Current situation and future prospects for beef production in Thailand - A review

Bunmee, Thanaporn,Chaiwang, Niraporn,Kaewkot, Chonlathee,Jaturasitha, Sanchai Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2018 Animal Bioscience Vol.31 No.7

Thailand is a country of native beef cattle resource farming. It has undergone rapid social and economic change in the past decade. Agricultural growth has been maintained by increasing the production of rice and cassava. Changing economic status also provides opportunities for beef cattle producers to meet increasing consumer demand for beef. Finishing beef cattle numbers in Thailand were about 1.0 M head in 2015. Beef produced in Thailand has exclusively been for domestic consumption. Only 1% of Thailand's beef cattle are for the premium market which is based on marbling score, 40% are sold into modern markets that consider muscling of cattle, and the remainder enter traditional markets. Cross-bred cattle for the premium market are raised within intensive systems. Most producers of premium beef are members of beef cooperatives, or have invested in their enterprises at high levels. Culled cow (native or cross-bred cattle) are mainly for small holder farm production. Malaysia, Indonesia, and other members of the Asian Economic Community (AEC) are set to become the largest beef market, which has been confirmed by 2015 through 2020 forecasts for consumption of beef that must increasingly be halal. These circumstances are likely to be challenging for beef producers in Thailand to gain a share of this market. Integration across all sectors involved in beef production in Thailand will be required.

비선호 부위 소고기의 저온처리에 의한 품질향상 및 소고기의 숙성효과

김현경,김순철,김현진,김영미 국제문화기술진흥원 2023 The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technolo Vol.9 No.5

In this study, quality improvement of beef was attempted according to the low temperature treatment and aging period of grade 1 compared to grade 1++ beef. The fat content and shear force of beef grade 1++ were 13.03% and 114.26N, but beef grade 1 was 3.21% and 149.67N. Meanwhile, after low-temperature treatment of grade 1 beef at -26° C for 12 hours and low-temperature aging at 0 ° C for 14 days, the shear force was greatly reduced to 87.85N, improving overall preference, softness, dripping gravy, flavor, and chewing texture. The essential free amino acid content was as low as 22.17mg/100g in grade 1++ beef, but the contents were high at 41.31~45.11mg/100g in three samples of grade 1, and there was no change in content according to cold treatment conditions. As a specific component of beef, Taurine was 30.94~34.41mg/100g, and the difference in content was small according to beef grade, but Anserine and Creatine were low at 19.68mg/100g and 70.01mg/100g in beef grade 1++ and high at 26.38~31.23mg/100g and 154.09~167.26mg/10g in beef grade 1. The content ratio of oleic acid (c18:1)/stearic acid (c18:0) as an monounsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratio was low at 5.29 for grade 1++ beef, but high at 6.13~6.78 for grade 1 beef. In addition, there was no trend in the content ratio of these fatty acids according to the low-temperature treatment conditions and aging period in beef grade 1. As a result of this study, it was possible to improve the quality of beef grade 1 by low-temperature treatment at -26 ° C for 12 hours and then aging at 0 ° C for 14 days.

이중차분법을 활용한 쇠고기 등급 기준 개편에 따른 한우 고급육 가격 변화 분석

조재성(Jaesung Cho),김현중(Hyunjoong Kim),정민국(Minkook Jeong) 한국농식품정책학회 2021 농업경영정책연구 Vol.48 No.2

Korea has been implementing a beef grading system consisting of quality and quantity grades since 1992. The quality grade consists of 1++ (highest), 1+, 1, 2, 3 (lowest) grades and is determined by marbling score (% fat content), meat color, fat color, texture, and maturity. The quantity grade consists of A, B, and C grades and is determined by back-fat thickness, eye muscle area, and carcass weight. The quality grade, mostly determined by the marbling score, is the key factor in determining the price of beef. This pricing mechanism has increased the production costs by breeding beef cattle for a long time to receive a quality grade 1 or higher. In addition, the recent trend of meat consumption in Korea is moving toward avoiding fat in the diet. Accordingly, the Korean government changed the beef grading system from December 1, 2019. In the new grading system, beef with a lower marbling score receives a higher quality grade than before. Therefore, the new system is expected to affect the price of beef, especially premium beef (a quality grade 1 or higher). This study analyzed the effect of changing the beef grading system on premium beef price. To do this, we applied DID (Differences in Differences) model to the wholesale price of beef. As a result, it was found that the real price of premium beef increased by 709~779 won per kg due to the change in the beef grading system.

연구논문: 쇠고기에 대한 소비자의 위험지각과 품질평가에 관한 연구 -국내산과 수입산 쇠고기에 대한 기혼여성의 비교평가를 중심으로-

윤여임 ( Yeo Ym Yoon ),김경자 ( Kyung Ja Kim ) 한국축산경영학회,농업정책학회(구 한국축산경영학회) 2011 농업경영정책연구 Vol.38 No.2

The purpose of this study was to compare how the country of origin(COO) of beef made differences the level of risk perception and the quality evaluation of beef. Consumers` risk perception on beef was measured by the physical risk, trading risk, functional risk and consumers` quality evaluation of beef was measured by absolute quality and price-relative quality. Data for this study were collected by online survey from April 16 to 19, 2010. Five hundred married women who were over 20 years old answered a structured questionnaires. Focus Group Interview and Online analysis method were used to compensate the quantitative survey result. Statistical techniques used to analyze data were descriptive statistics, ANOVA, t-test, and regression. Results showed that the level of risk perception on beef was so high in general, and hence it influenced quality evaluation on beef. The difference of risk perception level was statistically significant by COO. Married women consumers perceived relatively safer domestic beef than foreign beef. Specifically imported American beef was perceived as the most risky one while imported Australian beef and domestic dairy cattle beef (Yokwoo) were perceived as somewhat risky one at a similar level by respondents. Based on this result it was suggested that the policy should be developed to eliminate the risk perception of Korean beef consumers. The strategy to increase competitiveness of domestic beef, Hanwoo and Yukwoo was also proposed.

단체급식소 쇠고기 이용 실태 및 영양사의 쇠고기 품질에 대한 인식

이경은 ( Kyung-eun Lee ),주신윤 ( Shin-youn Joo ),임경숙 ( Kyung-sook Yim ),이홍미 ( Hong-mie Lee ) 대한영양사협회 2017 대한영양사협회 학술지 Vol.23 No.2

The purpose of this study was to compare the usage of beef and foodservice managers` perceptions of beef quality by foodservice type. A survey was conducted on 546 dietitians, and 499 acceptable responses were used for data analysis. By weight, pork was the most used meat in foodservice institutions, followed by poultry and beef. More than half of the foodservices selected meat suppliers by competitive bidding. Approximately 85.8% of the respondents used Hanwoo beef, followed by Australian beef and Youku beef. Beef type differed significantly by foodservice type (P<0.001): most of the schools and social welfare facilities used Hanwoo beef, whereas most hospitals and business/industry operations used Australian beef. When purchasing beef, safety of beef was rated the most important, while eco-friendliness was rated the least important. Most of the dietitians understood that marbling is one of the determinants of the beef quality, but were not aware of other components. Dietitians that selected Hanwoo and Youku beef were more satisfied with quality, taste, nutrition, freshness, country of origin, package, customer, preference, and availability for various menus than those who used imported beef. Dietitians who used Hanwoo beef were the most satisfied with country of origin, whereas the others were the most satisfied with safety. Since the dietitians are in charge of planning menus and selecting meat suppliers at foodservice institutions, they should make knowledgeable decisions by understanding meat supply systems and quality of beef.

중국 육우산업의 잠재력과 대중 한우고기 수출전략

이병오 ( B. O. Lee ),허국동 ( G. D. Xu ) 강원대학교 농업생명과학연구원(구 농업과학연구소) 2014 강원 농업생명환경연구 Vol.26 No.2

With the opening up of the market and the over-supply of domestic beef, there has been an occasional decline in the price of beef. This brings an adverse impact on Korean cattle farmers` income and challenges the sustainable development of beef industry. Exporting beef is an effective way to solve this problem. The FTA between South Korea and China will open up the two countries` beef markets and create more opportunities for Korean beef to access the Chinese market. China is a large player in cattle raising with vast resources, but its feeding model is mainly small-scale and based on traditional methods. After 2000, the number of cattle raised by the Chinese has consistently decreased. In terms of variety, production and technology, China still lags far behind developed countries. Furthermore, the quality of Chinese beef is of a lesser quality. With the strengthening Chinese economy, the standard of living has increased amongst its population. This results in more beef being consumed than pork. In particular, during the 21st century the demand for higher quality beef has seen rapid increases, and thus the price increases in line accordingly. This has resulted in foreign-reared beef entering the Chinese market. With this in mind, Korean beef can maximize the opportunity to enter the high-end market to satisfy demand. This paper will analyse the current development and future trends of China`s beef industry and, considering the market and consumption, promote a strategy for the Korean beef to enter the mainland China and Hong Kong beef market.

조사논문 : 한국인의 쇠고기 소비패턴 -거주 국가에 따른 비교분석-

이종인 ( Jong In Lee ),( Zhi Feng Gao ),오경태 ( Kyung Tae Oh ),오송련 ( Song Lian Wu ),신동민 ( Dong Min Shin ),이정숙 ( Jeong Suk Lee ),최종산 ( Jong San Choi ),김희걸 ( Xi Jie Jin ) 한국축산경영학회,농업정책학회(구 한국축산경영학회) 2014 농업경영정책연구 Vol.41 No.4

Koreans prefer Korea beef to imported beef. The volume of imported beef is being increased in Korea. Consumers preference may be changed when they consume the imported beef more. The purposes of this study are to analyze the changes of the Koreans`` preference and perception to Korean beef and imported beef. Koreans who are living in Korea prefer Korean beef to imported beef. However, Koreans who are living in U.S.A. may prefer U.S. beef or keep neutral between the two kinds of beefs. Questionnaire were given to Koreans who were living in Korea and U.S.A. from January to April in 2014. SPSS 18.0 was used for the analyses. T-test was used for comparative analysis by living country about beef and multiple regression analysis was used for analyzing impacts of age and period of reside in United States to quality evaluation about Korean beef and U.S. beef. In the result, Korean consumers had differences in all perception variables about U.S. beef by living country, but hadn``t in Korean beef. And Korean consumers living in Korea and United States evaluated that Korean beef had better quality than U.S. beef. Finally, only period of reside in United States had positive impacts to perception of U.S. beef quality. Korean beef should try to keep high quality and image. Government need to active support and intensive control beef traceability system and origin labeling. Imported beef market may be expanded in the future. So prepare countermeasure for low-grade Korean beef about increasing of the imported beef in Korean market.

국내 소고기 자급률 향상이 세계 온실가스 감축에 미치는 영향

허재영,백승우,이학교 한국동물유전육종학회 2022 한국동물유전육종학회지 Vol.6 No.1

This study compares the carbon-neutral competitiveness of domestic beef with those of major countries in the world and analyzes the contribution of domestic and imported beef to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to suggest the beef self-sufficiency improvement contributes to global carbon neutrality. We used beef GHG emission intensity data by country in 2017 published by FAO. FAO's emission intensity is a carbon footprint that divides farm-gate GHG emissions by beef production quantity. Comparing the beef carbon footprints of major countries with the global average, their relative beef carbon footprints are the Netherlands 38.4%, the US 46.7%, Korea 54.4%, France 78.8%, Australia 95.9%, Vietnam 100%, Brazil 135.7%, and Ethiopia 554.9%, which presents a 14-fold difference among countries. Based on FAO data, beef carcass weight in Korea has increased by 164% (annual average of 1.8%) and carbon footprint has decreased by 83% (annual average of 3.1%) over the past 60 years, which is interpreted as a result of the improvement of Hanwoo (Korean Native Cattle) which accounts for 85% of the number of slaughtered cattle in Korea. Korea imported 344,000 tons of beef and domestically produced 239,000 tons of beef in 2017, resulting in a self-sufficiency rate of 41%. The average carbon footprint of imported beef is 29% higher than that of domestic beef. On a consumption basis, Korea’s total GHG emissions from domestic and imported beef is 14,089 thousand tons. If imported beef is replaced with domestic beef, 345 thousand tons of global GHG emissions could be reduced by 10% increase of self-sufficiency rate, and assuming 100% self-sufficiency, the global GHG emissions reduction by 2,039 thousand tons. Considering the current level of carbon-neutral competitiveness of domestic beef and the sufficient possibility of improving Hanwoo’s productivity, domestic beef has a potential to replace a significant amount of imported beef to contribute to the global GHG emission reduction. In addition, if the breeding technology is systemically applied to improve the low-carbon trait of Hanwoo, the livestock sector may more quickly arrive at the carbon-neutral goal. 본 연구는 국내산 소고기의 탄소중립 경쟁력을 세계 주요 국가와 비교하고, 국내산 및 수입 소고기의 세계 온실가스 기여도를 분석하여 우리나라 소고기 자급률 향상과 세계 탄소중립 기여 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 자료는 세계농업식량기구(FAO)에서 공표한 2017년(최종년도) 국가별 소고기 온실가스 배출강도(Emission Intensity) 데이터를 사용하였다. FAO의 배출강도는 소 사육 시 발생하는 온실가스의 탄소상당량을 소고기 생산량으로 나눈 탄소발자국 지표이다. 주요 국가의 소고기 탄소발자국을 세계 평균과 비교하면, 네덜란드 38.4%, 미국 46.7%, 한국 54.4%, 프랑스 78.8%, 호주 95.9%, 베트남 100%, 브라질 135.7%, 에티오피아 554.9% 순으로, 소고기 탄소발자국은 국가에 따라 14배 정도의 차이가 있음을 알 수 있다. 한국의 소고기 탄소발자국은 프랑스, 호주 등의 OECD 국가 보다 낮으며, 세계 최고 수준의 경쟁력을 갖고 있는 네덜란드, 미국 보다는 다소 높은 것으로 나타났다. FAO의 자료에 의하면 우리나라는 지난 60여 년간 도체중량(carcass weight)은 164%(연평균 1.8%) 증가하였으며, 탄소발자국은 83%(연평균 3.1%) 감소하였다. 세계적으로 유래를 찾기 힘든 이러한 현상은 우리나라 소(한우, 육우, 젖소) 도축두수의 85%를 차지하고 있는 한우의 개량에 따른 결과로 풀이된다. 우리나라는 2017년도에 344천톤의 소고기를 수입하고 239천톤의 소고기를 국내 생산하여 자급률은 41%이며, 수입산 소고기의 평균 탄소발자국은 17.9로 국내산 탄소발자국과 비교하여 29% 높다. 소비 기준, 국내산과 수입 소고기를 합한 우리나라 소고기 온실가스 총배출량은 14,089천 톤 이며, 수입 소고기를 국내산으로 대체할 경우, 자급률 10% 증가 시 345천 톤의 온실가스를 감축하며, 자급률 100%를 가정하면, 총배출량은 12,050천 톤으로, 수입 대체에 따른 세계 온실가스 감축량은 2,039천 톤에 이른다. 탄소중립 관점에서 보면, 국내산 소고기의 자급률을 향상시키는 것이 세계 온실가스 배출량을 감소시킨다. 이는 현재의 국내산 소고기 탄소중립 경쟁력 수준과 향후 한우 개량의 가능성이 충분히 상존하고 있다는 사실에 비추어 보면, 현행 국내의 소 사육 규모에서 생산성 향상을 통해 탄소발자국의 감축을 효과적으로 진행시킬 경우 상당한 양의 소고기 수입을 대체하면서 세계 온실 가스 감축에 기여할 수 있는 가능성을 제시한다. 또한, 저탄소 형질을 반영한 한우의 육종 기술이 체계적으로 적용된다면 축산 분야 탄소중립 목표에 더 빠르게 다가갈 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Fatty Acid Composition of Grain- and Grass-Fed Beef and Their Nutritional Value and Health Implication

Kim Margarette C. Nogoy,Bin Sun,신상은,이연우,Xiang Zi Li,최승호,박성권 한국축산식품학회 2022 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.42 No.1

Beef contains functional fatty acids such as conjugated linoleic acid and longchain fatty acids. This review summarizes results from studies comparing the fatty acid composition of beef from cattle fed either grass or grain-based feed. Since functional lipid components are contributed through dietary consumption of beef, the fatty acid composition is reported on mg/100 g of meat basis rather than on a percentage of total fat basis. Beef from grass-fed contains lesser total fat than that from grain-fed in all breeds of cattle. Reduced total fat content also influences the fatty acid composition of beef. A 100 g beef meat from grass-fed cattle contained 2,773 mg less total saturated fatty acids (SFA) than that from the same amount of grain-fed. Grass-fed also showed a more favorable SFA lipid profile containing less cholesterol-raising fatty acids (C12:0 to C16:0) but contained a lesser amount of cholesterol-lowering C18:0 than grain-fed beef. In terms of essential fatty acids, grass-fed beef showed greater levels of trans-vaccenic acid and long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; EPA, DPA, DHA) than grain-fed beef. Grass-fed beef also contains an increased level of total n-3 PUFA which reduced the n-6 to n-3 ratio thus can offer more health benefits than grain-fed. The findings signify that grass-fed beef could exert protective effects against a number of diseases ranging from cancer to cardiovascular disease (CVD) as evidenced by the increased functional omega- 3 PUFA and decreased undesirable SFA. Although grain-fed beef showed lesser EPA, DPA, and DHA, consumers should be aware that greater portions of grain-fed beef could also achieve a similar dietary intake of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Noteworthy, grain-fed beef contained higher total monounsaturated fatty acid that have beneficial roles in the amelioration of CVD risks than grass-fed beef. In Hanwoo beef, grain-fed showed higher EPA and DHA than grass-fed beef.

Economic Impacts of the Law of Cattle and Beef Traceability in Marketing Channels on the Domestic Hanwoo Beef Industry

전상곤,이정민,채상현,이형우 한국농촌경제연구원 2010 농촌경제 Vol.32 No.2

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the economic impacts of the Law of Cattle and Beef Traceability in marketing channels on the domestic Hanwoo beef industry. The Law of Cattle and Beef Traceability might affect the demand and supply of Hanwoo beef. After introducing the Law of Cattle and Beef Traceability into the marketing channels, the price of Hanwoo beef has increased a lot in the Korean beef market. Domestically produced Hanwoo beef has a price premium compared with the imported beef from foreign countries such as the U.S.A. or Australia. There had been an incentive for beef dealers in the domestic market to deceive the origin of the beef to capture the price premium. The Law of Cattle and Beef Traceability expanded into the marketing channel on June 22, 2009, which increased the demand for domestically produced Hanwoo beef. A simulation result shows that the increase of demand for Hanwoo beef would be 36.7 - 55.7 percent. The net impacts of the law are 38.7-57.8 percent increase in price and 16.4-21.7 percent increase in quantity.