中国电影投融资的法律规制初探

?赤?(Han, Chi Feng),?德?(Zhang, De Shuang) 영남대학교 중국연구센터 2014 중국과 중국학 Vol.22 No.-

최근에 중국영화의 폭발적인 증가 추세에 따라 중국의 영화시장에는 원래 없었던 번영이 나타났다. 그와 동시에 중국영화의 투자·융자 방식도 중대한 변화가 일어났다. 즉, 국가투자를 위주로 하였던 영화시장에서 사적 자본이 대규모적으로 몰려왔다. 충족한 자금에 의거하여 중국영화의 연간 생산량이 500편에 달하게 되었지만 사실 그 중에 50%도 채 안 되는 영화가 개봉될 수 있다. 영화자금이 진정 국민 문화생활을 풍부하게 하는 자금이 될 수 있도록 중국영화의 개방적인 확장을 어떻게 억제하는가 하는 점이 중국이 당면하고 있는 문제가 되고 있다. 중국 영화의 투자·융자 경로는 주로 뱅크 론(bank loan), 영화 전문기금, 영화예매 융자, 증권시장 융자와 사모펀드 등이 있다. 각각 장단점이 있는 위와 같은 여러 경로들이 공동적으로 중국 영화산업의 운영을 뒷받침 하고 있다. 그 중에 사모펀드는 세계 각국 특히 영화산업선진국이 일반적으로 인정하고 취하고 있는 방식이며 중국에서도 급부상하고 있는 융자방식이다. 영화기금의 발전은 양호한 영화금융환경을 필요로 한다. 이 모든 것은 법률규제와 매우 밀접한 관계를 가지고 있다. 중국에서 영화 투자·융자에 관한 법률·법규가 이미 많이 공포되고 있지만 아직 여러 측면에서 세계적인 선진수준에 뒤지고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 진일보로 영화의 투자·융자 경로를 확장하고 기존의 영화 투자·융자를 규범화하는 가장 좋은 방법은 그에 관한 법제 정비의 추진을 가속화하는 것이다. In recent years, the Chinese film market has entered a period of prosperity as the explosive rise in the field, however, the investment and financing system of the Chinese film market changes in the same time. More and more film are invested by social capital instead of Chinese government. The pouring of social capital is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, the quantity of films grows to 500 per year, on the other hand, less than half of those films would finally be cinematic released. How to restrain the extensive growth and make the fund truly enrich people’s cultural life has been put in front of the public. The investment and financing of the Chinese film at the moment mainly contains bank loans, special film fund, film pre-sale financing, securities market financing, and private equity financing. These ways of financing all have their advantages and disadvantages, and they together support the operation of Chinese film industry. Private equity financing, among them, has been accepted and applied widely around the world, especially in those countries with highly developed film industry, and it becomes more and more popular in China, too. Developing the film fund is based on a healthy environment of financing, which is inseparable from regulations and laws. China has issued many relevant policies and regulations, however, it is behind the world level in many aspects. Therefore, to accelerate the construction of relevant legal system is the best way to broaden the financing methods and regulate the existence ones.

Tea consumption is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease in female but not male populations in Guangzhou, China

Chen, Ying,Ye, Yanfang,Zhang, Zhen,Zhang, Chi,Chen, Minyu,Pang, Jun,Zhou, Shuxian,Xiang, Qiuling The Korean Nutrition Society 2019 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.13 No.5

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The association between tea consumption and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) remains controversial. This study aimed to determine whether tea consumption has an effect on CHD risk in Chinese adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In this hospital-based case-control study, 267 cases of CHD and 235 non-CHD controls were enrolled. Blood samples from all cases were examined. Cardiac function indices (left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase of the muscle or brain type), blood lipid index (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), and blood coagulation function indices (fibrinogen and activated partial thromboplastin time) were recorded. Tea consumption of study participants was assessed by a specifically designed questionnaire. The baseline characteristics of the study populations were recorded, and CHD-related biomarkers were detected. Differences in baseline characteristics of the study participants were examined using t-tests for continuous variables and chi-squared tests for categorical variables. Unconditional logistic regression was used to measure the association between tea and CHD. RESULTS: There were significant differences in cardiac function indices, blood lipid index, and blood coagulation indices between CHD cases and controls (P < 0.05). We found tea consumption reduced CHD risk in female participants (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.484, 95% CI: 0.242-0.968, P = 0.0403). Regarding the type of tea consumed, the risk of CHD was reduced in women who drank partially fermented tea (adjusted OR = 0.210, 95% CI: 0.084-0.522, P = 0.0008). Analytic results for the amount of tea consumed per unit time showed CHD risk was reduced in women who consumed 1-2 cups of tea per day (adjusted OR = 0.291, 95% CI: 0.131-0.643, P = 0.0023). A tea-drinking frequency of > 6 days/week was beneficial for CHD prevention (adjusted OR = 0.183, 95% CI: 0.049-0.679, P = 0.0112). When analyzed according to the duration of tea consumption, the risk of CHD was reduced in participants who had been drinking tea for 10-20 years (adjusted OR = 0.360, 95% CI: 0.137-0.946, P = 0.0382). CONCLUSIONS: Tea consumption is associated with a reduced risk of CHD in female but not male populations in Guangzhou.

Tea consumption is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease in female but not male populations in Guangzhou, China

Ying Chen,Yanfang Ye,Zhen Zhang,Chi Zhang,Minyu Chen,Jun Pang,Shuxian Zhou,Qiuling Xiang 한국영양학회 2019 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.13 No.5

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The association between tea consumption and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) remains controversial. This study aimed to determine whether tea consumption has an effect on CHD risk in Chinese adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In this hospital-based case-control study, 267 cases of CHD and 235 non-CHD controls were enrolled. Blood samples from all cases were examined. Cardiac function indices (left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase of the muscle or brain type), blood lipid index (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), and blood coagulation function indices (fibrinogen and activated partial thromboplastin time) were recorded. Tea consumption of study participants was assessed by a specifically designed questionnaire. The baseline characteristics of the study populations were recorded, and CHD-related biomarkers were detected. Differences in baseline characteristics of the study participants were examined using t-tests for continuous variables and chi-squared tests for categorical variables. Unconditional logistic regression was used to measure the association between tea and CHD. RESULTS: There were significant differences in cardiac function indices, blood lipid index, and blood coagulation indices between CHD cases and controls (P < 0.05). We found tea consumption reduced CHD risk in female participants (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.484, 95% CI: 0.242-0.968, P = 0.0403). Regarding the type of tea consumed, the risk of CHD was reduced in women who drank partially fermented tea (adjusted OR = 0.210, 95% CI: 0.084-0.522, P = 0.0008). Analytic results for the amount of tea consumed per unit time showed CHD risk was reduced in women who consumed 1-2 cups of tea per day (adjusted OR = 0.291, 95% CI: 0.131-0.643, P = 0.0023). A tea-drinking frequency of > 6 days/week was beneficial for CHD prevention (adjusted OR = 0.183, 95% CI: 0.049-0.679, P = 0.0112). When analyzed according to the duration of tea consumption, the risk of CHD was reduced in participants who had been drinking tea for 10-20 years (adjusted OR = 0.360, 95% CI: 0.137-0.946, P = 0.0382). CONCLUSIONS: Tea consumption is associated with a reduced risk of CHD in female but not male populations in Guangzhou.

Dynamic Hand Gesture Segmentation Method Based on Improved Kalman Filter and Weighted Skin-Color Model

Zhang Qiu-yu,Lu Jun-chi,Wei Hui-yi,Zhang Mo-yi,Duan Hong-xiang 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Signal Processing, Image Vol.9 No.6

In order to improve the problems of segmentation accuracy and real-time existing in dynamic hand gesture under complex backgrounds, this paper presents a kind of dynamic hand gesture segmentation method based on improved Kalman filter and weighted skin-color model. Firstly, improved Kalman filter is utilized to process hand gesture image of hand gesture video sequences and get rough hand gesture results. Secondly, weighted skin-color model is applied to process rough results of hand gesture segmentation and segment hand gesture. Finally, morphological method is utilized to deal with gesture segmentation result, getting rid of the holes in the hand gesture’s binary image to realize the segmentation of dynamic hand gesture. Experiments show that the proposed method can segment hand gesture from dynamic hand gesture video sequences with complex backgrounds effectively. And the accuracy of hand gesture segmentation is high.

다변량분석법을 이용한 중국 Xiao Qing하천의 수질 평가

Zhang Chi,도현승,김성덕 위기관리 이론과 실천 2015 Crisisonomy Vol.11 No.5

연구의 목적은 중국 북부 산동성 Xiao Qing 하천 수질오염에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 평가하여 수질 오염을 예측하고, 지역적인 수질오염 원인을 규명하는 것이다. 본 연구의 해는 다변량분석법을 기본으로 하여, Xiao Qing 하천의 4개 조사 지점 자료를 대상으로 상관분석법, 주성분분석법, 분산분석법을 이용하였으며, 수질오염 특성을 연구하였다. Xiao Qing 하천 수질평가를 위해 상관분석을 실시한 결과 부영양화물질(T-N, T-P), 유기물질(BOD, COD), 부유물질(SS)간의 상관성이 높게 나타났다. 또한, Xiao Qing 하천 4개 감시지역, 주성분분석을 실시한 결과 Xiao Qing 하천 수질오염 주요요인은 공통적으로 부영양화물질과 유기물질로 나타났다. 다변량 분석을 이용한 본 연구는 강우와 하천 수질 항목간의 상관성에 관한 특성을 조사하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 수질오염 방지 및 복원방안에 대한 기초 자료를 제공한다. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the factors affecting the water pollutionat Xiao Qing river, Shan Dong Province, Northern China. Through the assessment of the water pollution, the water pollution will be predicted and the cause of the water pollution will be founded at the each localized areas. The environmental factors affecting the sewage, basic information on water pollution prevention, and restoration measures through identifying the specific values between each items by using statistical classification. The multivariate analysis in this study was used to investigate the characteristics between rainfall and river water quality at source of the four monitoring points in the Xiao Qing River.

Printed photonic elements: nanoimprinting and beyond

Zhang, Cheng,Subbaraman, Harish,Li, Qiaochu,Pan, Zeyu,Ok, Jong G.,Ling, Tao,Chung, Chi-Jui,Zhang, Xingyu,Lin, Xiaohui,Chen, Ray T.,Guo, L. Jay Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 Journal of Materials Chemistry C Vol.4 No.23

<P>In order to manufacture large-scale photonic devices of various dimensions at a low cost, a number of patterning techniques have been developed. Nanoimprint lithography is among the most promising given its unique advantages, such as high resolution, fast processing speed, high throughput, compatibility with diverse materials, and low cost. This review covers various aspects of nanoimprint lithography, including its operational principles, material requirements, and different ways of implementation. Nanoimprint lithography facilitates numerous high-performance and low-cost photonic elements, including optical interconnects, sensors, solar cells, and metamaterials. In addition, other related patterning techniques, together with their utilization for photonic device fabrication and their integration with nanoimprint lithography, are briefly discussed.</P>

Hand Gesture Segmentation Method Based on YCbCr Color Space and K-Means Clustering

Zhang Qiu-yu,Lu Jun-chi,Zhang Mo-yi,Duan Hong-xiang,Lv Lu 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Signal Processing, Image Vol.8 No.5

Aiming at the problems that current skin-color detection segmentation technologies have unsatisfied segmentation results under conditions of complex illumination or backgrounds, we present a new method based on YCbCr color space and K-means clustering algorithm for segmentation hand gesture. Firstly, image in RGB color space is converted to YCbCr color space; and then YCbCr color space of image is divided into luminance Y and chrominance Cb and Cr. Lastly, the binary image is achieved by clustering values of chrominance using k-means clustering algorithm, and hand gesture segmentation is completed by conducting morphological process of binary image obtained. The experimental results illustrate that the proposed method can segment hand gestures from complex backgrounds and obtain segmentation results. The phenomena of similar skin color interference and skin color overlapping are solved with this method effectively. In addition, it is robust to illumination condition.

Experimental and Numerical Investigations of the Double-Barrel Distributor for Air Conditioner

CHI ZHANG,Dandong Wang,JIANGPING CHEN,Xihui Sun 대한설비공학회 2015 International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refr Vol.23 No.3

Flow mal-distribution of refrigerant in small diameter tube heat exchangers is a great concern, which may lead to a 25% efficiency loss. Two-phase refrigerant distributors are set before evaporators to separate refrigerant into parallel paths uniformly. In this paper, a new type of distributor with two barrels is proposed. Experimental test and numerical simulation were both carried out to evaluate the performance and to understand internal hydrodynamic flow behavior. Compared with the previous distributor, it is found that the double-barrel distributor with proper parameters performs better. The relative error between experimental and simulation results is less than 15%, which proves the reliability of the established simulation model. Computation fluid dynamics (CFD) calculation indicates that the distribution performance is improved with properly larger bottom and top barrel diameters. With the increase of the bottom barrel diameter, bene¯cial reflux of refrigerant occurs in bottom barrel and when top barrel diameter is larger, little refrigerant flows directly into outlet capillary tubes without mixture or reflux. In addition, parameters such as top barrel diameter, top barrel height, bottom barrel diameter, bottom barrel height, mass flow rate and quality are studied by Taguchi Method to analyze the parameter sensitivity. The effect of the parameters listed below ranges from biggest to smallest: mass flow rate, bottom barrel height, quality, top barrel height, bottom barrel diameter and independent top barrel diameter. An optimized two-barrel distributor is achieved with proper top and bottom barrel diameters and larger bottom and top barrel heights.

Quasi-distributed Interference Coordination for HSPA HetNet

Chi Zhang,장용구,Shuqi Qin,Dacheng Yang 한국전자통신연구원 2014 ETRI Journal Vol.36 No.1

The heterogeneous network (HetNet) has been discussedin detail in the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and LTEAdvanced standards. However, the standardization ofHigh-Speed Packet Access HetNet (HSPA HetNet)launched by 3GPP is pushing at full steam. Interferencecoordination (IC), which is responsible for dealing withthe interference in the system, remains a subject worthy ofinvestigation in regard to HSPA HetNet. In this paper,considering the network framework of HSPA HetNet, wepropose a quasi-distributed IC (QDIC) scheme to lowerthe interference level in the co-channel HSPA HetNet. OurQDIC scheme is constructed as slightly different energyefficientnon-cooperative games in the downlink (DL) anduplink (UL) scenarios, respectively. The existence anduniqueness of the equilibrium for these games are firstrevealed. Then, we derive the closed-form best responsesof these games. A feasible implementation is finallydeveloped to achieve our QDIC scheme in the practicalDL and UL. Simulation results show the notable benefitsof our scheme, which can indeed control the interferencelevel and enhance the system performance.

Dynamic Hand Gesture Trajectory Recognition Based on Block Feature and Skin-Color Clustering

Zhang Qiu-yu,Lv Lu,Lu Jun-chi,Zhang Mo-yi,Duan Hong-xiang 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Vol.11 No.12

In recent years, dynamic hand gesture recognition has been a research hotspot of human-computer interaction. Since most existing algorithms contain problems with high computational complexity, poor real-time performance and low recognition rate, which cannot satisfy the need of many practical applications. Moreover, key frames obtained by inter-frame difference degree algorithm contain less information, which leads to less identified species and lower recognition rate. To solve these problems, we present a dynamic hand gesture trajectory recognition method based on the theory of block feature to extract key frames and the skin-color clustering’s hand gesture segmentation. Firstly, this method extracts block feature of degree of difference between frames in hand gesture sequence to select key frames accurately. Secondly, the method based on skin-color clustering is applied to obtain the area of hand gesture after segmenting hand gestures from images. Finally, hidden Markov model (HMM), in which the angle data of hand gesture trajectories are input, is used for modeling and identifying dynamic hand gestures. Experimental results show that the method of key-frame extraction is used to obtain information of dynamic hand gestures accurately, which would improve the recognition rate of dynamic hand gesture recognition and, at the same time, can guarantee the real-time of hand gesture recognition system. The average recognition rate is up to 86.67%, and the average time efficiency is 0.39s.