다. 본 연구의 목적은 학교 수학에서 의사소통의 활성화가 수학적 추론능력의 신장에 미치는 영향의 분석이다. 이를 위하여 학생들에게 단계적인 과제의 제시를 통하여 의사소통의 활성화를 유도하고 이것이 수학적 추론 능력의 신장에 미치는 영향을 탐색하고자 한다. The importance of mathematical communication and mathematical reasoning is currently standing out in mathematics education. As a matter of fact, lots of theses and documents are dealing with this subject, and are mentioning that these two factors develop together. However, there are few qualitative case studies in this fields. So, this study aimed at qualitative case study about the effects of active communication on mathematical reasoning devolopment throughout the experiments. This study recorded the process of improving mathematical reasoning through mathematical communication. For this, various problems which are from basic to advanced were presented by degrees. We hope this study has a lot of discussions about various methods in order that mathematical communication occurs actively in schools and that students become to recognize the importance of mathematical reasoning.

생쥐 안구에서 산화적 손상에 의한 superoxide dismutases와 metallothionein의 나이에 따른 유도의 차이

이홍영,이태범,안춘산,변익건,최석민,권대승,최철희 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 2003 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.28 No.2

The basal levels and inducibility of superoxide dismutases (SODs; Mn-SOD and Cu/Zn-SOD) and metallothionein (MT) was investigated in the eyes of mice with age. Oxidative stress was induced by paraquat, an intracellular superoxide generator, in 1, 4, 8, and 12 months of age and then mRl\As of SODs and MT in the eyes were determined by RT-PCR assay. The basal level of Mn-SOD mRNA increased from 1 month to 8 months but decreased thereafter. Mn-SOD mRNA was induced by paraquat until 4 month but not after 8 months. On the other hand, the basal level of Cu/Zn-SOD mRNA decreased with age. Cu/Zn-SOD mRNA was not induced by paraquat until 4 months. The basal level of MT mRNA declined with age whereas its inducibility by paraquat was intact at all ages. Taken together, the results indicate that SODs and MT are differentially expressed and induced according to the age. It could be also implicated that failure in induction of Mn-SOD with age may be one of causative factors in the aging process whereas induction of Cu/Zn-SOD and MT may be one of important factors in defense against oxidative stress in the eyes. 서론: 최근 노화는 반응성 산소종에 의한 산화적 손상의 축적결과라는 설이 각광을 받고 있다. 노화과정에서 노화와 관련된 질병을 비교적 잘 나타내는 안구를 선정하고, 정상생쥐의 안구에서의 superoxide dismutases (SODs) 와 metallothionein (MT) 의 함량 뿐 아니라 산화성 스트레스를 유발하는 paraquat에 의한 SODs와 MT의 유도능과 나이와의 상호관계를 조사하여 이들의 노화과정에서의 역할을 규명하고자 하였다. 재료 및 방법 : 본 연구에서 1, 4, 8, 12개월된 정상생쥐의 안구에서 반응성 산소종 생성의 초기에 중요한 방어기전인 SODs mRNA와 hydroxy radical (OH·)에 의한 산화적 손상의 마지막 방어기전인 MT mRNA의 함량과 산화성 스트레스를 유발하는 paraquat에 의한 유도능을 역전사 중합효소 연쇄반응 (RT-PCR) 으로 조사하였다. 결과: 정상생쥐의 안구의 노화과정에서 Mn-SOD와 Cu/Zn-SOD, 그리고 MT mRNA의 항정상태 함량을 조사한 결과, Mn-SOD mRNA는 8개월까지는 증가하다가 12개월에서 감소하였으나, Cu/Zn-SOD mRNA는 나이와 함께 감소하였다. 그러나 MT mRNA 는 8개월까지는 감소하다가 12개월에서 약간 증가하였다. 산화성 스트레스를 유발하는 parraquat에 의하여 Mn-SOD mRNA는 1개월과 4개월에서만 유도되었고, Cu/Zn-SOD mRNA는 8개월과 12개월에서만 유도되었으며, MT mRNA는 관찰한 전 기간에서 유도되었다. 결론: 이상의 결과를 종합하면 SODs와 MT는 안구에서 나이에 따라 서로 다르게 발현되고 유도되는 것으로 생각되며, 노화과정에서 Mn-SOD유도의 이상이 노화의 원인이 되는 인자로 작용하고, 반면에 Cu/Zn-SOD와 MT의 정상적인 유도능이 산화적 스트레스에 대하여 방어역할을 하는 것으로 생각된다. 이와 같이 연령이 증가함에 따라 Mn-SOD, Cu-Zn-SOD, 및 MT의 발현과 유도능의 차이가 있게 되고, 그 결과 반응성 산소종에 의한 산화적 손상의 정도의 차이로 노화의 속도가 조절되지 않나 생각된다.