汉语即将体标记“要”的语法化研究

김미나,최재영 한국중국언어학회 2023 중국언어연구 Vol.- No.106

即将体标记“要Prox”频频出现在现代汉语中,但对于“要Prox”功能的考察并不充分,尤其是对于“要Prox”的语法化过程的研究并不多见。本文首先分析了“要Prox”的功能与词性,以及“要Prox”在宋~现代时期的使用情况,然后又对“要Prox”的语法化过程进行了考察。考察结果如下: 第一,“要Prox”出现于宋代。明清时期“要Prox”的用法逐渐成熟,到了现代才开始广泛使用。 第二,“要Prox”的语法化过程可分为两个阶段。第一阶段:宋代[S(非施事)+要Prox+V(自主/非自主)]结构的出现;第二阶段:明代[S(施事/非施事)+要Prox+V(自主/非自主)/Adj+了]结构的出现。 第三,“要Prox”的语法化动因可从“常规结构式的超常组合”的角度来解释。“要Aux-动力”的常规结构式为[S(施事)+要Aux-动力+V(自主)],在此结构式中“要”不会发生语法化。但当与“要”共现的主语语义角色发生变化(即施事主语→非施事主语),和述语发生变化(即自主动词→非自主动词)时,“要”所在的结构式就不再是常规结构式了。于是“要”在这种特定的结构下发生了语法化。 第四,到了第二阶段“要”演变为成熟的即将体标记。“要”单独作为即将体标记有时难与意志情态助动词区分,由此“要”与“了”共现强化了“要”的即将体功能。 The proximative marker ‘YAO(要)Prox’ appears frequently in modern Chinese, but the function of ‘YAO(要)Prox’ hasn’t been fully investigated, especially the grammaticalization process of ‘YAO(要)Prox’. This paper first analyzes the functions and lexical properties of ‘YAO(要)Prox’ and the usage of ‘YAO(要)Prox’ from the Song Dynasty to Modern times, and then examines the grammaticalization process of ‘YAO(要)Prox’. The results of the examination are as follows: First, ‘YAO(要)Prox’ appeared in the Song Dynasty. The usage of ‘YAO(要)Prox’ matured in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and began to be widely used in modern times.  Second, the grammaticalization process of ‘YAO(要)Prox’ can be divided into two stages. The first stage is the emergence of [S(agent)+YAO(要)Prox+V(volitional/non-volitional)] construction in Song Dynasty. The second stage is the emergence of [S(agent/patient)+YAO(要)Prox+V(volitional/non-volitional)/Adj+了] construction in Ming Dynasty. Third, the motivation for the grammaticalization of ‘YAO(要)Prox’ can be explained from the perspective of ‘the abnormal collocations of conventional structure’. The conventional structure formula of ‘YAO(要)Aux-dynamic’ is [S(agent)+YAO(要)Aux-dynamic+V(volitional)], in which YAO(要) is not grammaticalized. However, when the semantic role of the subject co-occurring with ‘YAO(要)’ changes (i.e., agent→patient) and the predicate changes (i.e., the volitional verb→the non-volitional verb), the structural formula in which ‘YAO(要)’ is located is no longer the conventional structure formula. Thus, ‘YAO(要)’ is grammaticalized under this specific structure. Fourth, in the second stage, ‘YAO(要)’ evolves into a proximative marker. When ‘YAO(要)’ alone as a proximative marker is sometimes difficult to distinguish from the dynamic modality auxiliary verb, the co-occurrence of ‘YAO(要)’ and ‘LE(了)’ strengthens the proximative function of ‘YAO(要)’.

흑보찰 분말 첨가에 따른 쿠키의 품질특성 및 항산화 활성

김미나,이지현,남진경,장혜원 한국식품과학회 2023 한국식품과학회지 Vol.55 No.6

In this study, the quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of cookies supplemented with the ‘Heukbochal’ barley powder were assessed according to the quantity of barley powder used (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60%). As the barley powder content in the cookies increased, there were decreases in pH value, hardness, spread factor, and loss rate, along with an increase in density and water content. The antioxidant capacities of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals also increased with higher barley powder content. In the consumer preference test, the sample supplemented with 45% barley powder received the highest scores for color, flavor, texture, and overall preference. Taking both consumer preference and antioxidant properties into consideration, the optimal mixture ratio was determined to be 45% barley powder in cookies.

다중 PCR법으로 진단한 Verotoxin 생성 Escherichia coli O157:H7 출혈성 장염인 영아 1예

김미나,조해선,조민철,노신애,김경모 대한임상미생물학회 2010 Annals of clinical microbiology Vol.13 No.2

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is an important cause of bloody diarrhea in children, but is considered to be rare in infants. Herein, a case of infant hemorrhagic colitis of verotoxin-producing E. coli O157:H7 diagnosed by multiplex PCR is reported. A nine-month-old boy was admitted to our hospital with bloody diarrhea for the previous two days. Multiplex PCR using SeeplexⓇ Diarrhea ACE Detection Kit (Seegene, Seoul, Korea) was directly applied to the stool specimens. Amplified bands specific for verotoxin,O157, and H7 indicated the presence of O157:H7 EHEC. The stool specimens were inoculated on sorbitol-MacConkey agar (SMA) and tryptic soy broth containing mitomycin C (TSB-M). Colorless colonies on sorbitol-MacConkey agar were O157-positive. TSB-M enrichment cultures of the stool specimen and the isolates were positive for verotoxin according to an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The prepared ingredients of baby foods for the patient including ground meat, chopped carrot, chopped cabbage, and white rice porridge showed no EHEC on TSB-M and SMA. The patient’s parents and three-year-old sister did not recently have any gastrointestinal symptoms. Cefdinir was administered for one day and was ceased after diagnosis of EHEC colitis. The stool culture and verotoxin assay were negative on the second day of hospitalization. Application of multiplex PCR and verotoxin EIA directly to diarrheal stool warrants the rapid diagnosis and appropriate treatment of EHEC colitis. (Korean J Clin Microbiol 2010;13:85-89)

세균성 설사 원인균의 신속검출을 위한 다중 중합효소연쇄반응 검사의 대변검체에 대한 직접 적용

김미나,조민철,노신애,김경모 대한임상미생물학회 2010 Annals of clinical microbiology Vol.13 No.4

Background: Causative bacterial agents of infectious diarrheal disease were traditionally diagnosed by stool cultures. Stool culture, however, has a problem because of relatively low sensitivity and long turnaround time. In this study, we evaluated multiplex PCR applied on stool specimens directly to diagnose enteropathogenic bacteria. Methods: From June to September 2009, 173 diarrheal stools submitted for stool cultures were tested by SeeplexⓇ Diarrhea ACE Detection kit (Seegene,Korea) to detect 10 enteropathogenic bacteria. Specimens were cultured for Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio,and Yersinia. Late 50 specimens were also cultured for Campylobacter. The specimens positive for verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) were further subcultured for detecting enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Electronic medical records were reviewed for clinical and laboratory findings. Results: Of 173 specimens, multiplex PCR and cultures identified enteropathogens in 36 (20.8%) and 8 specimens (4.6%), respectively. While multiplex PCR detected 5 Salmonella, 15 Campylobacter, 1Vibrio, 4 Clostridium difficiles toxin B, 5 Clostridium perfringens, 1 Yersinia enterocolitica, 5 Aeromonas,and 2 VTEC, cultures detected 5 Salmonella, 1Vibrio, 1 Y. enterocolitica, 1 Aeromonas, and 2 E. coli O157:H7. Conclusion: Multiplex PCR would be useful to detect Campylobacter, VTEC and C. perfringens, as well as have equivalent sensitivity to conventional culture for ordinary enteropathogens such as Salmonella,Shigella, Vibrio, Y. enterocolitica. Direct application of multiplex PCR combined with conventional cultures on stool warrants remarkable improvement of sensitivity to diagnose enteropathogenic bacteria. (Korean J Clin Microbiol 2010;13:162-168)

Causes and Clinical Relevance of Inconclusive SARS-CoV-2 Real-Time Reverse Transcription- PCR Test Results

김미나,김아람,허규화,성흥섭 대한임상미생물학회 2020 Annals of clinical microbiology Vol.23 No.4

Background: Inconclusive SARS-CoV-2 real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) test results, which are positive for one or more target genes but not all, are problematic in clinical laboratories. In this study, we aimed to investigate the cause and clinical relevance of such inconclusive results. Methods: rRT-PCR was performed using the Allplex 2019-nCoV assay kit (Seegene Inc., Korea) targeting the following three genes: E, RdRp, and N. For all inconclusive test results reported from March to June 2020, the frequency per kit, lot number, specimen type, cycle threshold (Ct) and peak values of the amplification curves, positive target genes, and results of repeated or consecutive tests were analyzed. Results: A total of 43,268 tests were conducted, of which 93 (0.21%) were inconclusive—49 from 11 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and 44 from non-COVID-19 patients. In COVID-19 patients, the results were inconclusive 11.9 ± 4.7 days after diagnosis and were negative 8.8 ± 5.5 days after the inconclusive results were reported. However, in non- COVID-19 patients, they were all negative upon retest and 81.8% of them were identified to have yielded in 2 out of 8 lots. The most frequently positive target genes were N (55.4%) in COVID-19 and RdRp (61.2%) in non-COVID-19 patients, respectively. No difference was observed in the Ct or peak values of the amplification curves for inconclusive samples between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 cases. Conclusion: Inconclusive test results should be reported neither positive nor negative. Such results can be reported as inconclusive without retesting in COVID-19 patients; however, they should certainly be confirmed by a retest in non-COVID-19 patients or newly diagnosed cases.

교회교육 현장과의 만남 : 미디어교육의 현장을 찾아서 ; 인터넷,게임 조절능력 및 선별능력 성장 캠프

김미나 장로회신학대학교 기독교교육연구원 2005 교육교회 Vol.339 No.-

인터넷 트래픽이 공중통신망 ( PSTN / ISDN ) 에 미치는 영향과 효율적인 수용 방안 연구 ( An Effective Provisioning Method for Internet Traffic on the PSTN / ISDN )

김미나,김응진,방윤학 한국통신학회 1998 한국통신학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.17 No.3

唐宋时期假设连词“要、若要”研究 -兼论“要”的语法化

김미나,최재영 한국중어중문학회 2022 中語中文學 Vol.- No.87

As we know, ‘YAO(要)’ and ‘RUOYAO(若要)’ are hypothetical conjunctions which are used frequently in Modern Chinese. Although there are much study on hypothetical conjunctions ‘YAO(要)’ and ‘RUOYAO(若要)’ in the field of Modern Chinese grammar, there are few research result on the emergence of the hypothetical conjunction ‘YAO(要)’ and the grammaticalization process. Based on this, this paper studies Chinese hypothetical conditional sentences firstly, and then the use of hypothetical conjunctions ‘YAO(要)’ and ‘RUOYAO(若要)’ in Tang and Song dynasties, and analyzes the evolution process and evolution path of ‘YAO(要)’ by using construction grammar. The literature that are selected in this paper are as follows: Dunhuangbianwen(敦煌变文), ZutangJi(祖堂集) and Zhuziyulei(朱子语类). The study results are as follows: First, Chinese hypothetical conditional sentences are ‘hypotheticality’ and ‘event dependency’. The word ‘hypotheticality’ means events discussed in complement clauses are unreal. ‘event dependency’ means that complement clauses can not appear by themselves, as on the syntax level, they can only from a whole sentence when combined with a main clause. Second, the semantics of Chinese hypothetical conditional sentences does not rely on the emergence of signs. Instead it lies in their sentence structure. That means there is a semantic relationship of [S1(conditional), S2(Result)] between the complement clauses and the main clauses of Chinese hypothetical conditional sentences. Third, Although the conjunctions ‘YAO(要)’ and ‘RUOYAO(若要)’ appeared simultaneously in Tang and Song dynasties, the frequency that is used of ‘RUOYAO(若要)’ was higher than that of ‘YAO(要)’ at that time. Fourth, From Tang dynasty to Qing dynasty, the use frequency of the conjunctions ‘YAO(要)’ tended to increase gradually, while the use of ‘RUOYAO(若要)’ declined gradually. In the Qing Dynasty, the frequency of ‘YAO(要)’ was much higher than ‘RUOYAO(若要)’. Fifth, As for the evolution of ‘YAO(要)’, from the perspective of constructional grammar, when the modal auxiliary verbs ‘YAO(要)’ appears in the first clause of the complex sentence and the subject does not appear, the position of ‘YAO(要)’ is the same as that of the hypothetical conjunction. If the semantic relationship between the two clauses in a complex sentence is [conditional-result], ‘YAO(要)’ can be transformed into a hypothetical conjunction through reanalysis of grammar.

구독경제 유형과 제품 유형 차이가 구독 의도에 미치는 영향

김미나,박설우 한국유통학회 2023 流通硏究 Vol.28 No.1

Purpose: While most of the studies on subscription economy focus on online media streaming services, consumer goods subscription services are already actively being implemented in the market. In this study, the type of subscription service (replenishment vs. curated) and product type (hedonic vs. utilitarian) examined the effect of subscription intention in the consumer goods subscription economy. Furthermore, based on previous studies, the factors mediating this relationship were classified into shopping convenience and perceived enjoyment, and the relationship was examined. Research design, data, and methodology: Consumers’ opinions on consumer products subscription services were collected through the pretest, and based on this, advertisement stimuli for drugstore’s Health & Beauty subscription service and Super supermarkets’ Food & Groceries subscription were produced. Subsequently, an experiment was conducted on 822 randomly recruited people through Amazon MTurk. Experiment 2 (Subscription service type: Replenishment subscription vs. Curated subscription) × 2 (product type: Hedonic goods vs. Utilitarian goods) was designed between groups, and experimental participants were exposed to advertising stimulation of subscription services were asked to respond to the measurement questions of Subscription intention, Shopping convenience, and Perceived enjoyment. Results: As a result of the experiment, the interaction effect of the subscription service types and product types on the subscription intention was confirmed. In addition, through PROCESS macro, the partial mediating effect of shopping convenience was proved in the relationship between subscription service types and subscription intention, and the complete mediating effect of perceived enjoyment was found in the relationship between product type and subscription intention. Conclusions: The study provides the following academic and practical implications. First, for the performance of product subscription services, companies need to change the types of subscription services depending on whether the supplied products are hedonic or utilitarian products. Second, when the subscription service type is Replenishment subscription, it is necessary to focus on the convenience for consumers, and when the product type is hedonic, it is important to improve customers’ enjoyment of shopping. Third, this study has verified the role of factors dealt with in existing shopping studies through experimental studies on subscription services, which are attracting attention as a new trend following the sharing economy. Finally, the influence of perceived enjoyment and shopping convenience, which have been studied as important parameters or regulatory variables related to shopping, was expanded to consumer goods subscription services.

지배구조와 노사관계가 수출기업의 성과에 미치는 영향

김미나,김성환 한국무역연구원 2014 무역연구 Vol.10 No.6

In this study, we investigate the effects of various types of corporate governance and labor unions, relations between the management and the labor unions on the performance of 2,218 exporting firms in Korea. The study was performed empirically using panel data analysis techniques like fixed effects panel models with biennial HCCP or Human Capital Corporate Panel developed by KRIVET for years of 2005, 2007, 2009, and 2011 and Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training. Moreover, the database of Korea Information Service(KIS-Value) from 2005 till 2013 was used in this study. The major findings are summarized as follows. First, there is a positive relationship between the export ratio, measured by export to sales, and the profitability of firms, measured by ROA or return on assets. Second, there is a negative relationship between the extent of professional management and the profitability of firms. Third, there is a negative relationship between the extent of foreign management and the profitability of firms. Fourth, there is a negative relationship between the existence of labor unions in the firm and the profitability of the firm. Fifth, there is a positive effect of a good relationship between the management and the labor on the profitability of firms. However, we could not find any statistically significant evidence between the types of corporations like an independent firm, affiliated firm, or holding firm on their profitability. The results indicate that firms in Korea are depending on their profitability, regardless of their types of management. However, labor unions and bad management labor relationships hurt their profitability.