과학기술 ODA 사업에서의 현지 R&D센터 활용에 관한 연구 : 한국해양과학기술원과 마이크로네시아 ‘흑진주 생산연구’ 사례를 중심으로

장덕희,강길모,권문상,박흥식,김태영,임형백 한국해양과학기술원 2013 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.35 No.4

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate, through case studies, the usefulness of utilizing local R&D centers under science and technology ODA programs. For the past few decades, advanced countries have supported ODA projects of developing countries, but there have been negative opinions regarding the results. Through a case study of the black pearl cultivation project between the Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology and Micronesia, this study explains the usefulness of actively utilizing Korean R&D centers established and operational in recipient countries. Although black pearl cultivation is not an ODA project, the case study offers valuable insights as it is operated in a similar form and thus highly applicable to future projects. Based on the case study, four implications were derived to ensure the successful operations of science and technology ODA projects in the future. First, there is a need to improve relevance by making use of the technological capacities of local R&D institutes to develop projects that reflect the needs of recipient and donor countries. Second, trust must be established with local communities over the long term in order to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of project operations. Third, the proportion of science and technology ODA projects must be expanded to acquire sustainability, and more support should be granted to ODA projects involving marine resources, which are an advantage for countries of Micronesia. Lastly, the locals should be offered employment opportunities and regular training programs to allow for the actual transfer of knowledge instead of mere techniques. The implications derived in this study will prove useful in pursuing science and technology ODA projects, especially with Micronesia.

새로이 指定된 科學的 特別關心區域

蔣舜槿(Soon-Keun Chang) 한국해양과학기술원 1990 KOREAN JOURNAL of Polar Research Vol.1 No.1

2001년 5월과 6월 서태평양에서의 Thermosalinograph 관측

이재학,전동철,황상철,정병철,황근춘,이하웅 한국해양과학기술원 2002 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.24 No.3

We have analyzed sea surface temperature and salinity data collected in the western Pacific Ocean by using an automated Thermosalinograph (TSG) installed on the RV Onnuri during May - June of 2001. The TSG data exhibit characteristics of water masses distributed in the near surface layer of the cruise area very well. Especially, they reveal the diurnal surface temperature cycle and the effect of rainfall on temperature and salinity in the equatorial region, showing the effectiveness of the use of TSG. Problems to be improved for the better TSG operation are the method of water sampling and calibration of TSG sensors. Installation of a pressure gauge in the TSG system and periodical sensor calibration are strongly recommended to ensure reliability of data. 및 토의2001년 5-6월 한국해양연구원에서 연구선 온누리호를 이용하여 수행된 서태평양 대양항해 중 자동 기록으로 획득된 TSG 자료를 분석하고 이의 운용상 문제점 및 개선책을 제시하였다. 관측된 TSG 값은 CTD 측정값에 비하여 수온은 약 +0.3oC, 염분은 시간에 따라 약 0.06에서 +0.04 psu 편향오류를 보여주었으며, 관측오류의 요인은 취수된 해수의 TSG까지 이동시 수온 상승과 TSG 내에서의 미세한 기포로 판단된다. TSG 운용상 제기된 문제점은 TSG 센서를 통과하는 해수의 공급의 방법(즉, 통과 유속 증가에 의한 센서 통과 해수 내 기포 생성 유무)과 자료(특히, 염분) 검정 문제였다. 관측오류를 감소시키기 위하여 TSG 상태를 쉽게 판단할 수 있도록 기포감지기와 압력계의 설치가 필요하며, TSG 센서의 사전 검·교정이 이루어졌을 경우라도 TSG 자료를 검정할 수 있는 CTD 또는 염분계에 의한 현장 측정이 필수적인 것으로 나타났다.TSG 자료는 동중국해 대륙붕, 쿠로시오 통과해역, 필리핀해 및 서태평양 적도해역 표층의 해황을 잘 나타내었다. 특히, 적도해역에서 표층수온은 약 0.4-1.3oC 변화 폭의 뚜렷한 일 변화를 보여주었고 일중 최고 및 최저 수온은 현지 시간으로 14-15시 및 5-6시경으로 나타나 수온 상승 시간이 하강 시간보다 빠른 것으로 나타났다. 기상 자료와 비교 결과 구름에 의한 태양복사 차단 영향이 약 0.5oC 정도임을 시사해주었다. 적도해역에서 특징적인 염분 변화는 수 십 분에서 수 시간 지속되는 저염의 peak로 이는 열대 소나기성 강우의 영향으로 판단되며 수온도 약 0.2-0.6oC 정도로 낮아지는 영향을 주는 것으로 관측되었다.TSG 자료로부터 여러 해양물리학적 해석이 가능하였던 점은 TSG의 유용성을 나타낸 것으로 적절한 자료 처리 과정을 거치면 TSG 자료가 항해 해역 표층의 물리적인 해황 특성을 정확하게 나타낼 수 있다는 것을 의미한다. 이는 또한 국내의 TSG 운용의 수준이 SOOP(2001)과 같은 선박을 이용한 해양 표층 해황의 모니터링 프로그램에 참가 할 수 있는 수준에 근접해 가고 있음을 나타낸 것이라 할 수 있다. 따라서 앞으로는 연구사업에 관련된 항해에서뿐만 아니라 모든 항해 기간 중 TSG 자료가 획득될 수 있도록 하여 유용한 자료의 누적을 도모하고 연구선 활용의 효율을 높여야 할 것이다. 아울러 TSG 자료를 전지구해양예보를 위한 자료동화에 이용될 수 있도록 위성통신 등을 이용한 준 실시간 자료 전달 체계의 구성이 바람직하다.

해양경계획정에서 지질 및 지형적요소의 효과에 관한 고찰

양희철,박성욱,정현수,이희일 한국해양과학기술원 2007 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.29 No.1

A reference to natural prolongation appeared for the first time in the North Sea Judgement. Although it was not suggested that the concept of natural prolongation would automatically allow for the fixing of a continental shelf boundary, that concept encouraged States to request international tribunals to determine continental shelf boundaries on the basis of the geological and geomorphological features of the seabed. In the Libya v. Malta Case, however, the rejection of geological and geomorphological factors was total. Especially, Natural prolongation was the then checkmated as a relevant fact in delimitation between coasts situated less than 400 nm. apart. There can be no doubt that, in several disputed cases, prominent geomorphological variations are simply ignored ; nevertheless, there are also a few agreementswhere geological and geomorphological characteristics come into play and, to a certain extent, affect maritime boundaries. Physical characteristics of sea-bed are generally given serious consideration in the boundary delimitation such as the final negotiated boundary of the Australia-Indonesia Continental Shelf boundary Agreement(Timor and Arafura seas) which follows the continental slope bordering the Timor Trench.

Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Two Matrices of the Bonny/New Calabar River Estuary, Niger Delta, Nigeria

M. C. Onojake,F. D. Sikoki,B. B. Babatunde,R. U. Akpiri,D. Akpuloma,O. Omokheyeke 한국해양과학기술원 2015 Ocean science journal Vol.50 No.2

The concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Zn, Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni and Na were determined in the sediment and biota of the Bonny/New Calabar River Estuary in Niger Delta, Nigeria using atomic absorption spectrophotometer A-100. The concentration of the respective metals varied between 2011 and 2012. The range of mean values are presented in mg/kg along with variations at a statistically significant level (P<0.05). In sediment, only Cr varied significantly (p<0.05) within the two years. Bioaccumulation factor (BF) indicated a more potent source of metals from sediment than biota, accumulating Zn, Fe and Ni in magnitudes 10, 6 and 5 times more, respectively. The study shows elevated levels of heavy metals in sediment and bioaccumulation in biota. Regular monitoring and comparison of results with World Health Organization maximum permissible limits should be carried out, in order not to allow the metal concentration to reach alarming levels.

장목만에서 여름철 영양염 특성 변화가 식물플랑크톤 군집구조에 미치는 영향

장풍국,이우진,장민철,신경순 한국해양과학기술원 2010 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.32 No.2

Phytoplankton production is affected by various physico-chemical factors of environment. However, one of the most critical factors generally accepted as controlling primary production of phytoplankton is nutrients. It has recently been found that the succession of phytoplankton groups and species are closely related to the chemical properties of ambient water including nutrient limitation and their ratios. In Jangmok Bay, silicate and nitrate are primarily supplied by rainfall, while phosphate and ammonia are supplied by wind stress. Typhoons are associated with rainfall and strong wind stress, and when typhoons pass through the South Sea, such events may induce phytoplankton blooms. When nutrients were supplied by heavy rainfalls during the rainy season and by summer typhoons in Jangmok Bay, the dominant taxa among the phytoplankton groups were found to change successively with time. The dominant taxon was changed from diatoms to flagellates immediately after the episodic seasonal events, but returned to diatoms within 3~10 days. Pseudo-nitzschia spp. were dominant mainly in the presence of low phosphate levels during the first of the survey which included the rainy season, while Skeletonema costatum was dominant when phosphate concentrations were high due to the strong wind stress during the latter half of the survey as a result of the typhoon. The competition between S. costatum and Chaetoceros spp. appeared to be regulated by the silicate concentration. S. costatum preferred high silicate and phosphate concentrations; however, Chaetoceros spp. were able to endure low silicate concentrations. These results implied that, in coastal ecosystems, the input patterns of each nutrient supplied by rainfall and/or wind stress appeared to contribute to the summer succession of phytoplankton groups and species.

17β-estradiol에 노출된 저서성 요각류 Tigriopus japonicus s.l.의 세대간 생활사 및 형태학적 변이 연구

방현우,임동현,이원철 한국해양과학기술원 2010 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.32 No.4

To characterize ecotoxicological responses to a natural estrogen, 17β-estradiol, we evaluated the life-history of the parental (F0) and first generation (F1) of the harpacticoid copepod, Tigriopus japonicus sensu lato. We evaluated the survival of nauplii and copepodites, the number of days until the emergence of copepodites and adult males, the sex ratio, brooding success, and the first brooding day of adult females. No significant differences in the survival rate were noted in response to treatments with different concentrations of 17β-estradiol. However, 17β-estradiol induced developmental delay and skewed the sex ratio toward males. Copepod development was delayed significantly in the 0.1 and 1 μg l−1 17β-estradiol treatment groups relative to the control group, with a more pronounced delay in the F1 group. Body length and biomass were significantly smaller in the 17β-estradiol treated groups than in the controls. The male emergence of T. japonicus s.l. was very high in the 10 and 30 μg l−1 17β-estradiol treatment group. Furthermore, exposure to 17β-estradiol resulted in morphological deformities such as shrinking and swelling of the urosome, twisted setae of the caudal rami, setal loss of swimming legs, abnormal segmentation of antennules, and dwarfism.

마이크로세틀라이트 마커 분석을 이용한 남서태평양 일대에 서식하는 남방톱날꽃게(Scylla serrata)의 유전적 다양성

장요순,이순길,노충환,오승용 한국해양과학기술원 2009 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.31 No.4

Analysis of four microsatellite markers from Mud Crab Scylla serrata revealed that there is high level of genetic diversity within this species. Genetic diversity of S. serrata was calculated using allele diversity, observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity (Het-exp), polymorphic information content, gene differentiation and Nei's DA distance. Mean polymorphic information content value was 0.797, which reflected high level of polymorphism across the loci of S. serrata. The Palau population has the highest genetic diversity (Het-exp=0.871), while the Kosrae population has the lowest genetic diversity (Hetexp=0.806). However, the geographical genetic distance among S. serrata populations from Yab, Chuuk, Pohnpei, Kosrae, and Palau were low (0.2009~0.3350). These results suggest that despite their wide distribution, S. serrata are no different in geographical genetic diversity within the five sampled locations.

통영바다목장화사업의 경제적 타당성평가

표희동 한국해양과학기술원 2009 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.31 No.4

A marine ranching project in Tongyoung was established in 1998, lasting 9 years to 2006. Project activities included the deployment of artificial reefs, the release of young fishes like jacopever and rockfish, and input/output control for specific marine ranching areas in Tongyoung. This report focuses on the economic feasibility of the project in hindsight. Analysis concentrates on three aspects; (a) direct economic benefits, such as increasing effects of fisheries income and savings in harvesting costs, (b) indirect benefits, including increasing effects of recreational fishing and saving R&D costs, and (c) costs, including releasing and purchasing costs of artificial reef and juvenile fish, R&D costs, maintenance costs and harvesting costs. Results show that NPV=4.7 billion won, IRR=8.55% and B/C ratio=1.286 under Scenario 1, which considers the saving effects of R&D costs, and NPV=0.9 billion won, IRR=6.03% and B/C ratio=1.11 under Scenario 2, which does not consider the saving effects of R&D costs, based on 5.5% of the social rate of discount. According to sensitivity analysis, the economic feasibility is very sensitive to the recapture rate. A marine ranching project in Tongyoung was established in 1998, lasting 9 years to 2006. Project activities included the deployment of artificial reefs, the release of young fishes like jacopever and rockfish, and input/output control for specific marine ranching areas in Tongyoung. This report focuses on the economic feasibility of the project in hindsight. Analysis concentrates on three aspects; (a) direct economic benefits, such as increasing effects of fisheries income and savings in harvesting costs, (b) indirect benefits, including increasing effects of recreational fishing and saving R&D costs, and (c) costs, including releasing and purchasing costs of artificial reef and juvenile fish, R&D costs, maintenance costs and harvesting costs. Results show that NPV=4.7 billion won, IRR=8.55% and B/C ratio=1.286 under Scenario 1, which considers the saving effects of R&D costs, and NPV=0.9 billion won, IRR=6.03% and B/C ratio=1.11 under Scenario 2, which does not consider the saving effects of R&D costs, based on 5.5% of the social rate of discount. According to sensitivity analysis, the economic feasibility is very sensitive to the recapture rate.

동중국해 북부해역에서 여름동안영양염, 엽록소, 부유물질의 분포특성 및 연간 변화

김동선,김경희,심정희,유신재 한국해양과학기술원 2007 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.29 No.3

In order to find out the annual variations in the marine ecosystem of the East China Sea, temperature, salinity, nutrients, chlorophyll-a, suspended solids, and suspended particulate organic carbon were extensively investigated in the northern East China Sea during the Summer of 2003 and 2006. During the Summer of 2003, the northern East China Sea was not significantly affected by the input of fresh waters from the Changjiang River. During the Summer of 2006, however, fresh waters of the Changjiang River intruded into the western part of the study area where temperature, nitrate, and phosphate in the surface waters were higher than in the other areas, and salinity, silicate, and suspended solids in the surface waters were lower. As a result of the increase in nitrate and phosphate concentrations, concentrations of chlorophyll-a and suspended particulate organic carbon increased in the western part compared with the other areas. However, the depth-integrated chlorophyll-a concentrations measured during the Summer of 2003 were rather similar to those during the Summer of 2006, and not considerably different from those measured in the East China sea during the Summer of 1994 and 1998. Therefore, the depth-integrated chlorophyll-a concentrations have not significantly changed in the East China Sea over the last 12 years. The lower concentrations of silicate and suspended solids in the western part may be related to construction of the Three-Gorges Dam since the concentrations of silicate and suspended solids in fresh waters of the Changjiang River have significantly decreased after construction of the Three-Gorges Dam in June 2003.