Ethanol Extract of Ganoderma lucidum Augments Cellular Anti-oxidant Defense through Activation of Nrf2/HO-1

Lee, Yoo-hwan,Kim, Jung-hee,Song, Choon-ho,Jang, Kyung-jeon,kim, Cheol-hong,Kang, Ji-Sook,Choi, Yung-hyun,Yoon, Hyun-Min KOREAN PHARMACOPUNCTURE INSTITUTE 2016 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.19 No.1

Objectives: The mushroom Ganoderma lucidum has been widely used as a traditional herbal medicine for many years. Although several studies have focused on the anti-oxidative activity of this mushroom, the molecular mechanisms underlying its activity have not yet been clearly established. The present study investigated the cytoprotective effect of ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum (EGL) against oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide, $H_2O_2$) and elucidated the underlying mechanisms in a C2C12 myoblast cell line. Methods: Oxidative stress markers were determined by using the comet assay to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage. Cell viability and Western blotting analyses were employed to evaluate the cellular response to EGL and $H_2O_2$ in C2C12 cells. Transfection with nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-specific small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) was conducted to understand the relationship between Nrf2 expression and $H_2O_2$-induced growth inhibition. Results: The results showed that EGL effectively inhibited $H_2O_2$-induced growth and the generation of ROS. EGL markedly suppressed $H_2O_2$-induced comet-like DNA formation and phosphorylation of histone H2AX at serine 139 ($p-{\gamma}H2AX$), a widely used marker of DNA damage, suggesting that EGL prevented $H_2O_2$-induced DNA damage. Furthermore, the EGL treatment effectively induced the expression of Nrf2, as well as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), with parallel phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in the C2C12 myoblasts. However, zinc protoporphyrin IX, a HO-1 inhibitor, significantly abolished the protective effects of EGL against $H_2O_2$-induced accumulation of ROS and reduced cell growth. Notably, transient transfection with Nrf2-specific siRNA attenuated the cytoprotective effects and HO-1 induction by EGL, indicating that EGL induced the expression of HO-1 in an Nrf2-dependent manner. Conclusion: Collectively, these results demonstrate that EGL augments the cellular anti-oxidant defense capacity through activation of Nrf2/HO-1, thereby protecting C2C12 myoblasts from $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative cytotoxicity.

심근 허혈-재관류 백서 모델에서 mitogen-activated protein kinase 활성화에 대한 α-lipoic acid의 효과

김연경,박은미,최준호,윤경호,유남진,이은미,김남호,정진원,김민선,박병림,오석규 圓光大學校 醫科學硏究所 2006 圓光醫科學 Vol.21 No.1

鷄龍山 森林群集型과 그의 構造에 關한 硏究

宋鎬京,辛昌男 忠南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1985 環境硏究 Vol.3 No.1

The floristic composition and RA ordination, based on the data obtained from 150 nested quad-rats by releve method of Mueller- Dombois and Ellenberg, were applied to classify forest communti-ties in Mt. Gyeryong, and to investigate the relationships between species composition and sites. The investigation was done from June 1981 till May 1985. 1. The forest vegetation in Mt. Gyeryong was classified into Pinus Densiflora, Pinus densiflora-Quercus variabilis and Quercus mongolica communities according to the floristic composition, and it was subdivided into Pinus densiflora, Styrax japonica, Quercus variabilis, Carpinus laxiflora, Quer-cus mongolica, and Carpinus cordata forests according to the physignomy. It is peculiary significant that Quercus mongolica community was mainly distributed at the ridge, the high elevation and the steep slope areas of the mountain. The disribution of the leading dominant species in the tree layer showed a close relation with soil moisture gradient. For example, Quercus aliena, Platycarya strobilacea, Styrax japonica, and Zelkova serrata in the mesic area; Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus sieboldiana, and Lindera obtusiloba in xeric area. When the investigations were made starting from the Pinus densiflora community up to the Quercus monogolica community, a significant increase of total nitro- gen, organic matter content, available phoshorus, and cation exchange capacity in soil was shown. 2. The relationship between the distribustion of dominant species of forest vegetation and soil condition in Mt. Gyeryong was investigated by analyzing soil nutrition and moisture gradient. Carpinus cordata forest was distributed in the subserix and good nutrition area, Styrax japonica forest in the mesic and medium nutrition area, Pinus densiflora forest in the subserix and poor nutrition area, Quercus mongolica forest in the serix and relative good nutrition area, and Carpinus laxiflora and Quercus variabilis forest in the subserix and relative good nutrition area. 3. Based on the above classification, the vegetation map of Mt. Gyeryong was prepared in consideration of climate conditions, and the topography and distribution of soil. 4. The relative densities of an oak seedling of the Pinus densiflora community, the Pinus densiflora- Quercus variabilis community, and the Quercus mongolica community were 90%, 86%, and 63% respectively. And the relative density of a hornbeam seedling of the Quercus mongolica community was 29%. 5. According to the RA ordination, except particular terrain like rocky one, the major successional pathway of tree layer was from a pine community through an oak community to a mongolian oak community in the hilly zones and to a hornbeam community in the low zones. 6. According to the interspecific correlations, the tree layer was subdivided into Pinus densiflora group, Quercus mongolica group, and Styrax japonica group, and the shrub layer into Lespedza bicolor-Indigofera kirilowi group and Callicarpa japonica- Euonymus oxyphyllus group, and the herblayer into Arundinella hirta group, Disporum smilacinum group, and Ainsliaea acerifolia group. 7. In the whole mountains, ten dominant species of tree layer were found in the order of Pinus densiflora, Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis, Styrax japonica, Castanea crenata, Carpinus laxiflora, Quercus serrata, Styrax obassia, Zelkova serrata, and Prunus serrulata var. spontanea. The dominant species of shrub layer were Lespedeza maximowiczii, Quercus serrata, Stephanandra incisa, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Lindera obtusiloba, Weigela subsessilis, Quercus mongolica, Smilax china, Lespedeza bicolor, and Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa. The dominant species of herb layer were Spodiopogon cotulifer, Artemisia keiskeana, Disporum smilacinum, Carex okamotoi, Carex humilis, Festuca ovina, Smilax nipponica, Isodin inflexus, Oplismenus undulatifolius, and Viola albida.

우리나라 소나무屬의 Monoterpene 組成의 變異에 關한 硏究

宋鎬京 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 1976 農業技術硏究報告 Vol.3 No.2

Monoterpenes of the oleoresin of P. densiflora S. et Z., P. densi-thunber gii Uyeki, P. thunber gii Parl., and P. densiflora for. erecta Uyeki of the subgenus Diploxylon of the genus Pinus in Korea were analysed by means of gas liquid chromatography, and following results were obtained. Monoterpene of P. densiflora, P. densi-thunber gii, P. thunber gii, and P. densiflora for. erecta consisted of α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, limonene, β-phellandrene, terpinolene and two unknown components. Major monoterpene components of P. densiflora and it's for. erecta were α-pinene, β-phellandrene, myrcene, and terpinolene. Major monoterpene components of P. densi-thunber gii were β-pinene, β-phellandrene, α-pinene and terpinolene. Major monoterpene components of P. thunber gii were β-pinene, α-pinene, β-phellandrene, and limonene. Monoterpene components in P. densiflora, P. densi-thunber gii, P. thunber gii, and P. densiflora for. erecta showed a range of variation by the individual trees. Monoterpene contents of P. densi-thunber gii were intermediate between those of P. densiflora and P. thunber gii. α-pinene, β-pinene, and myrcene appeared to be the best taxonomic characteristics for separating P. densiflora from P. thunber gii, and the former had higher content of α-pinene than β-pinene while those of the latter were vise versa. There was a significant difference of α-pinene components of P. densiflora between that of Anmyun Island and Mt. Chiak, but it seemed to be caused by the difference of the individual trees rather than provenancial difference

植生

宋鎬京,禹仁植,張圭寬 忠南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1991 環境硏究 Vol.9 No.-

전북 진안군 용담댐 주변의 植生과 土壤環境을 把握하기 위하여 1991년 10월11일에서 12일에 걸쳐 Mueller-Dombois & Ellenberg의 releve method에 의하여 12個所를 選定하였다. 植生은 10m×10m의 方形區를 設置하여 胸高直徑 3㎝ 以上의 樹種을 대상으로 매목조사를 실시하였고, 土壤은 方形區내에서 약 2㎏을 採取하였으며 分析한 結果는 다음과 같다. 교목층에 출현한 種 數는 24種이었으며, 重要値가 높은 種 順位는 리기다소나무, 일본잎갈나무, 굴참나무, 밤나무, 소나무 등의 순이었으며 관목층에 출현한 종수는 87종이고, 森林群集은 리기다소나무群集, 일본잎 갈나무群集, 굴참나무群集으로 區分되었다. 토양의 pH는 5.0- 6.3이고 全窒素는 0.12%-0.70%, 有機物含量은 1.7%-16.4%, 有效燐酸은 4-16ppm, C.E.C. 는 5.7-14.5(me/100g), K?는 0.17-0.16(me/100g), Ca??는 0.8-10.3(me/100g), Mg??는 0.5-3.5(me/100g)이다.

鷄龍山 森林植生의 垂直分布

宋鎬京 忠南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1986 環境硏究 Vol.4 No.2

A total of 150 quadrats of 20m x 20m was investigated to determine the vertical distribution of leading dominants along altitude gradient in Mt.Gyeryong. The dominant species were Piuns densiflora, Styrax japonica, Castanea crenata, Pinus rigida, Quercus acutissima, Quercus aliena, etc. on the foot of the mountain, and Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum var. koreanum, ect. on the top, and Quercus variabilis, Carpinus laxiflora, Quercus serrata etc. on the side. The community of Quercus mongolica occurred as climax on the top of the mountain, and undergoing succession on the foot.

농구 선수의 만성 슬개건염

서경호,서경묵,김성원,김백곤,송인섭 大韓再活醫學會 1998 Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine Vol.22 No.6

난치성 만성정신분열증 환자의 생활의 질에 미치는 정신사회치료 프로그램의 효과에 대한 예비연구

송동호,배민진,이종호,이홍식,김선경,서호석,김찬형,전지용 大韓神經精神醫學會 1995 신경정신의학 Vol.34 No.4

Objects : Recent studies of psychosocial adjustment after hospitalization have found that the combination of maintenance antipsychotic drug treatment and psychosocial treatment including psychoeducational program are highly predictive of social rehabilitation and reduction of subsequent relapse. Two groups of patients with refractory chronic schizophrenia were preliminarily compared to determine the effect of a psychosocial treatment program on the quality of life in refractory chronic schizophrenics in an open comparative trial. Methods : One group(N=11) was assigned to approximately six months of the psychosocial treatment program(including psychoeducation program and activity program such as interpersonal relationship program, social skill training, self management program, outings, etc), in a group format, twice a week and a fixed maintenance dosage of clozapine ; while scale(QLS) was used to provide an objective measure of changes in patient's psychosocial functioning and a general assessment of psychopathology was made using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale(BPRS). Results : Both BPRS total positive score and the QLS total score, especially in the intrapsychic foundation factor of the scale showed a statistically significant improvement in the psychosocial treatment group. But there was no significant change in both BPRS and QLS scores over a 6-month period in the non-psychosocial treatment group. A significant negative correlation was found between the negative symptom and changes of QLS total, instrumental role and common object and activities scores respectively after receiving a 6-month of the psychosocial treatment program. Conclusion : These results suggest that a psychosocial treatment program including the integration of psychoeducation and a skill training oriented activity program serve as an outpatient treatment modality to improve the quality of the life in refractory chronic schizophrenia. To further clarify the effect of psychosocial treatment in chronic schizophrenia, a randomized trial should be done.

植生

宋鎬京,張圭寬 忠南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1992 環境硏究 Vol.10 No.-

全北 鎭安郡 龍潭댐 주변의 植物相을 把握하기 위하여 1991년 10월11-12일, 1992년 5월 29-31일, 10월 23-25일에 걸쳐 調査하였다. 本 調査 地域의 管束植物은 總 88科 202屬 277種으로 貧弱한 편이며, 主要 植物은 리기다소나무, 일본잎갈나무, 굴참나무, 졸참나무, 물오리나무, 싸리, 찔레, 맑은대쑥 등이다. 또한 出現된 管束植物의 種類는 羊齒植物이 2.5%, 裸子植物이 2.2%, 被子植物이 95.3%이다.

전반적발달장애 아동 및 발달성언어장애 아동의 뇌 단일광자방출전산화단층촬영 소견에 대한 예비연구

이호분,신의진,육기환,유영훈,노경선,송동호 대한소아ㆍ청소년정신의학회 1997 소아청소년정신의학 Vol.8 No.2