The dynamic transcriptome of waxy maize (Zea mays L. sinensis Kulesh) during seed development

Wei Gu,Diansi Yu,Yuan Guan,Hui Wang,Tao Qin,Pingdong Sun,Yingxiong Hu,Jihui Wei,Hongjian Zheng 한국유전학회 2020 Genes & Genomics Vol.42 No.9

Background Waxy maize (Zea mays L. sinensis Kulesh) is a mutant of maize (Zea mays L.) with a mutation at Waxy1 (Wx1) gene locus. The seed of waxy maize has higher viscosity compared to regular maize. By now, we know little about the expression patterns of genes that involved in the seed development of waxy maize. Objective By analyzing the transcriptome data during waxy maize seed development, we attempt to dig out the genes that may infuence the seed development of waxy maize. Methods The seeds of waxy maize inbred line SWL01 from six phases after pollination were used to do RNA-seq. Bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the expression patterns of the expressed genes, to identify the genes involved in waxy maize seed development. Results A total of 24,546 genes including 1611 transcription factors (TFs) were detected during waxy maize seed development. Coexpression analysis of expressed genes revealed the dynamic processes of waxy maize seed development. Particularly, 2457 genes including 177 TFs were specially expressed in waxy maize seed, some of which mainly involved in the process of seed dormancy and maturation. In addition, 2681, 5686, 4491, 4386, 3669 and 4624 genes were identifed to be diferential expressed genes (DEGs) at six phases compared to regular maize B73, and 113 DEGs among them may be key genes that lead the diference of seed development between waxy and regular maizes in milk stage. Conclusion In summary, we elucidated the expression patterns of expressed genes during waxy maize seed development globally. A series of genes that associated with seed development were identifed in our research, which may provide an important resource for functional study of waxy maize seed development to help molecular assisted breeding.

Assessment of potential impacts due to unintentionally released Bt maize plants on non-target aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

김영호,Chae Eun Hwang,Tae-Sung Kim,이준호,이시혁 한국응용곤충학회 2012 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.15 No.3

Genetically modified maize crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins (Bt maize) are increasingly cultivated worldwide, and large amounts of Bt maize have been imported to Korea. Before evaluating the environmental impacts of Bt maize of unknown origin on non-target insects, crystal (Cry) protein types in the imported Bt maize plants were identified. Because Cry1F was found in the tested Bt maize plants,Rhopalosiphum padi, a non-lepidopteran species, was selected as the non-target insect species. Additionally,a widely cultivated domestic maize strain was selected as an alternative control. No difference in survival rate, alata vivipara production, or host preference was observed between R. padi fed on the Bt maize and the control non-Bt maize, indicating that Bt maize plants had no sub-chronic adverse effects on R. padi. The average number of nymphs from Bt maize-fed aphids was 1.73-fold higher than that of non-Bt maize-fed aphids, implying that R. padi population density can increase after several generations in Bt maize fields. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that Cry1F toxin concentrations increased gradually in the body of R. padi when they were fed Bt maize, but that all ingested Cry toxins were excreted within 10 days after Bt-fed aphids were transferred to non-Bt maize, suggesting little possibility of Cry toxin exposure via R. padi to the endoparasitoids. However, the possibility still remains that Cry toxins can be transferred to predatory insects in higher trophic levels if they consume Bt maize-fed aphids.

Effects of Ensiling Alfalfa with Whole-crop Maize on the Chemical Composition and Nutritive Value of Silage Mixtures

Ozturk, Durmus,Kizilsimsek, Mustafa,Kamalak, Adem,Canbolat, Onder,Ozkan, Cagri Ozgur Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2006 Animal Bioscience Vol.19 No.4

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, in vitro DM degradability, ME and OMD of alfalfa-maize silage mixtures in comparison to pure maize and alfalfa silages, and to test the existence of associative effects of ensiling alfalfa forage with whole-crop maize using the in vitro gas production technique. Ensiling alfalfa with whole-crop maize had a significant (p<0.001) effect on chemical composition, pH, in vitro DM degradability, OMD and estimated ME values of mixtures. DM content of the resultant silages significantly increased with increasing proportion of whole-crop maize in the mixtures, whereas the pH value, crude protein (CP), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and ash contents of mixtures decreased due to the dilution effect of whole-crop maize which was low in CP, ADF and ash. The pH values of all alfalfa-maize silage mixtures were at the desired level for quality silage. Gas production of alfalfa-maize silage mixtures at all incubation times except 12 h increased with increasing proportion of whole-crop maize. When alfalfa was mixed with whole-crop maize in the ratio 40:60, ME and OMD values were significantly (p<0.001) higher than other silages. Maximum gas production ($A_{gas}$) ranged from 65.7 to 78.1 with alfalfa silage showing the lowest maximum gas production. The results obtained in this study clearly showed that maximum gas production increased with increased percentage of whole-crop maize in the silage mixtures (r = 0.940, p<0.001). It was concluded that ensiling alfalfa with whole-crop maize improved the pH, OMD and ME values. However, trials with animals are required to see how these differences in silage mixtures affect animal performance.

The effects of phytase transgenic maize on the community components and diversity of arthropods

Wang Min,Guan Xiao 한국응용곤충학회 2020 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.23 No.4

It is important to understand the effect of phytase transgenic (PT) maize on arthropod communities in natural ecosystems. In this study, a 2-year survey of arthropod community biodiversity in fields of PT maize (0 7 8) and non-genetically modified (RA119, non-GM) maize was performed using sweep-net sampling on the stems and leaves of the maize plants. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the individual number of herbivorous, predatory, neutral and parasitic groups in PT maize and non-GM maize. The species number of herbivorous group in PT maize was significantly lower than that in non-GM maize in 2013 (p < 0.05). The proportions of different arthropod groups were almost identical in the PT maize and non-GM maize in terms of both species and individual number. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H'), evenness index (J), dominance index (D), richness (S), and species abundance (N) between the two types of maize. The similarity coefficient of the arthropod community suggested that the arthropod community composition of PT maize was similar to that of non-GM maize. Furthermore, PT maize had no significant effect on the relative stability of the arthropod community. These results indicated that despite the presence of a relatively minor difference in arthropod community between the PT maize and non-GM maize, the PT maize had little effect on arthropod community biodiversity.

멕시코와 강원도의 옥수수 생산문화 비교

김세건(Kim SeGun) 한국외국어대학교 중남미연구소 2021 중남미연구 Vol.40 No.4

본 논문은 멕시코와 강원도에서 옥수수의 생산과정과 주요 생산의례를 통해 옥수수가 지닌 사회문화적 위상과 그 특징을 살펴보는 데 있다. 멕시코가 원산지인 옥수수는 콜럼버스에 의해 유럽에 전해졌다가 중국을 통해 1700년대에 한국에 들어왔다. 척박한 환경에서 잘 자라고 단위면적당 생산량이 많은 옥수수는 강원도를 비롯한 한반도 중북부의 산간 지역을 중심으로 퍼져나가며 주 먹거리가 되었다. 두 지역의 옥수수 생산과정은 자연환경과 농법 등이 달랐음에도 큰 틀에서는 별다른 차이가 없었다. 이는 기본적으로 옥수수라는 작물의 특성에서 비롯되었다. 옥수수는 지력 보충 등을 위하여 멕시코의 삼색 농법이나 강원도의 부룩처럼 콩류 작물과 섞어짓기하는 것이 일반적이었다. 다만 멕시코와 달리 옥수수가 도입되기 전부터 보리․밀-조․콩․팥 등으로 연결되는 전통적인 작부체계가 형성되어 있었던 강원도에서는 훨씬 더 다양한 섞어짓기와 사이짓기가 이뤄졌다. 생육기간이 짧은 옥수수는 기존의 여러 작물과 결합하여 강원도 작부체계를 풍요롭게 하는 데 크게 이바지했다. 멕시코와 강원도에서 옥수수의 생산의례는 생산과정과 달리 매우 커다란 차이가 있었다. 멕시코에서는 옥수수 성장주기에 따라 각종 생산의례가 행해졌다. 나아가 멕시코의 신화, 담론, 상징, 의례, 종교, 세계관도 수천 년 동안 진화되어온 옥수수 경작과 밀접한 관계 속에서 형성되었다. 이런 관계는 ‘우리는 옥수수 사람들이다’라는 언설에 응축되어 있다. 하지만 강원도에서 행해졌던 생산의례에서는 멕시코와 같은 옥수수 농사력의 중심성을 전혀 찾아볼 수 없었다. 옥수수는 강원도를 대표하는 작물이자 주 먹거리가 되었지만, 멕시코에서처럼 사회문화의 요체로 자리를 잡을 수는 없었다. 오히려 강냉이밥과 감자밥을 먹고 살 수 밖에 없었던 강원도 사람들의 척박한 자연환경과 사회문화를 비하하는 상징으로 동원되기도 했다. This paper aims to examine the socio-cultural status and characteristics of maize through the production process and major rituals of maize in Mexico and Gangwon-do. Maize, native to Mexico, was brought to Europe by Columbus and then brought to Korea through China in the 1700s. Maize, which grows well in a barren environment and produces a lot of output per unit area, has gradually spread around the mountainous regions of the central northern part of the Korean Peninsula, including Gangwon-do, and has become the most important food. Although the production process of maize in the two regions differed in the natural environment and farming methods, there was no significant difference in the framework of the two regions. This is basically due to the characteristics of maize. It was common to mix maize with other crops like tricolor farming in Mexico or ‘Brook(부룩)’and ‘Gonemi(고네미)’ in Gangwon-do for replenishment of fertility of soil. However, unlike Mexico, in Gangwon-do, where a traditional cropping system connected with barley, wheat-wheat, beans, and red beans was established before maize was introduced, much more variety of intercropping and intercropping took place. Maize, which has a short growing period, has contributed greatly to enriching the cropping system of Gangwon-do by combining it with various existing crops. Maize production rites in Mexico and Gangwon Province were very different from each other. In Mexico, various production rites were performed according to the growing cycle of maize. Furthermore, Mexican myths, discourses, symbols, rituals, religions, and worldviews were formed in close relationship with maize cultivation, which has evolved over thousands of years. This relationship is condensed in the saying ‘We are maize people’. However, the centrality of maize farming power like Mexico cannot be found at all in the production rites performed in Gangwon-do. Maize has become the representative crop and main food of Gangwon-do along with its outstanding productivity, but it has not been able to establish itself as an important social and cultural element in Korea like that of Mexican maize. Rather, it was mobilized as a symbol of demeaning the barren natural environment and social culture of Gangwon-do people who had no choice but to live on maize and potato.

SSR 분자마커를 이용한 찰옥수수 및 종실용 옥수수 자식계통들의 핵심집단에 대한 유전적 다양성 및 집단구조 분석

사규진,김진아,박기진,박종열,고병대,이주경 한국육종학회 2011 한국육종학회지 Vol.43 No.5

본 연구는 총 50개의 SSR 마커를 이용하여, 찰옥수수 및 종실용 옥수수 핵심집단(찰옥수수 40계통, 종실용 옥수수 40계통)의 자식계통들의 유전적 다양성, 집단구조 및 계통유연관계를 분석하였다. 1. 그 결과 65bp에서 225bp 크기의 범위로 총 242개의 대립단편들을 증폭시켰다. SSR primer들에서 증폭된 대립단편의 수는 최소 2개에서부터 최대 9개까지의 범위로 나타났고, 평균 4.84개가 증폭되었다. 그리고 GD값은 0.420에서 0.8 Maize is divided into two types based on the starch composition of the endosperm in the seed, normal maize(or non-waxy maize) and waxy maize. In this study, genetic diversity and population structure were investigated among 80 waxy maize and normal inbred lines(40 waxy maize inbred lines and 40 normal maize inbred lines) using 50 SSR markers. A total of 242 alleles were identified at all the loci with an average of 4.84 and a range between 2 and 9 alleles per locus. The gene diversity values varied from 0.420 to 0.854 with an average of 0.654. The PIC values varied from 0.332 to 0.838 with an average of 0.602. To evaluate the population structure, STRUCTURE 2.2 program was employed to confirm genetic structure. The 80 waxy and normal maize inbred lines were separated with based on the membership probability threshold 0.8, and divided into groups I, II and admixed group. The 13 waxy maize inbred lines were assigned to group I. The 45 maize inbred lines including 7 waxy maize inbred lines and 38 normal maize inbred lines were assigned to group II. The 22 maize inbred lines with 20 waxy maize inbred lines and 2 normal maize inbred lines were contained in the admixed group. The cluster tree generated using the described SSR markers recognized three major groups at 31.7% genetic similarity. Group I included 40 waxy maize inbred lines and 11 normal maize inbred lines, and Group II included 27 normal maize inbred lines. Group III consist of only 2 normal maize inbred lines. The present study has demonstrated the utility of SSR analysis for the study of genetic diversity and the population structure among waxy and normal maize inbred lines. The information obtained from the present studies would be very useful for designing efficient maize breeding programs in Maize Experiment Station, Kangwon Agricultural Research and Extension Services.

Genome‑wide association analysis of salt tolerance QTLs with SNP markers in maize (Zea mays L.)

Yonghong Xie,Yan Feng,Qi Chen,Feike Zhao,Shuijuan Zhou,Ying Ding,Xianliang Song,Ping Li,Baohua Wang 한국유전학회 2019 Genes & Genomics Vol.41 No.10

Background Salt-tolerant breeding of maize has great significance to the development and utilization of saline–alkaline soil and the maintenance of grain security. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) has been widely used in maize genetics and breeding. Objective To discover new salt-tolerant genes in maize by association analysis, which can provide technical supports for the innovation and genetic improvement of salt-tolerant germplasm resources in maize. Methods Totally 150 maize inbred lines were genotyped with a high-density chip. GWAS was carried out to identify the significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) which were associated with maize salt tolerance. Totally 34,972 SNPs with high quality and diversity were selected from 56,110 SNP markers, which were distributed on 10 chromosomes of maize. The GLM algorithm in TASSEL5.2 was used to analyze the five traits related to salt tolerance. Results Using a strict LOD threshold of 4.5, totally 7 SNP loci were identified, which were significantly correlated with plant height change rate and fresh weight change rate. The high density fingerprints of 150 inbred lines were clustered by TASSEL5.2 software to construct genetic clustering map to estimate the genetic distance and the subgroups. The 150 maize inbred lines were divided into two groups: SS group and NSS group, and the SNP loci of the salt-tolerant index showed difference in chromosome distribution. Based on previous studies, we screened 8 candidate genes for salt tolerance in maize and four of them were further validated by real-time quantitative PCR. Conclusion Totally 7 SNP loci and 8 candidate genes related to salt tolerance in maize were identified, which will be of special value in molecular breeding of salt-tolerant maize.

종자친과 화분친을 달리한 옥수수의 품질 및 이화학 특성

우관식,배환희,정건호,손범영,김현주,Woo, Koan Sik,Bae, Hwan Hee,Jung, Gun Ho,Son, Beom-Young,Kim, Hyun-Joo 한국식품영양학회 2021 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.34 No.4

This study investigated on the chemical components, quality characteristics, antioxidant compounds, and activity of maize hybrids according to the cultivar, and breeding maize seeds crossed with seed and pollen parent. The moisture, crude fat, crude ash, crude protein, carbohydrate, and amylose contents of maize hybrids were significantly different among cultivars, and seeded and pollinated maize. The L-, a- and b-value of maize hybrids were 39.81~47.21, -0.01~0.55 and 5.85~18.47, respectively. Water binding capacity, water solubility index and swelling power were 123.29~153.32, 4.69~5.76 and 20.11~21.47%, respectively. The phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity of maize hybrids were significantly different among cultivars, and seeded and pollinated maize. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of maize hybrids were 1,335.41~1,876.29 ㎍/g and 184.24~453.95 ㎍ CE/g, respectively. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were 171.75~239.16 and 299.44~364.09 mg TE/100 g, respectively. As a result, it could be used as a basic data for cultivating phenol compounds and antioxidant activity in maize breeding.

고라이신(QPM) 주요 계통과 교잡계의 생육특성 및 아미노산 조성 변이

배환희,손범영,고영삼,박헤영,이기범,하준영,김미정,김선림,백성범 한국작물학회 2020 한국작물학회지 Vol.65 No.3

Maize grain quality can be improved by raising lysine content, which is an essential amino acid present in insufficient quantities in normal maize. Maize varieties with such modifications are known as quality protein maize (QPM). To date, no Korean maize cultivars contain high amounts of lysine. To introduce quality protein maize to Korean cultivars, we crossed QPM CIMMYT maize lines (CML) with KS140, an elite inbred line used as a parent of several cultivars such as ‘Gangdaok’ and ‘Pyeonganok’. We analyzed the phenotypic characteristics of F1 plants as well as the protein contents, amino acids, and fatty acids profiles of the self-pollinated seeds of the F1 hybrids, and evaluated the feasibility of CML as a source of QPM. Days to anthesis of the CML ranged from 78 to 90 days after planting (DAP), whereas a range of 81~87 was recorded for F1 hybrids. The average days to anthesis was 85 for KS140, CML, and the F1 hybrids. The protein content of the CML was measured to be between 9.1 and 12.1%, with the highest and lowest values being recorded in CML153 and 191, respectively. The F1 hybrids had protein contents of 9.1~11.1%, and the highest content was observed in KS141/CML188. The fatty acids profiles were very similar across all analyzed maize samples, and linoleic acid (C18:2) composed the greatest proportion. Glutamic acid made up the largest proportion of amino acids in all maize samples. Lysine composition was highest in CML155 (6.92% of all amino acids), with an average composition of 4.83% across the CML. In contrast, KS140 showed a lysine content of 2.51%. In F1 hybrids, the average lysine composition was 3.46%, and KS140/CML164 (4.18%) and KS140/CML163 (4.99%) contained more lysine than either parent. Taken together, these results indicate that CML could become promising QPM sources to improve grain quality in Korean maize cultivars. 본 연구는 non-QPM인 KS140, QPM인 CML 계통 및 교잡계의 생육 특성과 단백질, 지방산 등 일반성분, 아미노산조성을 분석하여 국내 적응 QPM 신품종 육성을 위한 기초연구 자료로 활용하고자 수행하였다. 1. 출사일수는 CML 계통이 78~90일, CML 교잡계가 81~87 일 이었고 평균 출사일 수는 KS140, CML 계통 및 교잡계 모두 85일 이었다. CML계통 중 CML191이 간장과착수고 모두 155 cm, 72 cm로 가장 낮았고, CML529의간장이 242 cm, CML164의 착수고가 139 cm로 가장높았다. 과피색은 KS140이 노란색, CML 계통은 흰색과 노란색이었고, 교잡계는 CML 계통이 흰색인 경우에는 노란과 흰색의 중간색을 나타내었다. 2. CML 계통의 단백질 함량은 9.1~12.1% 범위로 CML153 이 가장 적었고 CML191이 가장 많았다. CML 교잡계의 단백질 함량은 9.1~11.1% 범위로 KS140/CML170이가장 적었고, KS140/CML188이 가장 많았다. 3. 지방산의 조성비는 KS140, CML 계통과 교잡계 모두C18:2 (linoleic acid)가 가장 높았고 C18:1 (oleic acid), C16:0 (palmitic acid), C18:0 (stearic acid), C18:3 (linolenic acid) 순이었다. CML 계통의 평균 포화지방산 비율은21.4%였으며 불포화지방산 조성비는 78.6%로 KS140 보다 포화지방산 조성비가 다소 높았다. 4. 아미노산 조성비 중 KS140, CML 계통 및 교잡계에서Glutamic acid 함량이 가장 높았으며 lysine의 조성비는non-QPM인 KS140이 2.51%, QPM인 CML 계통 평균이 4.83%였으며 CML155가 6.92%로 가장 높았다. CML 교잡계 평균은 3.46%였고 KS140/CML164와 KS140/ CML170의 lysine 조성비는 각각 4.18%과 4.99%로 교배하기 전의 QPM계통인 CML164, CML170보다 높았다. 5. 아미노산 조성에 따라 시험 계통들은 크게 두 개 그룹으로 나눌 수 있었으며 CML 계통도 두 개의 그룹으로 나누어졌다. CML155, 180, 181, 191을 포함하는 Group은lysine을 비롯하여 histidine, glycine, threonine, serine의조성비가 높았고, CML153, 157, 164, 170, 177을 포함하는 Group은 아미노산 조성비는 상대적으로 낮았다.

Characteristics of Maize Roots under Subsurface Drip Irrigation through Various Oxygen Treatment

공동혁,이상훈,정기열,전현정 한국토양비료학회 2023 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.56 No.1

In Korea, irrigation technology using subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is new in agriculture system. Many limitationsof SDI are not well known. SDI can damage crops from overwatering. To address this weakness, it isimportant to improve and test the applicability of the SDI with air injection (oxygation). Therefore we investigatedsoil oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), root characteristics and yield of maize using two conditionsof soil moisture regime: field capacity (FC) × 100% and 120%. Maize was planted, and then air was injectedby compressor and venturi. In the field, irrigation was controlled by a controller connected to soil moisturesensors. Soil moisture sensors were measured at 20 cm below soil surface. Soil O2 and CO2 were measured at10 and 30 cm below soil surface before and after oxygation. Root activity was measured from tip of roots. Root volume and dry weight were measured. Post-harvest, number and weight of maize ears were surveyed aswell. As a result, soil oxygen values increased by 59% in the compressor treatment and by 34% in the venturetreatment. However, soil CO2 values did not depend on the oxygation. In all soil moisture treatments, theactivity of oxygated roots was greater than that of the control, and root activity was increased by 152%. Rootvolume and dry weight were also greater than those in the control. No significant effect of soil moisture wasfound on the number and weight of ears of maize. The average ear weight of maize in the FC 100% soilmoisture treatment was 1,292 kg 10a-1 in the oxygation and 1,278 kg 10a-1 in the control. In addition, no effectof oxygation was observed on number and weight of ears. The average ear weight of maize in the FC 120%soil moisture treatment was 1,229 kg 10a-1 in the oxygation and 960 kg 10a-1 in the control. Maize yield was28% greater in the oxygation treatment than that in the control. The yield of maize grown in the control fieldshowed a tendency to decrease as the soil moisture content increased. At FC 120% soil moisture, the earweight of control maize was reduced by 25% compared to FC 100% soil moisture. These results reflected thatthe oxygation process had a great effect on the root growth even in humid conditions, which was expected tohave a positive effect on the maize plants planted above-ground.