Plantamajoside Attenuates Neointima Formation via Upregulation of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases in Balloon-Injured Rats

임이진,기영재,김현화,추병삼,최인영,최동현,송희상 한국식품영양과학회 2022 Journal of medicinal food Vol.25 No.5

The abnormal change of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) behavior is an important cellular event leading to neointimal hyperplasia in atherosclerosis and restenosis. Plantamajoside (PMS), a phenylethanoid glycoside compound of the Plantago asiatica, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and anticancer activities. In this study, the protective effects of PMS against intimal hyperplasia and the mechanisms underlying the regulation of VSMC behavior were investigated. MTT and BrdU assays were performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and cell proliferative activity of PMS, respectively. Rat aortic VSMC migrations after treatment with the determined concentration of PMS (50 and 150 μM) were evaluated using wound healing and Boyden chamber assays. The inhibitory effects of PMS on intimal hyperplasia were evaluated in balloon-injured (BI) rat carotid artery. PMS suppressed the proliferation in platelet-derived growth factor-BB-induced VSMC, as confirmed from the decrease in cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-2, CDK-4, cyclin D1, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen levels. PMS also inhibited VSMC migration, consistent with the downregulated expression and zymolytic activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2, MMP9, and MMP13. PMS specifically regulated MMP expression through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and focal adhesion kinase pathways. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)1 and TIMP2 levels were upregulated via Smad1. TIMPs inhibited the conversion of pro-MMPs to active MMPs. PMS significantly inhibited neointimal formation in BI rat carotid arteries. In conclusion, PMS inhibits VSMC proliferation and migration by upregulating TIMP1 and TIMP2 expression. Therefore, PMS could be a potential therapeutic agent for vascular atherosclerosis and restenosis treatment.

부산 하수처리장에서 공정별 용존 희토류 원소의 농도 및 인위적 기원 가돌리늄의 배출량 평가

임이진,류종식,이준엽,이준호,조형미,김태진 한국지구과학회 2022 한국지구과학회지 Vol.43 No.2

자기공명영상(MRI) 장비의 조영제로 흔히 사용되는 가돌리늄(Gd)은 매우 안정된 상태로 하수처리과정에서 거의제거되지 않고 수환경으로 유입된다고 알려져 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 세 가지의 공법으로 하수처리를 하는 부산수영 하수처리장에서 채취한 하수 시료의 공정별 용존 희토류 원소의 제거율 및 수환경으로 배출되는 인위적 기원 Gd (Gdanth)의 배출량을 평가하고자 하였다. 용존 희토류 원소는 공정별 처리 단계에 따라 무거운 희토류 원소(Tb-Lu)에 비해 가벼운 희토류 원소(La-Eu)에서 농도가 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 또한 일부 시료에서 나타난 음의(negative) Sm anomaly (<1)는 생물학적 제거 과정에서 Sm이 입자나 인산염과 흡착되어 함께 제거되었을 가능성을 시사한다. 모든 시료에서 양의(positive) Gd anomaly (149±50, n=9)를 보였으며, 공정별로 측정된 Gd의 총 농도 중 Gdanth은 약 97% 이상을 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 하수처리과정에서 Gdanth 이 거의 제거되지 않고 수영강 하류로 배출된다는 것을의미한다. 일별 처리용량을 고려하여 각 공정에서 배출되는 Gdanth의 배출량은 259 mmol/day로 추정할 수 있다. 본 연구의 결과는 하수처리장을 통해 수영만 연안으로 Gdanth이 지속적으로 배출될 것으로 예상되며, 향후 Gd의 중장기적인관측이 필요함을 시사한다.

Dendropanax morbifera Extract Protects Cardiomyocytes against Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Injury by Inhibition of Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Calcium Perturbation

임이진,주수진,송희상 한국생약학회 2019 Natural Product Sciences Vol.25 No.2

Ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial injury is the main cause of acute myocardial infarction. Dendropanax morbifera Léveille has been used in traditional medicines for the treatment of various diseases such as headache, infectious diseases, and general debility. However, the effect of extract from D. morbifera (EDM) on myocardial ischemic injury is still unknown. In this study, the effects of EDM on neonatal rat cardiomyocytes with hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury were investigated. The viability of cardiomyocytes with H (30 min)/R (1 h) decreased; however, treatment with EDM significantly inhibited H/R injury-induced cardiomyocyte death. Further, we observed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and intracellular calcium concentration (Ca2+i) were significantly reduced in EDM-treated cardiomyocytes compared with that in H/R-injured positive control. In addition, western blotting results showed that EDM attenuated abnormal changes of RyR2 and SERCA2a genes in hypoxic cardiomyocytes. These results suggest that EDM ameliorates ROS generation and Ca2+i homeostasis to prevent dysregulation of calcium regulatory proteins in the heart, thereby exerting cardioprotective effects and reducing hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte damage, which verifies the potential use of EDM as a new therapeutic agent for the treatment of myocardial ischemic injury.

네트워크 보안 평가를 위한 유연한 테스트베드 설계

임이진(Yi Jin Im),최형기(Hyoung-Kee Choi),김기윤(Ki Yoon Kim) 한국정보과학회 2010 정보과학회논문지 : 정보통신 Vol.37 No.1

본 논문에서는 보안장비의 성능평가 및 네트워크 내 센서들의 로그정보를 수집할 수 있는 테스트베드를 구축하였다. 이 테스트베드는 실제 인터넷과 유사한 테스트 환경을 제공하여 테스트베드 내에서 공격을 직접 생성하거나 공격 트래픽이 포함된 데이타?을 이용하여 공격을 재현할 수 있도록 구성되었다. 본 테스트베드는 기존 테스트베드에 비해 비교적 적은 비용과 시간으로 구축이 가능하며, 공격 트래픽의 유형이나 테스트베드 사용목적에 따라 수정이나 확장이 용이하다. 따라서 많은 비용과 시간의 소모로 인해 쉽게 진행할 수 없었던 보안장비의 성능평가나, 공격 발생 시 네트워크에 존재하는 센서들의 로그수집을 용이하게 할 수 있다. 본고에서는 테스트베드 구축 시 발생할 수 있는 다양한 문제점과 그 해결방안을 제시하였으며 제안한 테스트베드를 이용하여 DDoS 공격과 웜을 재현하는 과정을 보였다. We present a testbed for collecting log information and evaluating network security under various attacks. This testbed is modeled on real Internet, where attack traffic coexists with normal traffic. Attacks can be produced either by attack tools directly or by data sets including attack traffic. It costs less time and money than existing ones which are both costly and often time consuming in constructing. Also, it can be easily revised or extended according to the traffic types or the uses. Therefore, using our testbed can make various tests more efficient and facilitate collecting log information of sensors with attacks. We discuss how to use our testbed through replay procedures of DDoS attack and worm. We also discuss how we surmount some difficulty in constructing the testbed.

Chemical Speciation of Dissolved Copper in the Nakdong River Estuary and Its Relationship with Humic-Like Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter

심훈섭,임이진,Kim Jumi,Kim Jiwoo,Ryu Jong-Sik,이준호,Cho Hyung-Mi,Han Heejun,서호종,Kim Taejin 한국해양과학기술원 2023 Ocean science journal Vol.58 No.1

The total dissolved copper (Cu) concentrations, chemical speciation, and intensities of humic-like fuorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOMH) components were determined in the Nakdong River Estuary. The concentrations of total dissolved Cu ranged from 4.6 to 13.3 nM and showed an inverse correlation with salinity (R2=0.93), indicating a conservative mixing trend in the Nakdong River Estuary. The chemical speciation of dissolved Cu was determined by competitive ligand equilibrium adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry, and speciation parameters were calculated using ProMCC software. The concentrations of the strong Cu-binding organic ligands (L1) ranged from 3.1 to 96 nM, whereas those of the weak ligand (L2) ranged from 10 to 3400 nM. Both L1 and L2 concentrations were relatively high at the upper sampling sites (river water sites) and decreased in proximity to the coastal sea, indicating that Cu-binding organic ligands from terrestrial sources may be dominant in the Nakdong River Estuary. Although Cu-binding organic ligands showed positive correlations with FDOMH, anomalously high concentrations of Cu-binding organic ligands were observed at river water sites, suggesting additional sources of organic ligands. Our results suggest that Cu-binding organic ligands originated from various sources in estuarine environments.

Trace-Metal-Clean Sampling System: Application to Ice-Breaking Research Vessel Araon

김지우,심훈섭,임이진,김태진,정진영,조경호,김태완,박지수,양은진,Chen Xiaoyu,서호종 한국해양과학기술원 2023 Ocean science journal Vol.58 No.3

Trace metals generally exist at very low concentrations (pM–nM) in seawater, and could function as nutrients, contaminants, and tracers of various oceanographic processes. However, collection of seawater samples for a trace metal analysis without contamination is difficult because they exist ubiquitously. We present a detailed trace-metal-clean seawater sampling system that has been constructed on the ice-breaking research vessel (IBR/V) Araon. This sampling system consists of commercially available components without custom fabrication to minimize costs. The system consists of a polyurethane-coated aluminum rosette frame, 12-L Teflon-coated Niskin-X samplers, nonmetallic rope, and autofiring module that enables an automatic bottle firing. Using this system, seawater samples were collected in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea (Japan Sea), and the concentrations of dissolved trace metals (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) were analyzed. Comparisons of trace metal concentrations to those obtained from the normal sampling system and previous data showed that our clean seawater sampling system could be utilized without metal contamination.