스탈린은 왜 한국전쟁을 '허락'했는가? : 새로운 시각

金正培(Kim Jung-Bae) 역사학회 2005 역사학보 Vol.0 No.188

The Origins of the Korean War, especially their role of and interrelations among Stalin, Mao Zedong, Kim Ill-Sung has been attracted by many researchers. Because, above all, it is important to understand the characters and historic implications of the Cold War as well as the Korean War. Generally, a great of scholars have accepted that Stalin's desire for world revolution and the Soviet Union's traditional expansionism ignited the beginning of the Korean War. And, it has become a natural conclusion that Stalin's aim in Korean War was the exclusive control of Korea as a whole. In fact, they have evidenced by a lots new historical materials after the death of the Old Socialist Camp. The established scholarships have many merits, but also the false to strain the reality. The aim of this present study is to examine why stalin approved Kim Ill-Sung's appeal to reunify Korean peninsular by military means. To effectively reach that aim, it is preconditioned that the dialectics of centripetal and centrifugal power was the operating mechanism of the Cold War, the letter was prevailing. In other words, The US and the USSR hope to get control of the Inside, not expand forward the Outside of their sphere of power. This theory is applied to Stalin's Green Signal to the Korean War. The following is the results of this study. Firstly, at the end of 1949 the success of Chines Revolution and beginning of 1950 the conclusion of Sino-Soviet Alliance gave a burden to Stalin, not him some confidence about Asian Revolution. With the rise of new China, the international political Status of Stalin and the USSR was increasingly to challenged. Stalin and the USSR have a new threat, Stalin will never accept it. Secondly, the North Korean Leader, Kim Ill-Sung insisted steadfastly the reunification of two Korea. For Stalin, Kim' suggestion was a kind of pressure. As a revolutionary and revolutional world leadership, Stalin had no choice but to approve Kim's appeal to a revolutional war, fearing a American response. Thirdly, though reluctantly, Stalin decided the North Korean invasion of South. Stalin's logics and conditions of Korean War were, first of all, the US will intervene Korean peninsular situation. Stalin hope to make China directly fight with the US. That was a device to weak China and draw to its dependence on the USSR. The anticipated Kim Ill-Sung' failure to achieve an unification will justify Stalin's assessing the US intervention and is able to pass Mao and Kim the responsibility for miscalculation of it. Fourthly, Stalin had not the intention and capability to fight the US, and desire to notify the US his real thoughts to not challenge the super-great power. Therefore, Stalin's seemingly dual attitudes was the presentation of his prudently calculated strategy, not his opportunity. To sum it up, Stalin hope to make China directly fight with th US. It was a device to weak China and draw to its dependence on the USSR. And, Stalin will justify his rightness of assessing the US intervention and pass Mao and Kim the responsibility for miscalculation of it. finally, Stalin hope to notify the US his not intent to fight with it. Therefore, Stalin's choice of the Korean War was a strategic politics considered a changed situation of Asia and the mechanism of the Cold War, not to get control of Korea as a whole.

김종삼의 시 「園丁」과 미다스 신화의 상동성

김정배(Kim Jeong-bae) 국어문학회 2016 국어문학 Vol.62 No.-

본고는 기본적으로 미다스 신화의 서사 구조와 김종삼의 시 「園丁」의 의미 구조의 상동성을 고찰하려는 목적을 갖는다. 구체적으로는 그리스 로마신화 속 미다스의 이야기와 김종삼의 시 「園丁」은 모티프와 내용 전개가 유사하고, 김종삼의 시적 편력이 서양의 문화와 예술에 집중되어 있음을 착안하여 그의 시세계의 정서적 확장과 문학적 공명의 시적 영향력을 넓히고자 하였다. 이를 토대로 「園丁」과 미다스 신화에서 공통적으로 발견되는 ‘죄의식’과 ‘물신성’이 김종삼의 시세계 전반에 또 다른 방향성을 제시하고 있다고 보았다. 이러한 특징은 물신성의 극복이라는 새로운 시적 과제를 김종삼에게 안겨줌과 동시에 시적 주체성의 회복이라는 문제의식과도 귀결되는 것으로 판단하였다. 그 과정에서 도출되는 ‘내용 없는 가난함’과 ‘순수 예술 지향’의 모습은 김종삼의 시 「園丁」과 그리스 로마신화 속 미다스의 이야기가 형성해 내는 독특한 상동성에서 기인한다고 본고는 고찰하였다. The purpose of this paper is to examine the homology of semantic structure between the poem 「The Gardener」 by Kim Jong-sam and the narrative structure of the Midas mythology. More specifically, 「The Gardener」 and the story of Midas in Greek mythology have similar motifs and plot developments. Also, by observing the poetic journey of Kim Jong-sam that focused on the culture and art of the West, in this paper tried to widen the emotional expansion of his poetic world as well as his poetic influence of literary resonance. The author of this paper determined that ‘a sense of guilt’ and ‘fetishism’ commonly found in the 「The Gardener」 and Midas mythology present an alternative direction to Kim‘s poetic world. It was concluded that these characteristics, while posing a new poetic challenge of overcoming fetishism to Kim, have be boiled down to the issue of recovering poetic independence. In regards to the ‘poverty with no content’ and ‘pure art-oriented’ images derived from within, we considered them to be attributed to the unique homology generated by 「The Gardener」 and the story of Midas mythology.

한국형 자궁경부 촬영진 ( New Cervicography ) , 세포검사 그리고 HPV-DNA 검사를 이용한 새로운 자궁경부암 검진 모델 ( Model ) 개발

김승조(SJ Kim),박찬규(CK Park),이효표(HP Lee),남궁성은(SE Namkoong),강순범(SB Kang),서호석(HS Saw),이재관(JK Lee),김수녕(SN Kim),김재원(JW Kim),배석년(SN Bae),김찬주(CJ Kim),이근호(KH Lee),이선영(SY Lee),김인호(IH Kim),이찬(C Lee),이정노(JN Lee) 대한산부인과학회 2001 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.44 No.5

N/A Objective : The false negative rate of conventional cytology is reported to range from 18 to 45%. It is necessary to develop more effective screening strategies that would ideally be more accurate than conventional cytology. This study is designed to investigate the potential of conventional cytology, cervicography, HPV-DNA testing and their combinations as primary screening techniques for cervical neoplasia. The purpose of this project is to develop the models and guidelines for screening tools of cervical cancer of the uterus by evaluating sensitivity, specificity and cost-effectiveness of all the screening methods. Study design : We conducted a screening of random sample of women who visited the department of OB-Gyn. of five different major university hospitals such as Catholic University Hospital, Korea University Hospital, Seoul National University Hospital, Yeonsei University Hospital and Pochon CHA University Bundang CHA Hospital, from May 1, 1996 to April 30, 1999. In a cohort women with an age range of 20 to 70 who underwent routine cytologic screening at Catholic University, Hospital Bundang CHA General Hospital and local clinics from April 1, 1996 to Decomber 31, 2000. cervicography (n=417,125) and testing for HPV-DNA (n=1,347) by the hybrid capture assay were studied for the ability of the cervical cancer screeuing. A new cervicography system with Kim's classification which was developed by Prof. Kim Seung Jo as an adjunctive method for the cervical cancer screening was applied in this cohort study. And then, accuracy, effectivencess, cost-effectiveness of the single or combined screening method were analysed. Result : Sensitivity and specificity of Pap smear were ranged from 55.6% to 83.1% and 72.8% to 88.3% respectively. The combination of Pap smear and cervicography had sensitivity from 89.7% to 98.6%, specificity from 68.2% to 93.2%. With combination of Pap smear, HPV DNA test and cervicography, sensitivity became also highest accuracy among all screening methods from 92.8% to 98.8%. Considering medical charges for diagnosis and social cost occurred by false positive and false negative results, the most cost-effective diagnostic modality was thought to be the combination of Pap smear and cervicography(91,433 won). In patients who were diagnosed as LSIL, colposcopic examination confirmed progression to high grade intraepithelial lesion(HSIL) in 10.7% patients, persistence of LSIL in 55% patients during the 3 year follow-up period. Accuracy of the screening for cervical cancer and CIN can significantly be improved by cytology with new cervicography rather than cytology alone. We concluded that cervicography can be important adjunctive tests for cervical cytology, improving the effectiveness of cervical screening by allowing a more sensitive detection of cervical neoplasia.

Associations of serotonergic genes with poststroke emotional incontinence

Kim, Jae‐,Min,Stewart, Robert,Kang, Hee‐,Ju,Bae, Kyung‐,Yeol,Kim, Sung‐,Wan,Shin, Il‐,Seon,Kim, Joon‐,Tae,Park, Man‐,Seok,Cho, Ki‐,Hyun,Yoon, Jin‐ John Wiley Sons, Ltd 2012 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY Vol.27 No.8

<P><B>Objectives</B></P><P>Poststroke emotional incontinence (PSEI) has been associated with serotonergic dysfunction. Polymorphisms of serotonin transporter (5‐HTT) and serotonin 2a receptor (5‐HTR2a) genes may regulate serotonergic signaling at brain synapses, and this study was to investigate associations with PSEI in an East Asian population.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>In 276 stroke cases, PSEI was diagnosed by Kim's criteria. Covariates included age, gender, education, history of depression or stroke, current depression, and stroke severity and location. Genotypes were ascertained for 5‐HTT gene‐linked promoter region (5‐HTTLPR), serotonin transporter intron 2 variable number tandem repeat, 5‐HTR2a 1438A/G, and 5‐HTR2a 102 T/C. Associations with PSEI were estimated by using logistic regression models, and gene–gene interactions were investigated by using the generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction method.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>PSEI was present in 37 (13.4%) patients. The 5‐HTT gene‐linked promoter region <I>s</I>/<I>s</I> genotype was independently associated with PSEI. No associations with STin2 VNTR and 5‐HTR2a genes were found, and no significant gene–gene interactions were identified.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>Stroke patients with 5‐HTTLPR <I>s</I> allele had higher susceptibility to PSEI, which underlines the potential role of serotonergic pathways in its etiology. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</P>

Identification of a sensitive urinary biomarker, selenium-binding protein 1, for early detection of acute kidney injury

Kim, Kyeong Seok,Yang, Hun Yong,Song, Hosup,Kang, Ye Rim,Kwon, JiHoon,An, JiHye,Son, Ji Yeon,Kwack, Seung Jun,Kim, Young-Mi,Bae, Ok-Nam,Ahn, Mee-Young,Lee, Jaewon,Yoon, Sungpil,Lee, Byung μ,Kim, Hyung TAYLOR & FRANCIS 2017 Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Vol.80 No.9

<P>Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with increased mortality rate in patients but clinically available biomarkers for disease detection are currently not available. Recently, a new biomarker, selenium-binding protein 1 (SBP1), was identified for detection of nephrotoxicity using proteomic analysis. The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity of urinary SBP1 levels as an early detection of AKI using animal models such as cisplatin or ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with cisplatin (6 mg/kg, once i.p.) and sacrificed at 1, 3, or 5 days after treatment. Ischemia was achieved by bilaterally occluding both kidneys with a microvascular clamp for 45 min and verified visually by a change in tissue color. After post-reperfusion, urine samples were collected at 9, 24, and 48 hr intervals. Urinary excretion of protein-based biomarkers was measured by Western blot analysis. In cisplatin-treated rats, mild histopathologic alterations were noted at day 1 which became severe at day 3. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr) levels were significantly increased at day 3. Levels of urinary excretion of SBP1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and a tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) were markedly elevated at day 3 and 5 following drug treatment. In the vehicle-treated I/R group, serum levels of BUN and SCr and AST activity were significantly increased compared to sham. Urinary excretion of SBP1 and NGAL rose markedly following I/R. The urinary levels of SBP1, NGAL, TIMP-1, and KIM-1 proteins excreted by AKI patients and normal subjects were compared. Among these proteins, a marked rise in SBP1 was observed in urine of patients with AKI compared to normal subjects. Based upon receiver-operator curves (ROC), SBP1 displayed a higher area under the curve (AUC) scores than levels of SCr, BUN, total protein, and glucose. In particular, SBP1 protein was readily detected in small amounts of urine without purification. Data thus indicate that urinary excretion of SBP1 may be useful as a reliable biomarker for early diagnosis of AKI in patients.</P>

Effect of Ultrasonic Melt Treatment on Solidification Microstructure of Al–5Ti–1B Alloy Containing Numerous Inoculant Particles

Soo‑Bae Kim,Jae‑Gil Jung,Young‑Hee Cho,Su‑Hyeon Kim,Kwangjun Euh,Jung‑Moo Lee 대한금속·재료학회 2022 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.28 No.7

The effect of ultrasonic melt treatment (UST) on the solidification microstructure of an Al–5Ti–1B alloy containing highvolumefractions of Al3Tiand TiB2particles is investigated for various UST times with different melt holding times. Theas-cast Al–5Ti–1B alloy is composed of TiB2and polygonal Al3Tiparticles (present prior to UST), plate-like Al3Tiparticles,and Al grains (formed during UST and/or solidification). The UST causes a size reduction and homogeneous distributionof the TiB2-agglomerated region containing many submicron-sized TiB2particles pushed to the grain boundaries. The USTslightly decreases the size and improves the distribution of polygonal Al3Tiparticles enriched in the TiB2-agglomeratedregion. Unlike the TiB2and polygonal Al3Tiparticles, which exhibit a minor refining effect, the plate-like Al3Tiparticlesshow a significant refinement with UST application. The UST has a significant effect on the size distribution of Al grains byinducing the formation of medium-sized grains at the expense of small and large grains; however, it only has a slight effecton grain refinement. The degree of microstructure modification increases with increasing UST time but decreases with meltholding time after UST. The mechanisms for the refinement and dispersion of the TiB2and Al3Tiparticles and Al grains arediscussed considering fragmentation, nucleation, and growth behaviors induced by the UST and subsequent solidification.

위전절제술 후 Kim 's Tie 부근 공장에 국소 재발한 위암환자 1예

배병구,서병조,유항종,강윤경,김진복,Bae Byung-Gu,Suh Byoung-Jo,Yu Hang-Jong,Kang Yun-Kyung,Kim Jin-Pok 대한위암학회 2005 대한위암학회지 Vol.5 No.1

위암은 국내에서 발생 빈도가 가장 높은 암으로서 근치적 절제술 및 확대 영역 림프절 절제술의 도입과 더불어 술후 보조 항암화학요법 및 면역요법 등의 이용으로 최근 치료성적의 향상을 보이고 있다. 그러나 수술적 치료를 포함한 치료법의 발전에도 불구하고 다양한 형태의 재발을 경험하게 되고, 대부분의 재발은 3년 이내에 일어난다. 재발양상으로는 크게 국소재발, 원격재발, 복막재발 등이 있으며, 여러 가지 재발양상이 한꺼번에 보이는 경우도 있다. 이 중 국소재발의 호발 부위로는 림프절($48\%$), 문합부($32\%$, 잔존 위($20\%$)의 순으로 보고되고 있다. 증례: 51세의 여자 환자로 1999년 10월 진행성 위암으로 근치적 위전절제술을 시행 받았고, 당시 병기는 T3N1M0(IIIa,AJCC 1997)이었다. 수술 후 10회의 보조적 정맥 주사용 항암화학요법 및 경구용 항암화학요법을 2년간 실시하였고, 외래를 통한 추적검사상 약 5년간 재발을 보이지 않았으나 2004년 9월 시행한 내시경상 Kim's tie 부근공장에서 궤양성 병변을 발견하고 조직검사를 시행, 병리학적으로 낮은 분화도를 보이는 인환 세포암종 형태의 위선암 재발로 진단하고 수술을 시행하였다. 수술 방법은 Kim's tie 위치를 포함해 근위부 6.5 cm, 원위부 4 cm의 절제연을 두고 공장부분 절제술을 시행하였다. 수술 당시 다른 복부장기로 전이는 없었으며 전이성 복수도 없었다. 수술 후 별다른 합병증 없이 회복하였으며 보조 항암화학요법 제제로써 TS-1을 사용하며 외래 통한 추적검사 중이다. Despite improvements in the surgical treatment of gastric adenocarcinomas, the recurrence rates remain high in patients with advanced-stage disease. Most of the recurrence occurs within 3 years of the surgical resection, and nearly $90\%$ of the patients with recurrence die within 2 years of the diagnosis of recurrence. A recent study analyzed recurrence patterns for patients who had undergone a potentially curative gastrectomy. For those patients, $33\%$ of the recurrences involved locoregional sites, $44\%$ the peritoneum, and $38\%$ distant sites. A 51-year-old female patient was diagnosed with stomach cancer and underwent a total gastrectomy with D2 lymph node dissection during Oct. 1999. The pathologic report indicated a T3N1M0 tumor. We performed immunochemotherapy for 2 years with regular follow up. A gastrofiberscopic examination done during sep. 2004, cancer recurrence was found at the Kim's tie site of the jejunual loop. We did an abdominal exploration and a segmental resection of cancer site with pathologically negative resection margins. After the operation, we started secondary chemotherapy with TS-1.

Rebuilding the Inter-Korean Relations : Prospects for an Inter-Korean Summit in the post-Chonan Incident Era

Kim,Sung Bae(김성배) 고려대학교 평화연구소 2010 평화연구 Vol.18 No.2

2010년 3월 천안함 침몰 사건 이후 남북관계는 날로 악화되어 왔으며 6자회담의 전망도 밝지. 않다. 지난 7월 유엔 안보리 의장성명 채택과 북한의 후계체제 공식화를 계기로 한반도 정세의 해빙조짐이 있지만 아직은 별다른 진전이 없다. 기존의 남북합의가 거의 백지화된 오늘날 남북관계가 복원되기 위해서는 완전히 새로운 틀이 필요하다. 그런데 이는 남북정상회담을 통해서만 실현 가능하다. 더욱이 북핵문제의 진전은 현재의 남북관계가 진전되지 않으면 사실상 불가능하다. 결국 제3차 남북정상회담만이 남북관계와 북핵문제의 돌파구를 동시에 마련할 수 있는 유일한 해결책이다. 문제는 제3차 남북정상회담이 개최되기 위해서는 북한의 비핵화에 기여하는 회담이 되어야 한다는 것이다. 이명박 정부의 대북정책 원칙이나 천안함 사태 등 최근의 정세를 고려할 때 북핵문제 해결에 기여하지 못하는 남북정상회담은 정당화되기 어렵기 때문이다. 제3차 남북정상회담이 북핵문제 해결에 기여하기 위해서는 최소한 북한이 아무 조건 없이 6자회담에 복귀한다는 합의를 이끌어 내야 할 것이다. 쉽지는 않겠지만 만약 북한이 제3차 남북정상회담의 결과 핵실험 모라토리움을 선언한다면 이는 북한의 비핵화를 위한 상당히 의미 있는 기여가 될 것이다. 그러한 조치는 북한의 일방적 결정으로 가능하기 때문에 굳이 6자회담 틀 내에서 합의될 필요가 없다. 또한, 김정일 위원장이 남북정상회담 결과 채택할 공동성명에서 북한의 비핵화에 대한 강력한 의지를 표현한다면 또 다른 성과가 될 것이다. 향후 오바마 행정부와 이명박 정부는 남북정상회담에서 이러한 목표가 달성될 수 있도록 긴밀히 협력할 필요가 있다. 두 행정부는 북핵문제에 대한 “포괄적” 접근을 이미 천명한 바 있다. 북한의 비핵화 과정 복귀, 핵실험 모라토리움 선언, 김정일 위원장의 명확한 비핵화 의지 천명 등 남북정상회담에서 북핵문제에 대한 합의가 이루어진다면 이러한 한미 공동의 “포괄적 패키지” 요소들로서 기능할 수 있을 것이다. After the sinking of the ROK Navy corvette Chonan on March 26, 2010, the situation on the Korean Peninsula has rapidly deteriorated, prospects for the Six-Party Talks are also very negative. Today, for inter-Korean relations to resume, a whole new framework is needed given the nullification of all existing North-South agreements. Such a renewed relationship can only be achieved through a third inter-Korean summit. Moreover, progress on the North Korean nuclear issue is impossible until the current state of North-South relations is improved. In the end, the only solution is an inter-Korean summit, which could bring a breakthrough in both North-South relations and the nuclear issue at the same time. An agreement to resume Six-Party Talks without any precondition would be the minimum contribution of any inter-Korean summit. If North Korea were to declare a moratorium on nuclear testing as a result of an inter-Korean summit, that would also significantly contribute to DPRK denuclearization. Such actions do not have to be agreed upon within the Six-Party Talks because they could be unilateral decisions made by Pyongyang. Another minimum achievement would be to secure North Korea’s commitment to denuclearization in Kim Jong-Il’s own words and then to insert those comments into a joint statement at the end of the summit. The Obama and Lee administrations must closely cooperate to achieve such objectives in an inter-Korean summit. The two administrations have already declared a common “comprehensive” approach to the North Korean nuclear issue. Feasible achievements in an inter-Korean summit can serve as elements of this “comprehensive package.”

Level of Resident Care Need and Staffing by Size of Nursing Home under the Public Long-term Care Insurance in South Korea

Bae,Sung-Heui,Kim,Hongsoo 한국노인간호학회 2020 노인간호학회지 Vol.22 No.1

Purpose: Formal long-term care in nursing homes became a popular means of caring for frail elders in South Korea. This universal long-term care (LTC) insurance for elders was introduced in 2008. The aim of this study was to provide information on the extent of and variations in residents’ care needs and nursing staffing characteristics across nursing homes. Methods: This was a population-based secondary analysis of a large national survey study involving 1,472 older residents in 92 nursing homes in South Korea in 2013. Characteristics of residents and nursing homes were collected by functional assessment and an examination of administrator surveys for nursing home size was done using descriptive analysis. Results: Small and small-medium nursing homes were more likely to provide care to non-Medical-aid beneficiaries and older people with lower care need level. These smaller homes also better met the minimum nursing staffing standard. However, they were less likely to hire registered nurses (RNs), as it is not yet a staffing requirement for nursing homes in Korea. Conclusion: South Korea has a policy agenda to increase nursing staffing level, especially by adding RNs, and decrease variations in staffing levels by nursing home size. Further evidence on care-need level, proper resource allocation, and policies designed to strengthen the LTC workforce is essential to advance the LTC system in Korea.

SMOKE SPREAD IN A CORRIDOR

Kim,Myung-Bae,Han,Yong-Shik,Park,Jun-Seok 한국화재소방학회 1997 한국화재소방학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.1997 No.-

Convective smoke spread in a corridor is experimentally investigated using thermocouples and visualization technique with a laser beam sheet. The speed of smoke front under a ceiling is measured by a series of thermocouples. Visualization of the ceiling jet formation and of smoke filling process is carried out to observe the lowering of a smoke layer. From the results, a large-scale convective motion plays dominant roles for smoke spread in the vicinity of the end of the corridor from visualized photos along with temperature records. The large-scale convective motion of the smoke is generated from the impingement of the ceiling jet front on the end of the corridor, and thus turning the flows toward the floor. Such a circulating motion of fluid transports some smoke to some region where its momentum is effective. It is therefore shown that the conventional concept of lowering smoke in the two-layer zone model has some restrictions for the corridor because the lowering of smoke layer has been thought to be mass transport due to relatively small scale motions such as the decrease of buoyancy, mass diffusion and momentum exchanges.