독일과 우리나라의 통일비용 및 통일재원 비교 연구

염명배(Myung-bae Yeom),유일호(Il-ho Yoo) 한국재정학회 2011 재정학연구 Vol.4 No.2

독일 통일 20주년을 맞는 시점에서 통일 당시 독일의 여건과 현재 한반도 정세를 비교해 볼 때 우리나라에서 독일형 통일여건이 무르익었다고 보기는 어렵다. 현재 남 · 북한 간 경제력 격차가 독일 통일 당시 동 · 서독 간 경제력 격차의 3.4∼10.3배에 달하는 극심한 불균형 상황에서 급격한 흡수통일이 이루어질 경우 독일에 비해 훨씬 많은 통일비용이 소요될 것으로 예상된다. 우리나라의 통일비용은 통일형태에 따라 향후 30년간 적게는 70여조원에서부터 많게는 6,500여조원에 달할 것으로 추정된다. 통일재원 조달 방안으로는 통일세(목적세 신설, 부가가치세율 인상 등 세목 신설 및 증세 포함) 부과, 통일기금 조성 및 활용, 화폐발행, 예산절감, 해외자금 유치, 외환보유액 활용, 공공기관 및 국유재산 매각, 공공요금부과금 등 공적재원에 의존하는 방안과 채권(국공채 및 지방채)발행, 복권발행, 북한 국유재산 민간매각 수입, 기업의 북한투자 유치, 부동산투자신탁(REITs)이나 프로젝트파이낸싱(PF) 등 민간부문의 자금력에 의존하는 방안 등 다양한 수단을 고려할 수 있겠는데, 이중 어느 한 종류의 재원조달 방식에만 의존하기보다는 통일재원의 성격과 재원필요 시기에 따라 각각의 여건에 합당한 재원조달 방안으로 재정정책 ‘Policy Mix(정책혼합)’을 구성하는 것이 보다 효과적일 것으로 판단된다. 아울러 통일재원 부담을 줄이기 위하여 통일비용을 최소화할 수 있는 방향으로 통일방식이나 통일체제를 모색하는 것도 중요하다. The year of 2010 marks the year that Germany celebrates the 20th anniversary of Unification on one hand, and that President of Korea, Lee, Myung-bak, has officially mentioned the necessity of financial preparation for Korea Unification such as introducing unification tax as well. This paper tries to compare the economic and political situation of national unification between Germany and Korea, and investigate the unification costs and fiscal sources in two countries. Current economic gap between north and South Korea is much worse by 3.4∼10.3 times than East and West Germany when Germany was united 20 years ago. Korean unification costs are estimated to range from US$ 62 billion to 2,140 billion for next 30 years according to the unification pattern. We suggest a fiscal ‘Policy Mix’ consisting of public and private means so as to finance huge unification costs by employing a combination of unification tax, unification fund, national and public bond, foreign debt, lottery, REITs, Project Financing, and so on. In order to minimize the unification costs, it may be important to consider the best ways to or system for unification.

燃燒機關의 煤煙生成過程 모델링用 高溫·高壓 燃燒裝置의 開發

裵明煥 慶尙大學校生産技術硏究所 1997 生産技術硏究所論文集 Vol.13 No.-

A constant-volume combustion chamber with disk-type is developed to study the soot formation process under high temperatures and pressures. The premixed fuel rich propane-oxygen-inert gas mixture is simultaneously ignited by eight spark plugs located on the circumference of combus- tion chamber with 45 degree intervals. The eight converging flames compress the end gases to high pressures. The advantages of this experimental approach with symmetrically converging flames are as follows; first, the history of soot formation process with time during high tempe- ratures and pressures can be measured because the premixture in the observation field of combustion chamber is burned with a nearly constant pressure at the final stage of combustion process and the burnt gases of the observation region rarely flow in the chamber; and secondly, the combustion conditions during soot formation process can be arbitrarily changed because the combustion pressure and burnt gas temperature are easily varied by the initially charged pressure, and by the volume fraction of inert gas and oxygen concentration in the premixture, respectively.

선박용 대형 2행정 디젤기관에 있어서 모터구동 실린더 주유기의 유량 및 송출 특성

배명환,정화,안명훈 경상대학교 생산기술연구소 2003 工學硏究院論文集 Vol.19 No.-

It is of great economic importance to minimize the cylinder wear and the consumption rate of cylinder oil. The home-manufactured motor-drive cylinder lubricator is first developed by the industry-university cooperation. The effects of revolution speed, oil temperature and plunger stroke length on oil flow rate. injection delay duration, and maximum delivery and injection pressures are experimentally investigated by the cylinder lubricator developed in this study. The maximum delivery pressure of oil line in 0.03 m and the maximum injection pressure of oil line in 6.78 m away from the end of lubricating slot are risen as plunger stroke length and revolution speed are increased, but the maximum delivery and injection pressures are lowered as the oil temperature is increased without plunger stroke length.

상아질 접착제의 중합 시간 조절에 따른 복합레진의 중합 수축 방향의 변화

배지현,오명환,김창근,손호현,엄정문,조병훈,권혁춘 대한치과보존학회 2001 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.26 No.4

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of adhesive curing timing on the direction of polymerization shrinkage of light-curing composite resin. In this study, the curing times of adhesive and composite resin were measured by differential scanning calorimeter(DSC). 28 extracted human molars were embedded in clear resin and box-type cavities were prepared. Based on DSC data. the experimental teeth were divided into 4 groups. Group 1: no bond: Group 2: late curing: Group 3: Intermediate curing: Group 4: Early curing. After treating with adhesive, the buccal cavities were filled with Z-100 hybrid composite resin and the lingual ones were filled with AEliteflo flowable composite resin. The depressions at the surface were measured by surface profilometer, then the specimens were embedded in clear resin and sectioned. Impressions were obtained and used to get epoxy resin replicas. The epoxy replicas were gold-coated and observed under SEM. Average Maximum Gap(AMG), Gap Proportion(GP), Average Marginal Index(AMI) were used to compare the shrinkage gap of each group. The results were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis One Way ANOVA, Student-Newman-Keuls method. The results of this study were as follows. 1. Average Maximum Gap. Gap Proportion, Average Marginal Index and depression at the surface of Z-100 hybride composite resin were smailer than those of AEliteflo flowable composite resin(P(0.05) 2. When the bonding between composite resin and tooth structure was strong, the shrinkage gap was small, and depression at the surface was deep(P<0.05). 3. In the well-bonded group. light-curing composite resin shrank toward bonded cavity wall. not toward light source. The result suggested that the direction of polumerization shrinkage was affected by the quality of bonding in the dentin-resin interface. The strong was the bonding between composite resin and tooth structure, the smaller was the gap and the deeper was the depression at the surface. Then the flow to compensate the polymerization shrinkage proceeded from surface to bonded cavity wall.

임상 증상이 심하지 않은 심낭 삼출 환자의 장기 추적 결과

배장호,김기식,강미숙,남명희,김미정,김민수,김기영,님창욱,김윤년,김권배,정시전,김여희 대한순환기학회 1999 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.29 No.7

치료환경에 따른 만성정신질환자의 삶의 질

배 안,김진학,박수희,김명규,김중원 大韓神經精神醫學會 1999 신경정신의학 Vol.38 No.6

연구목적: 일 지역사회(나주시) 만성정신질환자 대상의 치료환경을 그 환경적 특성에 따라 전통적인 외래치료환경, 개방적인 입원치료환경, 폐쇄적인 입원치료환경으로 분류하고, 각각의 치료환경에 거주하는 만성정신질환자의 주관적 및 객관적 삶의 질을 평가 비교함으로서 치료환경의 특성과 차이를 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법: 전통적인 외래치료환경 환자 85명, 개방병동 입원환자 67명, 폐쇄병동 입원환자 58명이었다. 이들에게 Lehman quality of life scale을 사용하여 반구조적 면담을 시행하여 삶의 질의 객관적 및 주관적 지표들의 지수를 측정하고 세 환경간 측정치를 비교하였다. 세 집단간의 차이를 분석하기 위해 ANOVA Test와 χ²검증을 사용하였다. 결 과: 환자들의 자율성과 다양한 정신사회재활 서비스가 제공되고 있는 개방병동 환자들의 전반적인 생활에 대한 만족도가 지역사회 및 폐쇄병동의 환자들에 비해 더 높았다. 지역사회에서 외래치료를 받는 환자들은 한달 쓰는 용돈이 많고 피해를 본 경험이 적었지만, 여가활동 및 사회적 접촉빈도가 입원환자에 비해 더 낮았고, 건강과 재정, 여가활동의 주관적 만족도도 더 낮았다. 입원치료중인 만성질환자들은 지역사회 환자들에 비해 여가활동 및 사회적 접촉빈도가 더 많았고, 월 평균 쓰는 비용이 더 적었지만 주관적 만족도는 오히려 더 높았다. 또한 이들은 최근 1년간 폭력 및 비폭력에 피해를 당한 경험이 더 많았으며, 건강에 관한 만족도는 더 높았다. 결 론: 치료환경의 특성에 따라 만성정신질환자가 보고하는 삶의 질에 차이를 보였으며, 개방병동에서 생활하고 있는 만성정신질환자들의 삶의 질이 가장 높았다. 향후 지역사회에 거주하고 있는 환자들의 삶의 질 향상을 위해서는 다양한 정신사회재활 서비스가 제공될 필요성이 있을 것으로 보았다. Objectives: This study aimed to figure out the characteristics and differences of therapeutic environment by classifying into closed-ward inpatient, open-ward inpatient and community residence out-patient environment and comparing objective and subjective quality of life of each group. Methods : The subjects consisted of 67 open-ward chronic inpatients, 58 closed -ward inpatients in the National Naju Mental Hospital and 85 outpatients living in Naju. We measured objective and subjective quality of life using semi-structural interview by Leman`s quality of life scale and compared the 3 groups. We used one-way ANOVA and chi-square test to analyze the differences of the 3 groups. Results: Open-ward inpatients who have autonomy and various community service program were more satisfied with their general life than the others. Community residence outpatients spent more money and less assaults experience but their leisure activities and social contact frequencies were lower than in the inpatients. Outpatients were less satisfied with their health, finances and leasure activities. Inpatients had made leisure activities and higher social contact frequency than outpatients. They were more satisfied with their finances despite of the spending less the money monthly than the outpatients. They experienced violence and damage more often for the past one year and were more satisfied with their health. Conclusions: The quality of life reported by chronic mental patients differed according to the characteristics of therapeutic environment. The life-quality of open-ward inpatients were the highest among the 3 groups. It is necessary to serve various community service program so that we can improve the life-quality of community residence outpatients.

대형 2행정 디젤기관용 모터구동 실린더 주유펌프의 퀼 어큐뮬레이터 특성

배명환,옥현진 慶尙大學校 經營行政大學院 2004 工學硏究院論文集 Vol.20 No.-

Minimizing the cylinder wear and the consumption rate of cylinder oil in a large two-stroke diesel engine is of great economic importance. In Korean, a motor-driven cylinder lubricator was first developed for a large two-stroke marine diesel engine manufactured by W?rtsil? Switzerland Ltd. by author through the joint research of industry-university. In this study, the effects of revolution speed, plunger stroke and cylinder back pressure on maximum discharge pressure, maximum loss pressure, delivery delay duration and oil feed rate are experimentally investigated by the home-manufactured cylinder lubricator. The maximum discharge pressure with a spot of 0.03 m and the maximum loss pressure at spots of 10 m away from the end of lubricator slot are increased as plunger stroke, revolution speed and back pressure are elevated, and the delivery delay duration is shortened as plunger stroke, revolution speed are increased. Also, oil feed rate is increased as plunger stroke and revolution speed are raised, but lowered as the back pressure is increased.

설치장소에 따른 태양열 스털링엔진 발전시스템의 성능예측에 관한 연구

배명환,장형성,강상율 경상대학교 생산기술연구소 2001 工學硏究院論文集 Vol.1 No.-

The simulation analyses of a dish solar power system with stilling engine in this study are applied to system performance prediction in four different test sites; Seoul, Pusan and Cheju in Korea, and Naha in Japan. The effects of difference of concentrator type such as monolithic and stretched-membrane construction on system efficiency are also evaluated. The total amount of generated power for a year depends on the site. However the total maximum system efficiency in every site is approximately 16% and there isn't a striking difference. It is also found that the maximum collector efficiency of stretched-membrane concentrator Is about 3 ∼ 15% lower than that of the monolithic type.

플라즈마 EGR 조합시스템 전자제어 컴먼레일 디젤기관의 성능 및 NO_(x)ㆍTHC 배출물 특성

배명환,구영진,이동윤 慶尙大學校 經營行政大學院 2004 工學硏究院論文集 Vol.20 No.-

The aim in this study is to develop the combined turbo intercooler EGR system with a non-thermal plasma reactor for reducing exhaust emissions and improving fuel economy in ECU common-rail diesel engines. At the first step, the characteristics of performance and NO_(x) · THC emissions under four kinds of engine loads are experimentally investigated by using a four-cycle, four-cylinder, direct injection type, water-cooled ECU common-rail diesel engine with a combined turbo intercooler plasma exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) system operating at three kinds of engine speeds. The EGR and turbo intercooler system are used to reduce NO_(x) emissions, and the non-thermal plasma reactor and turbo intercooler system are used to reduce THC emissions. In this study, the plasma system is a flat-to-flat type reactor operated by a plasma power supply. The fuel is sprayed by pilot and main injections at the variable injection timing between BTDC 15˚ and ATDC 1˚ according to experimental conditions. It is found that the specific fuel consumption rate with increasing EGR rate is increased, but the fuel economy is better than that of mechanical injection type diesel engine as compared with the same output. Results show that NO_(x) emissions are decreased, but THC emissions are increased, as the EGR rate is elevated. NO_(x) and THC emissions are also slightly decreased as the applied electrical voltage of the non-thermal plasma reactor is elevated.

日本의 公害관련 市民運動에 대한 理論的 考察

裵炳龍,金明淑 경상대학교 1988 民族統一論集 Vol.1988 No.4

1. The objective of this study is to criticize the previous analyses of the citizens' movements related to environmental pollution in contemporary Japan and to suggest systematic conceptual scheme for the analysis of those phenomena. 2. Since 1955, Japanese Citizens have suffered from environmental pollution resulted from the rapid and great industrialization. However, governmental bureaucracy, Diet political parties and large interest groups could not cope with that problem. Therefore, many citizens and community citizens' associations created movements and achieved their goals. 3. Four big pollution incidents happened in the 1960s. Those victims and their families suffered from pollution, and they had great grievances toward firms which produced pollution and various agencies which did not solve problems. Thus, they made various protest activities and legal challenges in the courts of Japan for compensation. After all, they won a lawsuit. At that time, some organizations and publics were concerned with problems of victimes. However, those movements were led by the victimes. Those initial incidents produced a greater public awareness of the consequences of industrial pollution. Since four big incidents, environmental movements gradually, oriented their goals toward prevention. The first case of prevention movements is Mishima-Namazu movement which took place in 1963-64. When this movement evolved, many citizens and associations(antipollution expert, neighborhood associations, farmers and fishers groups and housewives and so on) participated in the movement. 4. Antipollution movements in Japan from 1960s to 1970s have been analysed by both the social psychological theory (e.g., Tsurutani)and resource mobilization theory(e.g, McKean & Lewis). Though those initial movements formation can be explained by the organizations and general publics concerned with pollution problems, they can be properly explained by the grievances of the victims(social psychological theory). Although the later movements can be explained by the potential griavences toward planned Combinato, they can be properly explained by the neighborhood associations(resource mobilization theory). In addition to the above, many other factors, such as traditional psychological factor(community consciousness), traditional structural and organizational factor(herited mobilization system), various community associations and heightened political efficacy which were the effects of democratic system after the Second World war, high level of education and high quality of life need accelerated by the economic growth, would affect on the formation and activation of citizens' movements positively. 5. Finally, citizens' movements have resulted in high political efficacy and progressivism, the open organizations in recruitment and decision making, and division or convergency of many opposited parties.