위천 상류에 건설 중인 화북댐 상,하류 어류군집에 관한 연구

서진원 ( Jin Won Seo ),김희성 ( Hee Sung Kim ) 한국하천호수학회(구 한국육수학회) 2009 생태와 환경 Vol.42 No.2

본 조사는 낙동강 유역의 홍수피해를 저감하고, 경북 중부지역의 안정적인 용수를 공급하기 위해 경북 군위군 고로면에 건설 중인 화북댐의 상?하류 어류조사를 통하여 댐 건설이 하천유역에 특히 수 생태계내의 어류군집에 미치는 영향유무를 파악하여 종 다양성을 보전하고 하천의 건강성을 유지하기 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 하였다. 화북댐 상?하류에서 사후환경영향조사 기간(2004~2008년) 중 측정된 수질항목 분석결과 현장에서 측정한 수온, 용존산소, 수소이온농도와 실내분석 항목인 부유물, 총대장균수의 경우 지점별로 다소 계절에 따른 변화를 나타냈지만 큰 차이를 보이지는 않았으나 유기물 및 영양염류 농도에 해당하는 생물학적?화학적 산소요구량, 엽록소, 질소, 인의 경우 지점별로 매우 큰 폭의 변화를 보였으며 상류에서 다소 높고 하류에서 낮은 경향을 보였다. 중금속 중 비소의 경우 2005년 6월 0.092 mg L-1를 제외하고는 0.05 mg L-1 이하를 나타내어 하천수 수질환경기준 상 사람의 건강 보호 측면에서 규정한 0.05 mg L-1 이하의 범위 내에서 나타나는 것으로 확인되었다. 화북댐 상?하류에서 어류조사를 실시한 결과 총 7과 19종 10,263개체가 확인되었다. 조사된 어류 중 우점종은 하천중?상류에 주로 서식하는 참갈겨니(62.5%)로 확인되었으며 아우점종은 버들치(10.6%)로 나타났다. 조사 구간인 위천 상류에서 확인된 19종 중 한국고유종은 긴몰개, 동사리, 쉬리 등 총 9종(47.4%)으로 나타났으며, 멸종위기야 생동?식물 I급으로 지정된 얼룩새코미꾸리(Koreocobitis naktongensis)가 소수의 개체이지만 포획되었고, 외래도 입종은 확인되지 않았다. 군집분석 결과 우점도 지수는 하류로 갈수록 감소한 반면에 다양도, 풍부도 지수는 하류로 갈수록 증가하였다. 우점종인 참갈겨니의 개체군 분석 결과, 길이-무게 상관관계식은 TW=0.000003 (TL)3.2603로서 매개변수 b값이 3.0보다 크게 나타나 개체군의 영양상태가 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 유사시기에 다른 하천에서의 개체군들과 비교분석 결과 size별 평균 비대지수 (CF)가 상대적으로 높은 값을 보여 화북댐 유역의 참갈 겨니가 다른 지역보다 성장률이 높았다. 화북댐 상?하류에서 어류 조사 자료를 활용하여 하천건강성평가(IBI)를 적용한 결과, 대부분의 지점에서 양호(26~35)에서 최적 (36~40)을 보였으며 지점 5에서 평균값이 가장 높게 나타냈다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 지속적인 모니터링을 실시하여 어류에 관한 환경영향평가와 하천건강성평가 등을 통한 화북댐 완공 후 상?하류 하천의 어류상 변화유무 및 환경영향을 파악하는데 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다. Hwabuk Dam has been under construction to reduce flood damage in Nakdong River watershed and to supply stable water for middle area of Gyeongbuk Province. Therefore, fish investigation in up and downstream of the dam was conducted from 2004 to 2008 in order to determine any negative effect on fish community due to dam construction and to use as fundamental data for conserving species diversity and maintaining stream health. According to data analysis on water quality, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, suspended solids, and total E-coli had seasonal variation, but they did not significantly differ in sites. However, biological and chemical oxygen demand, chlorophyll-a, nitrogen, and phosphorus representing organic matter and nutrient concentration were higher in upper site and decreased to lower site so that they differed by site. Concentration of arsenic among the heavy metals was less than 0.05mg L-1, which is regulated for protection of human health in water quality standard, except for 0.092 mg L-1 in June 2005. During the study period, the total number of fish caught from the 6 sites was 10,263 representing 7 families 19 species. Among them, dominant and subdominant species were Korean chub (Zacco koreanus, 62.5%) and Chinese minnow (Rhynchocypris oxycephalus, 10.6%) which inhabit mostly in mid and upper streams, Korea. Among the 19 species, Korean endemic species were 9 species (47.4%) including Korean slender gudgeon (Squalidus gracilis majimae), Korean dark sleeper (Odontobutis platycephala), and Korean shiner (Coreoleuciscus splendidus). There was several individuals of the 1st-class endangered species, Naktong nose loach (Koreocobitis naktongensis), caught in 2005~2007, and no introduced species of fish was found in entire sampling period. According to result of community analysis, dominance index decreased toward lower site, but diversity and richness indices increased toward lower site. The equation of length-weight relationship on the dominant species was TW=0.000003 (TL)3.2603. The parameter b in the equation was greater than 3.0 indicating good nutritional condition in the populations. Compared to populations of Korean chub in other streams, the population in Hwabuk Dam watershed had higher mean of condition factor by size indicating better growth rate. With fish fauna and multi-metric health assessment model in each sampling attempt, index of biotic integrity (IBI) was evaluated and it resulted mostly in good (26~35) and excellent (36~40) condition in all sites, and the mean of IBI was the highest in site 5. The results indicate that it is very important to study not only environmental impact assessment with fish composition but also stream health assessment in order to conserve healthy aquatic ecosystem.

보문 : 화진포호의 수환경변화에 관한 연구

허우명 ( Woo Myung Heo ),최상규 ( Sang Gyu Choi ),곽성진 ( Sung Jun Kwak ),발데브 ( Bal Dev Bhattral ),이은주 ( Eun Joo Lee ) 한국하천호수학회(구 한국육수학회) 2011 생태와 환경 Vol.44 No.1

This study is conducted to know the change in water environment of Lake Hwajinpo from 2000 to 2008 with physico-chemical parameters; salinity, dissolved oxygen, total phosphorus and total nitrogen and others. And zooplanktons and phytoplanktons were studied from 2007 to 2008. From the water quality data of Lake Hwajinpo from 2000 to 2008; water temperature, salinity, transparency, chemical oxygen demand and dissolved oxygen ranges are 2.8~29.4℃, 0.23~33.2‰, 0.2~1.8m, 0.2~20.2mg L-1 and 0.1~17.4mg L-1 and the average values are 18.0℃, 15.7‰, 0.7m, 5.7mg L-1 and 8.0mg L-1, respectively. Total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) ranges are 0.024~0.869mg L-1 (average 0.091) and 0.240~5.310mg L-1 (average 1.235). Average TN/TP ratio is 16.4. The annual variations in COD, TP, TN and Chl.a are compared. COD in 2000 is 4.83mg L-1 and 2008 is 1.80mg L-1 which is reduced by 0.34mg L-1 every year. TP in 2000 is 0.07mg L-1 and 2008 is 0.05mg L-1 reduced gradually. Yearly reduction in TN is 0.09mg L-1, in 2000 and 2008 the values are 1.54mg L-1 and 0.77mg L-1 respectivly. Chl.a in 2000 is 46.30μg L-1 and 5.78μg L-1 in 2008; yearly reduction is 4.50μg L-1. The tropic state index (TSI) in south and north parts of Lake Hwajinpo in 2000 are 67 and 63 which are reduced to 63 and 59 in 2008 respectivly. North and south part of Lake Hwajinpo have 67 species of phytoplankton under 47 families in 2007 and 2008. Dominant species in south part in 2007 are; terococcus superbus in May, Lyngbya sp. in Septmember and rachelomonas spp. in Novermber and in 2008 Anabaena spiroides in August are abundant and varies with time. Zooplankton species in Lake Hwajinpo are 25 of 25 families. Dominant species in south part in May and August 2007 and May and Novermber in 2008 Copepoda larvae and in september 2007 Protozoa spp. of Protozoan and Brachionus plicatilis and Brachionus urceolaris of ladocera in August 2008. Dominant species in north part Asplanchna sp. of Cladecera in August and November 2007 and rest of the time are larvae of Copepoda. In this way, the water quality of Lake Hwajinpo is changing with slow rate in the long period specially nutrients concentration (TP, TN etc) is decreasing.

Method for Simultaneous Determination of Anatoxin-a and Microcystins in Korean Water Systems by Using LC/MS/MS

( Jeong Suk Moon ),( Hwa Bin Kim ),( Hae Kyung Park ),( Jae Jung Lee ),( Jong Hwan Park ),( Hae Jin Lee ) 한국하천호수학회(구 한국육수학회) 2011 생태와 환경 Vol.44 No.1

This study was purposed to develop an effective LC/MS/MS method for simultaneously determining five pre-treated cyanotoxins (anatoxin-a, microcystins-RR, -YR, -LR and -LA) of cyanobacteria blooms. Cyanobacterial bloom samples were collected from 11 major lakes and three downstream areas of river around Korea during 2005~2009. Cyanotoxins were identified in 38 samples from the lakes. The validity of the method was evaluated and the recovery rates were found ranging from 83~87%. The MDL turned out to be 0.046μg L-1 for anatoxin-a and 0.066μg L-1 for microcystins (RR, YR, LR and LA), which indicates that the method has high sensitivity and accuracy. The most dominant genus of the cyanobacterial blooms was Microcystis, which accounted for 71% of the analysed samples. Microcystis also contained the largest amount of microcystins (398.5μg gDW-1) among the analyzed cyanobacteria. The analysis of the five cyanotoxins showed that anatoxin-a ranged between 0~41.833μg gDW-1 and microcystins ranged between 6.311~2,148.786μg gDW-1. Among the microcystins, micocystin- RR took up 58.3%, the largest portion. Anatoxin-a was found to account for 77.8% of the samples. This study has its significance in that it allowed the establishment of toxin criteria appropriate for the Korean water systems. Further studies may be necessary to conduct for improving water treatment methods.

보문 : 부영양 저수지의 조류제거를 위한 기능성 천연물질혼합제의 최적화 연구

이주환 ( Ju Hwan Lee ),김백호 ( Baik Ho Kim ),문병천 ( Byeong Cheon Moon ),황순진 ( Soon Jin Hwang ) 한국하천호수학회(구 한국육수학회) 2011 생태와 환경 Vol.44 No.1

To optimize the natural chemical agents against nuisance phytoplankton, we examined algal removal activity (ARA) of Plant-Mineral Composite (PMC), which already developed by our teams (Kim et al., 2010), on various conditions. The PMC are consisted of extracted-mixtures with indigenous plants (Camellia sinensis, Quercusacutissima and Castanea crenata) and minerals (Loess, Quartz porphyry, and natural zeolite), and characterized by coagulation and floating of low-density suspended solids. A simple extraction process was adopted, such as drying and grinding of raw material, water-extraction by high temperature-sonication and filtering. All tests were performed in 3 L plastic chambers varying conditions; six different oncentrations (0~1.0mL L-1), six light intensities (8~1,400μmol m-2 s-1), three temperatures (10~30℃), four pHs (7~10), five water depths (10~50cm), and three different waters dominated by cyanobacteria, diatom, and green algae, respectively. Results indicate that the highest ARA of PMC was seen at 0.05mL L-1 in treatment concentrations, where showed a reduction of more than 80% of control phytoplankton biomass, while 1,400μmol m-2 s-1 in light intensity (>90%), 20~30℃ temperature (>60%), 7~9 in pH (>90%), below 50 cm in water depth (>90%), and cyanobacterial dominating waters (>80%), respectively. Over the test, ARA of PMC were more obvious on the algal biomass (chlorophyll-a) than suspended solids, suggesting a selectivity of PMC to particle size or natures. These results suggest that PMC agents can play an important role as natural agents to remove the nuisant algal aggregates or seston of eutrophic lake, where occur cyanobacterial bloom in a shallow shore of lake during warm season.

The Variation in the Species Composition of the Soil Seed Bank in the Natural Flood Plain Vegetation along the Urban Reach of Han River, South Korea

( Hyo Hye Mi Lee ),( Rob H. Marrs ),( Eun Ju Lee ) 한국하천호수학회(구 한국육수학회) 2011 생태와 환경 Vol.44 No.1

We described the above-ground plant species composition and measured a range of soil physico-chemical properties and the composition and size of the soil seed bank in the remnant natural vegetations on the flood plains of the Han River within Seoul, South Korea. We used analysis of variance and multivariate analyses to analyse the data and Sorensen`s similarity index to compare the composition of the vegetation and seed banks. The soils were circum-neutral and composed of mainly sand and silt fractions with a very limited clay component; a gradient based on sand/clay proportions was identified. The soil seed banks varied markedly between- and within-sites and had much greater species diversity than the above-ground vegetation. Two of the major dominants in the vegetation (Miscanthus saccariflorus and Phragmites australis) were found at very low densities in the seed bank. The site differences appeared to be correlated with the sand-clay gradient, suggesting that the soil properties differentially affected seed inputs into the soil, or that the processes than controlled sediment deposition during floods was also important in differentially affecting seed deposition. Lastly, there was relatively little similarity between the vegetation, dominated mainly by perennials, and the seed bank which contained a relatively large proportion of annuals and biennials. This result suggests that after disturbance caused by flooding there is the potential for many other species to colonize. This may impinge on the regeneration potential of the sites and cause concern for the future conservation of these important remnants of natural vegetation.

보문 : 점착성 유사의 침강속도, 크기, 밀도 측정 프랙탈 차원 분석

손민우 ( Min Woo Son ) 한국하천호수학회(구 한국육수학회) 2011 생태와 환경 Vol.44 No.1

This study aims to investigate the settling velocity of aggregates of cohesive sediment (floc) and its relationship with sediment size, density and fractal dimension. A system of commercial camera and macro-lens is used for the experiment. Through the imageanalysis technique, the image taken by the camera system is analyzed. For the experiment, kaolinite and a natural sediment sampled at Lake Apopka in Florida have been tested. From this study, it is known that kaolinite and Lake Apopka sediments show different behaviors mainly depending on the organic matter content. Samples of kaolinite with less organic contents show a more definite trend to follow a fractal theory and relatively strong relationships between the settling velocity, density, fractal dimension and floc size compared to the Lake Apopka sediments rich in organics.

보문 : 인공수로에서 고농도 탁수가 수질 및 부착 규조류 군집에 미치는 영향

윤성애 ( Sung Ae Yoon ),유경아 ( Kyung A You ),박지형 ( Ji Hyoung Park ),김백호 ( Baik Ho Kim ),황순진 ( Soon Jin Hwang ) 한국하천호수학회(구 한국육수학회) 2011 생태와 환경 Vol.44 No.1

We examined the effect of the turbid water on the periphytic diatom community in an artificial stream system. The artificial stream was constructed with transparent acryl and composed of four channels. Each channel (20cm×200cm×40 cm) was supplied continuously with eutrophic lake water. In order to the freely colonize and grow diatoms, artificial substrate was installed with commercial slide glass soaked in 1% agar. Prior to introducing turbid water, the artificial stream was operated with lake water for 6 days to permit the propagation of diatom community on the substrates. The turbid water prepared with sediment sieved with Φ 64μm at 2g L-1 (final concentration, 300 NTU) was provided daily for 50 minute duration. The experiment was conducted for 7 days with manipulated experimental condition of light (50~80μmol m-2 s-1, light : dark=24: 0), temperature (10±1℃), and flow rate (0.31cm s-1). Sampling and analysis were conducted daily for water quality and diatom. Turbidity of the water varied 162.2~173.2 NTU during the experiment. After introduction of turbid water, DO, pH and TN were decreased, while SS and TP increased significantly. A total of 14 genera and 47 species of diatoms was observed on the artificial substrates during the experimental period. Of these, Navicula appeared to be a most dominant genus with 10 species, followed by Cymbella (6 species), Fragilaria (6 species) and Gomphonema (5 species). Achnanthes minutissima was the most dominant species (>70% of total frequency) in both control and treatment experiments. Increase in diatom abundance lasted for three days since turbid water introduction, after that they gradually decreased by the termination of the experiment. These results suggest that frequent supply of highly-concentrated turbid water significantly decreases the periphytic diatom community, and retard the recovery of the stable food-web within the stream.

Long-term Seasonal and Interannual Variability of Epilimnetic Nutrients (N, P), Chlorophyll-a, and Suspended Solids at the Dam Site of Yongdam Reservoir and Empirical Models

( Kwang Guk An ) 한국하천호수학회(구 한국육수학회) 2011 생태와 환경 Vol.44 No.2

The objectives of the study were to evaluate seasonal patterns of epilimnetic water quality, and determine interannual eutrophication patterns at the dam site of Yong-dam Reservoir using long-term data during 2002~2009. Ionic dilutions, based on specific conductivity, occurred in the summer period in response to the intense monsoon rain and inflow, and suspended solid analysis indicated that the reservoir was clear except for the monsoon. Seasonality of nitrogen contents varied depending on the types of nitrogen and responded to ionic dilution; Ammonia-nitrogen (NH4-N) peaked at dry season but nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) peaked in the monsoon when the ionic dilution occurred. The maxima of NO3-N seemed to be related with external summer N-loading from the watershed and active nitrogen fixation of bluregreens in the summer. NO3-N was major determinant (>50%) of the total nitrogen pool and relative proportion of NH4-N was minor. Long-term annual NO3-N and TDN showed continuous increasing trends from 2004 to 2009, whereas TP and TDP showed decreasing trends along with chlorophyll-α (CHL) values. Empirical model analysis of log-transformed nutrients and N:P ratios on the CHL showed that the reservoir CHL had a stronger linear function with TP (R2=0.89, p<0.001) than TN (R2=0.35, P=0.120). Overall results suggest that eutrophication progress, based on TP and CHL, is slow down over the study period and this was mainly due to reduced phosphorus, which is considered as primary nutrient by the empirical model.

보문 : 아연 축적으로 인한 붕어(Carassius auratus) 조직의 변화

신명자 ( Myung Ja Shin ),이종은 ( Jong Eun Lee ),서을원 ( Eul Won Seo ) 한국하천호수학회(구 한국육수학회) 2011 생태와 환경 Vol.44 No.1

Present study aimed to investigate the effect of zinc accumulation on the tissues of Carassius auratus with various rearing condition. Heavy metal, Zn, was accumulated in the gill, bone and muscle increased for exposure period of 40 days. Moreover, the accumulated concentration of Zn in the gill showed relatively higher than that in other tissues. Also, activities of antioxidant enzymes in the gill, kidney, liver and muscle tissues after exposure to Zn were increased in the manner of exposure period. Antioxidant enzyme activities were shown higher in the gill and muscle than those in the kidney and liver tissues. The gill of C. auratus showed abnormal shapes in its secondary lamellae by long time exposure condition and determined the increased numbers of mucous cells in gill exposed to Zn. In addition, the edema, the exfoliation of epithelial cell was shown in the gill and membrane damages were observed in mitochondria and nucleus. In the kidney, we observed not only the atrophied glomerulus, but the expansion of empty space in Bowman`s capsule. Based on the above results, it is considered that the exposure to the high level of Zn for long period possibly involves in the decrease of respiratory and excretory rates, giving rise to secondary lesion of tissues.

보문 : 충남 예당저수지를 포함한 10개 저수지의 영양단계 및 부착규조지수를 이용한 수질평가

송미애 ( Mi Ae Song ),김지원 ( Ji Won Kim ),김헌년 ( Hun Nyun Kim ),공동수 ( Dong Soo Kong ),이옥민 ( Ok Min Lee ) 한국하천호수학회(구 한국육수학회) 2011 생태와 환경 Vol.44 No.2

The research assessed water quality using physico-chemical factors, trophic status index and attached diatom index in 10 reservoirs located in Chungcheongnam-do from October 2007 to June 2008. The physico-chemical water quality assessments revealed that Dangjin-gun (St. 1~5), which displayed a high chemical oxygen demand (V and VI) and chlorophyll-α (Eutrophic-Hypereutrophic), was more polluted than Yesan and Cheongyang-gun. The sample were also hypereutrophic [trophic status index (TSI) 74.6] and β-mesosaprobic [diatom assemblage index to the organic water pollution (DAIpo) 44.47]. Yesan and Cheongyang-gun. Which were mid-level in their pollution status, were eutrophic (TSI 56.9) and α-oligosaprobic (DAIpo 60.11). TSI correlated strongly with the attached diatom index (of DAIpo 0.60-0.62, and trophic diatom index of 0.72~0.74). Hence, the attached diatom index can be used with the trophic status assessment of lakes using TSI, and lake trophic status index (LTSI).