Electric Load Signature Analysis for Home Energy Monitoring System

Lu-Lulu, Lu-Lulu,Park, Sung-Wook,Wang, Bo-Hyeun Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems 2012 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of FUZZY LOGIC and INTELLIGE Vol.12 No.3

This paper focuses on identifying which appliance is currently operating by analyzing electrical load signature for home energy monitoring system. The identification framework is comprised of three steps. Firstly, specific appliance features, or signatures, were chosen, which are DC (Duty Cycle), SO (Slope of On-state), VO (Variance of On-state), and ZC (Zero Crossing) by reviewing observations of appliances from 13 houses for 3 days. Five appliances of electrical rice cooker, kimchi-refrigerator, PC, refrigerator, and TV were chosen for the identification with high penetration rate and total operation-time in Korea. Secondly, K-NN and Naive Bayesian classifiers, which are commonly used in many applications, are employed to estimate from which appliance the signatures are obtained. Lastly, one of candidates is selected as final identification result by majority voting. The proposed identification frame showed identification success rate of 94.23%.

Electric Load Signature Analysis for Home Energy Monitoring System

Lu-Lulu,Sung-Wook Park,Bo-Hyeun Wang 한국지능시스템학회 2012 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of FUZZY LOGIC and INTELLIGE Vol.12 No.3

This paper focuses on identifying which appliance is currently operating by analyzing electrical load signature for home energy monitoring system. The identification framework is comprised of three steps. Firstly, specific appliance features, or signatures, were chosen, which are DC (Duty Cycle), SO (Slope of On-state), VO (Variance of On-state), and ZC (Zero Crossing) by reviewing observations of appliances from 13 houses for 3 days. Five appliances of electrical rice cooker, kimchi-refrigerator, PC, refrigerator, and TV were chosen for the identification with high penetration rate and total operation-time in Korea. Secondly, K-NN and Naive Bayesian classifiers, which are commonly used in many applications, are employed to estimate from which appliance the signatures are obtained. Lastly, one of candidates is selected as final identification result by majority voting. The proposed identification frame showed identification success rate of 94.23%.

Characteristics and Health Risks of Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitro-polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at Urban and Suburban Elementary Schools in Shanghai, China

Lulu Zhang,Takahiro Tokuda,Lu Yang,Quanyu Zhou,Xuan Zhang,Wanli Xing,Qing Wu,Zhijun Zhou,Renjie Chen,Takayuki Kameda,Akira Toriba,Kazuichi Hayakawa,Ning Tang 한국대기환경학회 2019 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.13 No.4

PM2.1 was collected at urban and suburban elementary schools in Shanghai during two sampling periods in cold and warm seasons in 2007. Nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and ten nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) in PM2.1 were determined. During both seasons, the concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs at urban and suburban schools were not significantly different (p>0.05) and were higher in the cold period than in the warm period. According to the diagnostic ratios, PAHs and NPAHs at both schools were subject to the mixed effects of vehicle emission and coal combustion during both periods. Moreover, the results of the backward trajectory showed that PAHs and NPAHs were more susceptible to external polluted air masses in the cold period. At both urban and suburban schools, the inhalation cancer risk of PAHs and NPAHs in PM2.1 for children during elementary period was dozens of times of the acceptable risk level regulated by the U.S.EPA, highlighting the adverse impact of exposure to PAHs and NPAHs on the healthy development of children.

Purification and Identification of a Natural Antioxidant Protein from Fertilized Eggs

Shaohua Yang,Lulu Wang,Ying Wang,Xiaoqian Ou,Zhaoyuan Shi,Chongchong Lu,Wei Wang,Guoqing Liu 한국축산식품학회 2017 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.37 No.5

Fertilized hen eggs are rich in a variety of bioactive ingredients. In this study, we aimed to obtain an antioxidant protein from fertilized eggs and the radical scavenging abilities on 1, 1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical (•OH), superoxide anion (O2-•) were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the purified protein. During 20 d of incubation, the radical scavenging ability of protein extracted from fertilized eggs exhibited significantly differences and the protein on day 16 showed higher antioxidant capacity. Based on this, the antioxidant protein of the samples on day 16 were isolated for the follow-up study. With a molecular weight 43.22 kDa, the antioxidant protein was purified by Diethylaminoethyl cellulose -52 (DEAE-52) column and Sephadex G-100. The LC-MS analysis showed that the purified protein molecular weight was 43.22 kDa, named D2-S. The sequence of amino acids was highly similar to ovalbumin and the coverage reached to 84%. The purified protein showed a radical scavenging rate of 52.34±3.27% on DPPH and 63.49±0.25% on •OH, respectively. Furthermore, the C-terminal amino acid sequence was NAVLFFGRCVSP, which was consistent with the sequence of ovabumin. These results here indicated that purified protein may be a potential resource as a natural antioxidant.

Folate-decorated Polysaccharide-doxorubicin Polymer: Synthesis, Characterization, and Activity in HeLa Cells

Lei Zhang,Lulu Guo,Jingna Ding,Yongming Lu,Yaping Zhang,Yan Chen 대한화학회 2015 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.36 No.8

In order to develop the application of the natural polysaccharide lentinan (LNT) and decrease the side effects of doxorubicin, we successfully synthesized a novel folate-modified maleilated lentinan-doxorubicin (FA-M.LNT-DOX) polymer and used it for tumor-targeted drug delivery. The release efficiency and cytotoxicity of the prodrugs were evaluated in vitro. Although DOX release from FA-M.LNT-DOX was quite slow in a neutral buffer, it was particularly fast in an acidic solution with a pH of 5.0. Compared with DOX, FA-M.LNT-DOX showed higher cytotoxicity in HeLa cells and significantly lower cytotoxicity in normal cells. These results suggested that FA-M.LNT-DOX could be considered as a potential drug delivery candidate for folate receptor-positive cancer therapy.

Ferulic acid protects cardiomyocytes from TNF-a/cycloheximide-induced apoptosis by regulating autophagy

Chunxiao Li,Lu Chen,Min Song,Zhirui Fang,Lusha Zhang,Joel Wake Coffie,Liyuan Zhang,Lulu Ma,Qianyi Wang,Wenjie Yang,Leyu Fang,Shaoxia Wang,Xiumei Gao,Hong Wang 대한약학회 2020 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.43 No.8

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) resultsin irreversible cardiac cell damage or death because ofdecreased blood fl ow to the heart. Apoptosis plays an importantrole in the process of tissue damage after myocardialinfarction (MI), which has pathological and therapeuticimplications. Ferulic acid (FA) is a phenolic acid endowedwith strong antioxidative and cytoprotective activities. Thepresent study aimed to investigate whether FA protectscardiomyocytes from apoptosis by regulating autophagy,which is a cellular self-digestion process, and one of thefi rst lines of defense against oxidative stress. Apoptosis wasinduced by TNF-α (10 ng/mL) and cycloheximide (CHX,5 μg/mL) in rat H9c2 cardiomyocytes. FA-inhibited TNF-α/CHX-induced apoptosis was determined by the quantifi cationof TUNEL-positive cells, and the eff ect was associatedwith decreased ROS production and inhibited caspase3activation. FA treatment enhanced autophagy and increasedautophagy-associated protein expression, leading to an inhibitionof mTOR signaling. When co-treated with 3-methyladenine(3-MA), an autophagy inhibitor, the anti-apoptoticeff ect of FA was attenuated. In an in vivo mouse MI model,FA treatment decreased the apoptotic cell number, reducedinfarct size, and improved cardiac performance, as determinedby histological and echocardiographic assessments. Taken collectively, these results suggest that FA could protectcardiomyocytes from apoptosis by enhancing autophagy.

Stem-leaf saponins from Panax notoginseng counteract aberrant autophagy and apoptosis in hippocampal neurons of mice with cognitive impairment induced by sleep deprivation

Cao, Yin,Yang, Yingbo,Wu, Hui,Lu, Yi,Wu, Shuang,Liu, Lulu,Wang, Changhong,Huang, Fei,Shi, Hailian,Zhang, Beibei,Wu, Xiaojun,Wang, Zhengtao The Korean Society of Ginseng 2020 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.44 No.3

Backgroud: Sleep deprivation (SD) impairs learning and memory by inhibiting hippocampal functioning at molecular and cellular levels. Abnormal autophagy and apoptosis are closely associated with neurodegeneration in the central nervous system. This study is aimed to explore the alleviative effect and the underlying molecular mechanism of stem-leaf saponins of Panax notoginseng (SLSP) on the abnormal neuronal autophagy and apoptosis in hippocampus of mice with impaired learning and memory induced by SD. Methods: Mouse spatial learning and memory were assessed by Morris water maze test. Neuronal morphological changes were observed by Nissl staining. Autophagosome formation was examined by transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescent staining, acridine orange staining, and transient transfection of the tf-LC3 plasmid. Apoptotic event was analyzed by flow cytometry after PI/annexin V staining. The expression or activation of autophagy and apoptosis-related proteins were detected by Western blotting assay. Results: SLSP was shown to improve the spatial learning and memory of mice after SD for 48 h, accomanied with restrained excessive autophage and apoptosis, whereas enhanced activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway in hippocampal neurons. Meanwhile, it improved the aberrant autophagy and apoptosis induced by rapamycin and re-activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling transduction in HT-22 cells, a hippocampal neuronal cell line. Conclusion: SLSP could alleviate cognitive impairment induced by SD, which was achieved probably through suppressing the abnormal autophagy and apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. The findings may contribute to the clinical application of SLSP in the prevention or therapy of neurological disorders associated with SD.

Therapeutic Effects of Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 on Diabetic Nephropathy and the Possible Mechanism in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Mice

Weng Wenya,Ge Tingwen,Wang Yi,He Lulu,Liu Tinghao,Wang Wanning,Zheng Zongyu,Yu Lechu,Zhang Chi,Lu Xuemian 대한당뇨병학회 2020 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.44 No.4

Background: Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been only reported to prevent type 1 diabetic nephropathy (DN) in the streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) mouse model. However, the FVB (Cg)-Tg (Cryaa-Tag, Ins2-CALM1) 26OVE/PneJ (OVE26) transgenic mouse is a widely recommended mouse model to recapture the most important features of T1DM nephropathy that often occurs in diabetic patients. In addition, most previous studies focused on exploring the preventive effect of FGF21 on the development of DN. However, in clinic, development of therapeutic strategy has much more realistic value compared with preventive strategy since the onset time of DN is difficult to be accurately predicted. Therefore, in the present study OVE26 mice were used to investigate the potential therapeutic effects of FGF21 on DN. Methods: Four-month-old female OVE26 mice were intraperitoneally treated with recombinant FGF21 at a dose of 100 μg/kg/day for 3 months. The diabetic and non-diabetic control mice were treated with phosphate-buffered saline at the same volume. Renal functions, pathological changes, inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress and fibrosis were examined in mice of all groups. Results: The results showed that severe renal dysfunction, morphological changes, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis were observed in OVE26 mice. However, all the renal abnormalities above in OVE26 mice were significantly attenuated by 3-month FGF21 treatment associated with improvement of renal adenosine 5´-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression. Conclusion: Therefore, this study demonstrated that FGF21 might exert therapeutic effects on DN through AMPK-SIRT1 pathway.

Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Attenuates Diabetes- Induced Renal Fibrosis by Negatively Regulating TGF- β-p53-Smad2/3-Mediated Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition via Activation of AKT

Sundong Lin,Lechu Yu,Yongqing Ni,Lulu He,Xiaolu Weng,Xuemian Lu,Chi Zhang 대한당뇨병학회 2020 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.44 No.1

Background: Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is required for renal fibrosis, which is a characteristic of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Our previous study demonstrated that fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) prevented DN associated with the suppressing renal connective tissue growth factor expression, a key marker of renal fibrosis. Therefore, the effects of FGF21 on renal fibrosis in a DN mouse model and the underlying mechanisms were investigated in this study. Methods: Type 1 diabetes mellitus was induced in C57BL/6J mice by intraperitoneal injections of multiple low doses of streptozotocin. Then, diabetic and non-diabetic mice were treated with or without FGF21 in the presence of pifithrin-α (p53 inhibitor) or 10-[4´-(N,N-Diethylamino)butyl]-2-chlorophenoxazine hydrochloride (10-DEBC) hydrochloride (Akt inhibitor) for 4 months. Results: DN was diagnosed by renal dysfunction, hypertrophy, tubulointerstitial lesions, and glomerulosclerosis associated with severe fibrosis, all of which were prevented by FGF21. FGF21 also suppressed the diabetes-induced renal EMT in DN mice by negatively regulating transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)-induced nuclear translocation of Smad2/3, which is required for the transcription of multiple fibrotic genes. The mechanistic studies showed that FGF21 attenuated nuclear translocation of Smad2/3 by inhibiting renal activity of its conjugated protein p53, which carries Smad2/3 into the nucleus. Moreover pifithrin-α inhibited the FGF21-induced preventive effects on the renal EMT and subsequent renal fibrosis in DN mice. In addition, 10-DEBC also blocked FGF21-induced inhibition of renal p53 activity by phosphorylation of mouse double minute-2 homolog (MDM2). Conclusion: FGF21 prevents renal fibrosis via negative regulation of the TGF-β/Smad2/3-mediated EMT process by activation of the Akt/MDM2/p53 signaling pathway.

Stem-leaf saponins from Panax notoginseng counteract aberrant autophagy and apoptosis in hippocampal neurons of mice with cognitive impairment induced by sleep deprivation

Yin Cao,Yingbo Yang,Hui Wu,Yi Lu,Shuang Wu,Lulu Liu,Changhong Wang,Fei Huang,Hailian Shi,Beibei Zhang,Xiaojun Wu,Zhengtao Wang 고려인삼학회 2020 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.44 No.3

Backgroud: Sleep deprivation (SD) impairs learning and memory by inhibiting hippocampal functioningat molecular and cellular levels. Abnormal autophagy and apoptosis are closely associated with neurodegenerationin the central nervous system. This study is aimed to explore the alleviative effect and theunderlying molecular mechanism of stemeleaf saponins of Panax notoginseng (SLSP) on the abnormalneuronal autophagy and apoptosis in hippocampus of mice with impaired learning and memory inducedby SD. Methods: Mouse spatial learning and memory were assessed by Morris water maze test. Neuronalmorphological changes were observed by Nissl staining. Autophagosome formation was examined bytransmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescent staining, acridine orange staining, and transienttransfection of the tf-LC3 plasmid. Apoptotic event was analyzed by flow cytometry after PI/annexin Vstaining. The expression or activation of autophagy and apoptosis-related proteins were detected byWestern blotting assay. Results: SLSP was shown to improve the spatial learning and memory of mice after SD for 48 h,accomanied with restrained excessive autophage and apoptosis, whereas enhanced activation of phosphoinositide3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway in hippocampalneurons. Meanwhile, it improved the aberrant autophagy and apoptosis induced by rapamycinand re-activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling transductionin HT-22 cells, a hippocampal neuronal cell line. Conclusion: SLSP could alleviate cognitive impairment induced by SD, which was achieved probablythrough suppressing the abnormal autophagy and apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. The findings maycontribute to the clinical application of SLSP in the prevention or therapy of neurological disordersassociated with SD.