Factors affecting long-term availability of medicinal plants in India

Singh Preet Amol,Dash Subhransu,Choudhury Abinash,Bajwa Neha 한국작물학회 2024 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.27 No.2

The majority of conventional medications and food supplements are created following the processing of medicinal plants. As majority of the medicinal plants are collected from the forests, the rise in the demand for herbal goods is placing significant strain on the forests while encouraging unsustainable wild harvesting of therapeutic plants. The current study's objective is to gain insight into current debates on the value chain of medicinal or therapeutic plants, role of various Indian acts, i.e., Forest Act, Forests Right Act, export, and other variables affecting the sustainable supply of herbs. A targeted literature search on online databases, scientific studies, and authentic texts was performed to understand the value chain, consumption, export, Indian laws, endangered species, and capacity building institutions, limitations, and future of medicinal plants. The World Flora Online database was used to verify the scientific names of the plants. Value chains for medicinal plants are wide and complex. There is need to weaken the role of middlemen and giving forest gatherers and farmers more negotiating leverage especially through artificial intelligence. The Ministry of AYUSH and National Medicinal Plants Board both play significant roles in India's medicinal plant sector. The different acts and rules pertaining to medicinal plants conservation, usage, transit, and trade should work in harmony and there is need for exclusive medicinal plants policy across India. Maintaining a balance between the protection of medical plant species and a sustainable supply of herbs to support the sector based on medicinal plants while empowering forest gatherers is urgently needed

Floristic inventory of vascular plant in Nam Ha National Biodiversity Conservation Area, Lao People's Democratic Republic

박정호,강호상,Miin Bang,정효정,진혜영,안태현,Chaloun Bounithiphonh,Chanhsamone Phongoudome 국립중앙과학관 2018 Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity Vol.11 No.2

The floristic inventory of vascular plants in Nam Ha National Biodiversity Conservation Area was conducted to understand the plant diversity in the northern area of Lao People's Democratic Republic. From the joint field surveys between Korean and Laos experts conducted during 2015–2017, it was found that there are 64 families, 145 genera, and 189 species distributed in the Nam Ba National Biodiversity Conservation Area, and a total of 56 families, 117 genera, and 148 species which comprise more than 78% of the total species were identified as endemic plants to the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Considering the usage of the plants, there are 91 species of medicinal plants, 33 species of ornamental plants, eight species of edible plants, and 16 species of economic plants. In addition, it was found out that Dalbergia balansae and Cinnamomum macrocarpum are categorized as vulnerable in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red list, and 13 more species are categorized as the least concern.

Floristic inventory of vascular plant in Nam Ha National Biodiversity Conservation Area, Lao People's Democratic Republic

Park, Jeong Ho,Kang, Ho Sang,Bang, Miin,Cheng, Hyo Cheng,Jin, Hye Young,Ahn, Tai Hyeon,Bounithiphonh, Chaloun,Phongoudome, Chanhsamone Elsevier 2018 Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity Vol.11 No.2

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The floristic inventory of vascular plants in Nam Ha National Biodiversity Conservation Area was conducted to understand the plant diversity in the northern area of Lao People's Democratic Republic. From the joint field surveys between Korean and Laos experts conducted during 2015–2017, it was found that there are 64 families, 145 genera, and 189 species distributed in the Nam Ba National Biodiversity Conservation Area, and a total of 56 families, 117 genera, and 148 species which comprise more than 78% of the total species were identified as endemic plants to the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Considering the usage of the plants, there are 91 species of medicinal plants, 33 species of ornamental plants, eight species of edible plants, and 16 species of economic plants. In addition, it was found out that <I>Dalbergia balansae</I> and <I>Cinnamomum macrocarpum</I> are categorized as vulnerable in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red list, and 13 more species are categorized as the least concern.</P>

연화산(강원도 태백시)의 관속식물상

정현진,장주은,김알렉세이,이세령,김영수,김지은,이정심,이강협,강은수,한상국,길희영,Hyeon Jin Jeong,Ju Eun Jang,Aleksey L. Kim,Se Ryeong Lee,Young-Soo Kim,Ji Eun Kim,Jung Sim Lee,Kang Hyup Lee,Eun Su Kang,Sang-Kuk Han,Hee-Young Gil 한국자원식물학회 2023 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.36 No.4

Vascular plants of Yeonhwasan Mt., located in Taebaek-si, Gangwon-do, were investigated. Field surveys were conducted fourteen times between April and September of 2022. A total of 505 taxa were found consisting of 87 families, 282 genera, 441 species, 15 subspecies, 41 varieties, and 8 forma. Among them, the endemic plants of Korea were 22 taxa. The number of threatened and near threatened Red List plants designated by the Korean National Arboretum was four, comprising each one of critically endangered (CN), endangered (EN), vulnerable (VU), and near threatened (NT) species. The number of floristic target plants designated by the Ministry of Environment was 102, including one taxon of level V, 9 taxa of level IV, and 34 taxa of level III. Invasive alien plants were 34 taxa, and three taxa were ecosystem disturbance plants. The urbanization index of investigated site was 12.8%, and the naturalization index was 6.7%. To wisely manage Yeonhwasan, measures for preserving biodiversity and preventing invasive plants are needed.

설악산 대청봉일대 산림식생의 식물사회학적 군락유형 및 관속 식물상 특성

김지동 ( Ji Dong Kim ),박고은 ( Go Eun Park ),임종환 ( Jong-hwan Lim ),윤충원 ( Chung Weon Yun ) 한국임학회 2017 한국산림과학회지 Vol.106 No.2

기후변화에 취약한 한반도 아고산대는 한대성 북방계식물의 서식처이다. 본 연구는 아고산대 산림의 군집생태학적접근을 통한 복원 및 관리방안의 기초자료 제공목적으로 설악산 대청봉 일대 산림식생의 군집구조 및 식물상을 구명하였다. 2016년 5월부터 10월까지 31개소의 식생조사를 실시하였고, 식물사회학적 식생유형분류, 중요치, CCA를 분석하였다. 그 결과 식생유형분류체계는 분비나무군락에서 군단위로 눈잣나무군, 만병초군, 바디나물군, 이상 총 3개의 식생유형(VU)으로 분류되었다. 식별종군으로는 눈측백 식별종군, 자주솜대 식별종군을 포함하여 총 7개 종군유형으로 분류되었다. 평균상대우점치 분석(MIP) 결과, VU 1의 MIP는 잣나무(24.1), 분비나무(23.6), 사스래나무(10.5) 등, VU 2의 MIP는 잣나무(26.2), 분비나무(20.8), 사스래나무(10.5) 등, VU 3의 MIP는 잣나무(22.2), 분비나무(16.4), 사스래나무(13.5) 등의 순이었다. 층위별 주요 경쟁수종인 잣나무와 분비나무의 중요치는 VU 1의 교목층에서 잣나무가 46.7, 분비나무는 26.1로 잣나무가 우세하나 아교목층, 관목층, 초본층에서는 분비나무의 중요치가 잣나무에 비해 높았고, VU 2와 VU 3에서도 교목층은 잣나무의 중요치가 높았지만 아교목층 이하에서는 낮은 값을 나타냈다. CCA ordination 분석 결과, 눈잣나무군은 해발고, 바디나물군은 출현종수와 다소 정의 상관관계를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 산림청 지정 특산식물은 11분류군, 희귀식물은 24분류군으로 북방계 식물의 비율이 62.5%로 나타났다. 결론적으로 본 연구에서 분류된 3개의 식생단위와 분비나무 및 잣나무의 층위별 중요치 변화에 대한 식생학적 접근의 장기 모니터링이 필요하고, 희귀특산식물에 대한 개체군 및 군집생태학적 관리가 필요할 것으로 사료되었다. The subalpine zone which is vulnerable to climate change could be functioning as a habitat for northern plant species especially in the Korean peninsula. In this study, classification of phytosociological community type and investigation on flora of vascular plants of Daecheongbong area in Mt. Seorak were carried out in order to provide a basic information for an ecological restoration and management of the vegetation through community ecological approach. Vegetation data were collected from 31 of quadrates from May to October, 2016. We analyzed vegetation types with phytosociological method, importance value with Curtis & McIntosh method, CCA using PC-ORD program tool, and flora of vascular plants. As a result, the forest vegetation was classified into Abies nephrolepis community. The community was divided 3 groups such as Pinus pumila group, Rhododendron brachycarpum group and Angelica decursiva group. Therefore, the vegetation had 3 kinds of units. The differential species group, it was classified into total of 7 species group units including Thuja koraiensis and Smilacina bicolor differential species group. The mean importance percentage (MIP) in VU 1 was shown Pinus koraiensis (24.1), A. nephrolepis (23.6) and Betula ermanii (10.5), and in VU 2, it was P. koraiensis (26.2), A. nephrolepis (20.8) and B. ermanii (10.5), and in VU 3, it was P. koraiensis (22.2), A. nephrolepis (16.4), B. ermanii (13.5) in the order, respectively. As for importance values of P. koraiensis and A. nephrolepis representative competition species, were different at each layers. The former (46.7) was higher than the latter (26.1) in tree layer, but the latter was higher than the former in subtree and, shrub and herb layers of VU 1. VU 2 and VU 3 also indicated the same tendency. P. pumila group and A. decursiva group were shown to have positive correlation with altitude and present species, respectively. The designated as the endemic plant was 11 taxa and, as the rare plant 24 taxa and 62.5% of vascular plant was northern plant species. It is necessary to continue further long-term monitoring of 3 vegetation units, IV of main competition species (P. koraiensis and A. nephrolepis) with stratum and main specific species (rare plants and endemic plants) considering vegetation science and, population and community ecology approaches.

기후변화에 대한 식물의 생태적 반응: 연구동향과 한국에서의 적용가능성

강혜순 ( Hye Soon Kang ) 한국하천호수학회(구 한국육수학회) 2013 생태와 환경 Vol.46 No.3

Recent climate change, which is mostly ascribed to anthropogenic activities, is believed to be a major factor leading to biodiversity decreases and ecosystem service deteriorations. I have reviewed recent studies on climate change effects for many ecological processes involved with plants, in order to improve our understanding of the nature of ecological complexity. Plants in general have better growth and productivity under high levels of CO2, although the long term effects of such CO2 fertilizers are still controversial. Over the last 30 years, the Earth has been greening, particularly at higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, perhaps due to a relaxation of climatic constraints. Human appropriation of net primary productivity (NPP), which corresponds up to 1/3 of global NPP, is ultimately responsible for climate change and biodiversity decreases. Climate change causes phenological variations in plants, especially in regards to spring flowering and fall leaf coloring. Many plants migrate polewards and towards higher altitudes to seek more appropriate climates. On the other hand, tree mortality and population declines have recently been reported in many continents. Landscape disturbance not only hinders the plant migration, but also makes it difficult to predict the plants` potential habitats. Plant and animal population declines, as well as local extinctions, are largely due to the disruption of species interactions through temporal mismatching. Temperature and CO2 increase rates in Korea are higher than global means. The degree of landscape disturbances is also relatively high. Furthermore, long-term data on individual species responses and species interactions are lacking or quite limited in Korea. This review emphasizes the complex nature of species responses to climate change at both global and local scales. In order to keep pace with the direction and speed of climate change, it is urgently necessary to observe and analyze the patterns of phenology, migration, and trophic interactions of plants and animals in Korea`s landscape.

환경교육 교재에서 나타난 식물과 동물 예시 불균형

박수진,김재근 한국환경교육학회 2024 環境 敎育 Vol.37 No.1

본 연구는 환경교육 교재에 기재된 식물과 동물 예시 분석을 통해 식물 인식 불균형 현상을 파악하고, 이에 대응하는 것의 필요성을 강조하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 학교급별 환경교육 교재 8종에 기재된 식물과 동물 예시를 5단계 체계로 분류하여 단계별 종류 수와 횟수를 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과, 동물 예시는 식물 예시의 약 2배의 횟수로 교재에 제시되고 있었으며, 동물 예시는 구체적인 종소명으로, 식물 예시는 구체적이지 않은 생활형이나 식물로 통칭해 제시되는 비율이 더 높다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 다양하고 구체적인 식물 이름에 노출되는 것은 식물을 분류하고, 그 특성을 이해하는 데 도움이 되며, 이는 생물다양성 이해의 바탕이 되므로 중요하다. 따라서, 식물 인식 불균형 현상에 대응하기 위해 환경교육 교재에서는 식물 예시를 균형 있게 다루어야 한다. This paper focuses on emphasizing the necessity of identifying plant awareness disparity and responding to it. It is conducted by analyzing plant and animal examples described in environmental education textbooks. To address such issue, the examples of plants and animals described in eight environmental education textbooks are classified into five-level, and the number of species and occurrences are analyzed. Results indicate that the animals are presented about twice than the plants, and the animals are presented collectively by naming specific species. On the contrary, the plants are collectively referred by non-specific life-form or ‘plant’. Exposure to specific plant names aids to classify plants and understand their characteristics, which is important as they form the basis of understanding biodiversity. Therefore, in order to address the plant awareness disparity, environmental education textbooks should specify plants in a more balanced way.

방글라데시의 약용식물 연구동향 및 활용실태

이석영,Mondal Haque Mamtazul,조규택,조은기,김태산,김창영,조유현 한국국제농업개발학회 2007 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.19 No.3

Bangladesh is a country considered to be rich in medicinal plants genetic resources. Among the 5,700 species of higher plants, more than 600 wild medicinal plant species are potentially being used for human ailments and veterinary medicines, and more than 100 species of medicinal plants are grow in Bangladesh. Among the institute, Bangladesh Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) has conserved maximum number of medicinal plant genetic resources, and Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute(BARI) is trying to establish a medicinal plant genebank. Since the knowledge and information of the recipe have handed over verbally from generation to generation, up to now very few detailed systematic survey on the inventory as well as documentation of medicinal plants in the country existed. Also, very few knowledge about distribution, reproductive biology, cultivation practices, conservation and management were recorded. Bangladesh usually follows Ayurveda and Unani system in their traditional medical system. Among the family using as medicinal plants, Fabaceae includes the most abundant in species as 21 and Euphorbiaceae as 18 species, and Zingiberaceae as 14 is the order. In the targeted area for use of medicinal plants, dysentery, rheumatism, fever, diarrhea and diuretic is the most widely used in Bangladesh. The priority research areas are systematic survey and making inventory of medicinal plant species, proper identification of all available medicinal plant species and evaluation for their pharmaceutical activities. Finally, definite national policy and legislation should be framed for conservation, conducting research and utilization of medicinal plants.

Floristic characteristics of vascular plants and first distributional report of Pseudostellaria baekdusanensis M. Kim in Yongneup wetland protected area

Young-Chul Kim,Hyun-Hee Chae,Sang-Heock Oh,Seung-Ho Choi2,Moon-Pyo Hong3,Gi-Heum Nam,Jae-Yoon Choi,Hyun-Sook Choi,Kyu-Song Lee 한국환경생태학회 2015 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.29 No.2

Yongneup wetland protected area, the only high moor in Korea, is a core area to conserve biodiversity. Even though the Yongneup wetland protected area is relatively small, various plant species are distributed in the Yongneup wetland protected area because it includes various habitats showing different environmental gradients. Vascular plants distributed in the Yongneup wetland protected area were identified as a total of 376 taxa that is composed of 73 families, 217 genera, 322 species, 3 subspecies, 44 varieties and 7 forms. For endangered plants designated by the Ministry of Environment, 5 species including Trientalis europaea var. arctica, Lilium dauricum, Halenia corniculata, Lychnis wilfordii and Menyanthes trifoliata were found and 34 taxa were confirmed to be distributed only in the mountainous wetland habitats. Regarding naturalized plants, a total of 11 taxa were distributed, but most of them were distributed in the areas where artificial interference has occurred. And in areas inside the wetlands that are relatively well preserved, 2 species of Bidens frondosa and Erigeron annuus were observed. In this study, the occurrence and distribution of Pseudostellaria baekdusanensis M. Kim, which was recently found in Mt. Baekdu and reported as a new species, were identified in the Yongneup wetland protected area. A wetland is a very vulnerable area to drastic environmental changes and damages to its ecosystem could cause the extinction of rare plant species which are distributed only in the wetlands. Therefore, it is mandatory that current status of the Yongneup wetland protected area is evaluated and actions to prevent rapid environmental changes are taken. Fourteen separate investigations were conducted in 2013 and another four in 2014, to evaluate current status of the Yongneup wetland protected area. These investigations have provided us the basic information for future actions of conservation and restoration.

농업환경보전프로그램의 효과 검증을 위한 지표식물 선정: 논 생태계를 대상으로

김명현 ( Myung-hyun Kim ),김민경 ( Min-kyeong Kim ),최순군 ( Soon-kun Choi ),어진우 ( Jinu Eo ),엽소진 ( So-jin Yeob ),방정환 ( Jeong Hwan Bang ) 한국환경농학회 2021 한국환경농학회지 Vol.40 No.3

BACKGROUND: The Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs is promoting agri-environment conservation program to induce farmers to participate in agricultural environment improvement and conservation activities. However, assessment tools based on scientific evidence are needed to determine the effectiveness of the program objectively and quantitatively. Therefore, this study was performed to develop plant indicators in order to efficiently evaluate the effects of the agri-environment conservation program promoted by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. METHODS AND RESULTS: The survey was conducted in five regions (Hampyeong, Boryeong, Mungyeong, Hongseong, and Sangju) participating in the agri-eonvironment conservation program. In each region, twenty paddy fields were investigated (ten paddy fields included in the program and ten paddy fields not included in the program). A total of 231 taxa vascular plants were identified in the paddy fields that were included in the agri-environment conservation program, and a total of 177 taxa were identified in the paddy fields that were not included. The average species number occurred on each field was 55.8 taxa in the fields included in the program, and 35.0 taxa in the fields not included in the program. The difference in occurring plants between two groups was found to be more higher in perennial plants than in annual plants. We selected the six groups as indicator plants through five criteria such as perennial plants and broadly occurring species, etc. to verify the effectiveness of the agri-environment conservation program: Taraxacum spp., Ixeris spp., Viola spp., Platago spp., Calystegia spp., and rare and endagered species. There was a high positive correlation between the score calculated using these indicator plants and the total number of plants species. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that it is possible to evaluate the agro-ecological environment by using indicator plants. The selected indicator plants can be effectively used to verify the effectiveness of projects such as agri-environmental conservation programs in the future.