20개 향료 항원의 첩포 검사 결과에 대한 연구

권은선 ( Eun Sun Kwon ),김명화 ( Myung Hwa Kim ),최혜영 ( Hae Young Choi ),명기범 ( Ki Bum Myung ),정승현 ( Seung Hyun Cheong ) 대한피부과학회 2016 대한피부과학회지 Vol.54 No.8

Background: The TRUE test and Korean standard series are frequently used to determine the cause of allergic contact dermatitis. Although the TRUE test and Korean standard series have some fragrance antigens, they do not include all Korean Food & Drug Administration (KFDA) labeled fragrances. Moreover, there is no report regarding the patch test result of the KFDA-labeled fragrances in Korea. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of positive patch test reactions to the KFDA-labeled fragrances and compare the results of the TRUE test or Korean standard series. Methods: The patch test was conducted on patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis due to fragrances or cosmetics. The fragrance ingredients patch test comprised 20 KFDA-labeled fragrance antigens including fragrance mix (FM)1, FM2, etc. We reviewed the clinical information of patients using the MOAHLFA index. Results: Of 237 patch-tested patients, 21 (8.9%) showed at least 1 positive reaction and 13 (5.5%) showed 2 or more positive reactions. The characteristics of the MOAHLFA index were not related to fragrance allergy. Eleven (4.5%) revealed a disagreement in the patch tests of FM and FM1 ingredients. Of 21 patients with fragrance allergy, 3 (14.3%) reacted solely to FM2. Cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamyl were the most common fragrance allergens. Conclusion: If the TRUE test or Korean standard series is solely employed to determine fragrance allergy, false negative cases and patients with contact allergy to fragrance ingredients not included in the FM1 fragrance can be missed. Therefore, it would be desirable to test the FM and fragrance ingredient antigens simultaneously. (Korean J Dermatol 2016;54(8):622∼627)

GC/MS와 전자코를 이용한 나도풍란 꽃 향기발현패턴 분석

김동규,김강권,빈철구 한국화훼학회 2015 화훼연구 Vol.23 No.3

Major components of floral fragrance and fragrance production pattern in Wind orchids (Sedirea japonica) were investigated using both GC/MS and electronic nose. Analysis using electronic nose and GC/MS showed 9 chromatogram peaks in electronic nose while GC/MS analysis delivered 13 chromatogram peaks. Six peaks, each with retention time of 3.2, 4.2, 5.4, 5.8, 6.3 and 6.9 seconds, were detected similarly in both electronic nose and GC/MS chromatogram peak analysis. The peaks were thought to be corresponding to compounds 2-furanmethanol, linalool, citronellol, neral, nerolidol, benzoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid. Comparative analysis of individual plants for the 6 components which were considered to be major constituents of wind orchid fragrance showed that all individual plants contained them but amount of fragrance was different depending on individual plants. Amount of fragrance was low when the flowers were old or at bud stage, while the amount peaked at fully opened stage. The flowers at the center of inflorescence had the highest amount of fragrance. When each floral organ within flower was compared, it was found that sepal and petal produced most of the major fragrance components while the production amount was negligible at column and spur. Analysis of amount and pattern of fragrance production showed that the highest production was at 11 o’clock in the morning, decreasing after 5 o’clock in the afternoon. No fragrance was produced after 8 o’clock in the evening. Darkness treatment of 40 hours reduced the fragrance production, while measurement by electronic nose at 10:00 PM after 40 hours of light treatment showed that treated plants produced same amount of fragrance as amount produced by control plants in 10:00 AM. This experiment indicates that light and biological rhythm is important factors for the production of fragrance in wind orchids. 전자코와 GC/MS 기기를 이용하여 나도풍란의 꽃에서발현되는 주요 향기성분 및 향기발현패턴을 분석하였다.전자코와 GC/MS 의 분석을 통해 전자코에서는 약 9개의 chromatogram peak 를 얻어냈고, GC/MS 기기분석에서는 약 13개 정도의 chromatogram peak를 얻어냈다. 전자코 peak 중에서 6가지 종류가 GC/MS chromatogram peak와 공통적으로 나타났으며 즉 retention time 3.2초, 4.2초, 5.4초, 5.8초, 6.3초, 6.9초의 peak였으며 그 peak 에 해당되는 향기성분들은 각각 2-furanmethanol, linalool, citronellol, neral, nerodidol, benzoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid로 추정되었다. 나도풍란군집에서 개체별로 향기발현량과 향기패턴을 비교분석한결과 주요성분으로 예측되는 6개 peak는 모든 개체에서발현되는 것으로 나타났지만 개체간 발현량에 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 꽃의 발달단계별 향기발현정도를 분석하기 위한 실험에서 꽃의 발달 단계중 꽃봉오리 상태와 노화된 꽃에서는 향기발현량이 적었으며 꽃이 완전개화한 화서 중앙부위에 있는 꽃들에서 가장 많은 양의 향기가 발생되는 것으로 나타났다. 꽃의 기관별 향기분석에서는 나도풍란 꽃의 주요향기성분이 주로 sepal과 petal조직에서 가장 많이 발현되는 것으로 확인되었으며 column 과 spur에서는 발생량이 매우 적은 것으로 나타났다. 일중 시간대별 주요향기성분의 발현량과 패턴을 분석한 결과 오전11시에 가장 높은 향기발현량을 보였으며 오후 5 시 이후부터 향기발현량이 현저히 줄기 시작하여 저녁 8 시 이후에는 향기성분이 발생되지 않았다. 빛 조사가 향기발현에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 암처리와 광처리후 향기양과 패턴을 분석한 결과 암처리에서는 40시간 이후부터는 대체로 향기성분이 계속 줄어들었으며, 40시간연속적으로 빛을 조사한 후 20시에 전자코 분석을 한 결과 오전 시간대와 동일한 향기발현량과 발현패턴을 보여주었다. 이 결과를 통해 빛의 조사시간 및 생체리듬주기가 향기발현에 큰 영향을 줄 수 있는 요인임을 확인할수 있었다.

유통점의 샘플링에 관한 연구 : 후각적 자극과 매장 밀집도를 중심으로

Hee-Joong Hwang,윤명길 한국유통과학회 2018 유통과학연구 Vol.16 No.9

Purpose – It has already been proved that 'mood' as the physical environment of shopping affects consumers' main sensory channels such as sight, hearing, smell, touch. However, there is no consensus on how the olfactory cue influences the customers in the shopping environment. In this study, we examine the previous studies on how the olfactory cue affects the customers in the shopping environment and present a clear direction as a suggestion for progressive research. Research design, data, and methodology – It is not important to use a lot of unconditional fragrance, but it should be exposed to the environment that suits the proper fragrance. In recent years, meaningful research on store fragrance has been slowly increasing. As a result, studies on the fragrance effects of retail stores have been conducted to verify the relevance of fragrance suitability in stores and consumer spending scale. Results – The fragrance appropriate for each store can not be uniformly specified as any fragrance. This is because external variables such as time, season, temperature, lighting, density of shoppers, and music in the store also affect customer evaluation. For example, using an unsuitable fragrance may encourage customers to leave the store quickly by restraining impulsive purchases or by disturbing concentration. The store manager should also be interested in using fragrances that are proven and effective in the store environment, but they should also have the ability to easily manipulate and manage the fragrances very appropriately according to changes in the store environment. Store managers should observe consumer preferences and responses according to their goals and strategies, and then systematically manage and store information about the fragrance appropriate to the store. Conclusions – In the future, the fragrance marketing researcher needs to consider the spatial form and density of the customer. In practice, managers operating a retail store should check the most appropriate store density(congestion) according to the size and spatial characteristics of the store and maintain the ideal conditions. To do this, it is necessary to pay attention to how to select and control sensory elements such as fragrance(olfactory), music(auditory), and lighting(visual).

소비자의 향기 선호와 향기에 의한 이미지, 색채 및 TPO 연상

김다혜 ( Da Hye Kim ),김태연 ( Tae Yeon Kim ),서기용 ( Giyong Seo ),이승현 ( Seung Hyun Lee ),정인희 ( Ihn Hee Chung ) 한국의류학회 2015 한국의류학회지 Vol.39 No.4

This study investigated consumer`s fragrance preferences as well as image, color, and TPO associations with fragrance. Eight branded perfumes of four fragrance families were selected according to the top note (floral, fruity, green, and citrus) as stimuli; consequently, fragrance preferences and associations were measured. A survey that included a scent test was conducted; subsequently, 186 responses from male and female consumers in their twenties were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, paired t-test, and chi-square analysis. The fruity fragrance was shown to be preferred the most. The perfume itself was associated with cool image, blue or pale tone colors, summer, and casual occasions in general, while a citrus fragrance was related to warm, winter, and deep tone colors in specific. Fragrance associations could be utilized in perfume marketing plans and activities such as advertising and packaging development.

소비자들이 인식하는 화장품 브랜드 이미지와 향과의 상관성 연구 : 20대 소비자 중심으로

이서진,이나현,양연정,정연자 한국네일미용학회 2017 한국네일미용학회지 Vol.5 No.2

This study is to characterize cosmetic brand image through fragrance using the sense of smell connected with the brain and to show how the fragrance is related to the image perceived by the consumer and the degree of matching between the fragrance and cosmetic brand image, I would like to study how this changes. The purpose of this study is to make consumers feel emotions by using other senses such as olfactory, rather than staying in a single sense of sight, and to make brand image and to have expectation and trust of the brand. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, the theoretical background of the brand image through the literature study and the theoretical background of the process of recognizing the image will be investigated. The purpose of this study is to investigate the unique characteristics of each brand and then we will conduct surveys to investigate how consumers' ultimate consumer preferences and preferences affect consumers' perceptions of flavors, along with the brand image they perceive. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of fragrance on purchasing basic cosmetics. We also investigated the relationship between the image price and the image that the real brand pursued. Participants in the study were female and male in their twenties in university students and 100 students in total. The main survey also included 30 female university students and 10 male university students, for a total of 40 students. Consumers were paying attention to the fragrance when purchasing the basic product, and it was found that the product had a big influence on the product re-purchase. In addition, it was possible to express the brand image with fragrance only, and to judge to price range, the fragrance showed a strong presence. It was able to know how closely to influence the impression given to consumers. Proper use of a unique fragrance that fits the brand image or an incentive to stimulate the consumer's desire will not only increase brand awareness, but will also be effective in turing the image of the company into positive and further induce consumption. Many brands are boldly investing in developing their own signature fragrances. We expect that communication with consumers through fragrance will be important part in the future. method and creation subject have changed significantly these days by combining with digital media. Especially, trans-genre of art and change of receiver's paradigm are outstanding. Art escapes from the frame of traditional art and time and space are expanded so art shows opening type that is completed with audience's participation. The purpose of this study is to propose the direction of art and design by selecting 'expandibility' as a key word to represent the change of art and grasping the flows of various changes in entire art field, which are caused by introduction of digital media. The study suggested 4 factors such as perception expandibility, time expandibility, space expandibility and communication expandibility for representative expandibility shown in digital art and verified its validity through case study. Today, digital art should escape from the concept that audience 'appreciates' the work completed by artist. It should have an open structure where uncompleted work is completed through audience's experience.

Electroencephalogram and Psychological Response to Fragrance and Color of Citrus unshiu Scent-Infused Fabrics

이명은,김춘정,바드마얌 보사르 사르만다희,조길수,이은주 한국섬유공학회 2018 Fibers and polymers Vol.19 No.7

This study examined compound sensibilities of fragrance and colors of the fabrics treated with microcapsules containing Citrus unshiu essential oil by electroencephalogram (EEG) responses and psychological evaluation. Cotton woven treated with 7 % (o.w.f.) of the microcapsules and 5 % (o.w.f.) of acrylic binder were used as specimens consisting of the combination of two fragrance intensities (low and high) and three color hues (white, greenish yellow, reddish purple). For EEG experimental, fourteen females participated in the measurement and their EEG responses were recorded before and during the exposure of stimulus. The findings showed that the beta wave was activated by Citrus unshiu-scented fabrics, and both of Citrus unshiu fragrance and color had significant effects of awakening the brain. Precisely, the beta wave was significantly reduced in the strong fragrance fabric with greenish yellow. For the psychological evaluation, thirty-five females including the panels for EEG evaluated with sensibility adjectives using labeled magnitude scale. The Citrus unshiu-scented fabrics were evaluated as natural and comfortable for their fragrance, but the fabric with greenish-yellow was evaluated as providing stronger and fresher fragrance and its beta wave was decreased remarkably. Therefore, Citurs unshiu scent-infused fabrics were felt more refreshing and reduced human’s stress when the fragrance was provided with a color that is reminiscent of the fragrance.

Assessment of the patch test results with fragrance series in patients with allergic contact dermatitis

( Eun Sun Kwon ),( Kyoung Geun Lee ),( Byoung Yong Koh ),( Ki Bum Myung ),( Seung Hyun Cheong ) 대한피부과학회 2015 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.67 No.2

Background: The TRUE test and Korean standard series are frequently used to determine the cause of allergic contact dermatitis. Although the TRUE test and Korean standard series have some fragrance antigens, they don’t include all Korean Food & Drug Administration (KFDA) labeled fragrances. And there is no report regarding the patch test result of the KFDA-labelled fragrances in Korea. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the prevalances of positive patch test reactions to the KFDA-labelled fragrances and compare the results of the TRUE test or Korean standard series. Methods: The patch test was conducted on the patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis to fragrances or cosmetics. The fragrance ingredients patch test was consisted of 20 KFDA-labelled fragrance antigens including FM1, FM2 and others. And we reviewed the clinical informations of all patients by MOAHLFA index. Results: Of total 228 patch tested patients, 21(9.2%) showed at least 1 postive reaction and 13 (5.7%) showed2 or more positive reactions. The TURE test and Korean standard series detected only 52.4% of patients who had positive reactions to individual FMI ingredient. 3 (14.3%) patients reacted soley on FMII. Conclusion: Our study showed that cinnamaldehyde and cinnamyl alcohol were the most common frangrance allergens. And if the TRUE test or Korean standard series is exclusively tested in fragrance allergy, patients with FMII or other fragrance antigens allergy can be missed.

클레르보의 베르나르두스의 경건의 향기86 아가서 설교, 10; 12

정원래 한국복음주의신학회 2020 성경과신학 Vol.96 No.-

Bernardus of Clairvaux was one of the outstanding religious figures in the 12th century. He has been understood as a monk and mystic. In particular, the mysticism he described the relationship between God and the soul in a metaphor, also called “marriage mysticism,” The decisive factor in that relationship is God’s love. Bernardus understood and explained God’s love as stages of development and progress. For Bernardus, the spiritual and inner understanding of the soul’s relationship with God is closely related to his religious reality and experience. Especially in a love relationship with God, Christians are represented as the bride of Christ, and in response to Christ’s love, the Christians who are brides give off a three-scent fragrance. The fragrance of repentance, the fragrance of devotion, and the fragrance of piety. The fragrance of re- pentance is the soul’s first and personal response to God’s love; the fra- grance of devotion is the soul’s response to gratitude for the grace of God’s love. The last fragrance of piety is shown to practice love all over the world and to fulfill the will of the Bridegroom. This understanding of the fragrance of Christians is also beneficial to understanding of piety today. 클레르보의 베르나르두스는 12세기에 살았던 탁월한 신앙적 인물 중 한 사 람이다. 그는 수도사이자 신비주의자로 이해되어 왔다. 특히 그가 제시하는 신비주의는 일명 ‘결혼 신비주의’라고도 불리며, 하나님과 영혼과의 관계를 결혼 관계에 비유해서 설명했다. 그 관계에서 결정적인 요소는 하나님의 사 랑이다. 그러나 베르나르두스는 하나님의 사랑을 발전과 진보의 단계들로서 표현하고 있다. 베르나르두스에게 하나님과의 영혼의 관계에 대한 영적이고 내적인 이해는 그의 신앙적 실재와 경험과 밀접하게 연관되어 나타난다. 특히 하나님과의 사랑의 관계에서 신자들은 그리스도의 신부로 표현되고, 그리스도의 사랑에 반응하여 신부인 그리스도인들은 세 단계의 향기를 발한 다. 회개의 향기, 헌신의 향기 그리고 경건의 향기가 그것이다. 회개의 향기 는 하나님의 사랑에 대한 영혼의 첫 번째 반응이자 개인적인 측면에서, 헌신 의 향기는 하나님의 사랑의 은혜에 감사하는 영혼의 반응으로서 찬양과 감사와 영광 돌리는 교회적 측면에서, 마지막 경건의 향기는 온 세상에서 사랑 을 실천하며 신랑 되신 분의 뜻을 실천하는 것으로 나타난다. 이러한 그리스 도인의 향기에 대한 이해는 오늘날의 경건에 대한 이해에도 유익하다.

Effect of one time coffee fragrance inhalation on working memory, mood, and salivary cortisol level in healthy young volunteers: a randomized placebo controlled trial

Thaneeya Hawiset 한국한의학연구원 2019 Integrative Medicine Research Vol.8 No.4

Background: Olfactory system regulates the brain which controls emotional memory. Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages in the world. Drinking coffee shows beneficial effects for mood, memory, and psychomotor performance. This work aimed to determine the effects of inhaling coffee fragrance on memory, mood, and salivary cortisol level in healthy young volunteers. Methods: Eighty young males and females, aged between 18–22 years old, were randomly assigned into two groups: a placebo group inhaling scent from carbon powder and a coffee fragrance group inhaling coffee fragrance. Subjects were assigned to inhale either placebo or coffee fragrance for five minutes. Before and after inhalation period, the clinical assessments were assigned to each subject including computerized assessment battery test for cognitive performance, and self-related visual analogue mood scales for evaluation of mood score. The salivary cortisol level was assessed with cortisol ELISA kit. In addition, the blood pressure and heart rate were also evaluated. Results: Inhalation of coffee fragrance enhanced cognitive parameters, including continuity of attention, quality of memory, and speed of memory, and also increased the mood score of alertness. However, there were no significant changes in salivary cortisol level, blood pressure, and heart rate between pre-and post-inhalation. Conclusion: One time of coffee fragrance inhalation may enhance working memory and stimulates alertness. However, inhaling coffee fragrance does not reduce stress or modulate autonomic response to stress.

친환경 향료의 개발 및 인체 유해성분 분석

김다은,김아령,김운중 한국인그리에학회 2019 한국인그리에학회지 Vol.1 No.2

The fragrance is volatile and is prone to radical reactions by light or heat. In particular, theby-products generated by radical reactions are likely to be harmful to the human body. In addition, overexpression of free radicals is known to cause various pathophysiological disorders such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, ischemia, anemia reperfusion injury, coronary atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's, cancer, as well as aging. Therefore, accurate harmful component quantitative analysis is necessary for the fragrance.In this study, the results of gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and gas chromatographic-vacuum ultraviolet (GC-VUV) analysis were compared. In addition, to reduce the generation of harmful substances in natural and synthetic fragrances, the experiment was conducted to prepare and analyze synthetic fragrances. We synthesized fragrances and developed eco-friendly fragrances through quantitative analysis of harmful ingredients by GC-VUV.As a result of this study, it was confirmed that harmful substances of benzene are detected through GC-MS and GC-VUV in natural fragrance analysis. As a result of the synthetic fragrance analysis, unlike the natural fragrance, no harmful substances of benzenes were detected, but it was confirmed that butyric acid methyl ester, which was not detected by GC-MS, was detected as a by-product in GC-VUV analysis. As a result of controlling the content of ethyl butyrate, the concentration of butyric acid methyl ester decreased as the ratio of ethyl butyrate decreased.In this study, we were able to synthesize natural fragrances with low content of harmful substances. GC-VUV is expected to be useful for analysis of harmful substances in perfumery and cosmetic fields along with GC-MS.