활성탄, Actidose Aqua 및 Fuller's earth간의 약물 흡착력 비교

김승호,장문준,황태식,오진호,최영환,정성필 대한응급의학회 2000 대한응급의학회지 Vol.11 No.1

Background. Activated charcoal has been widely used as an adsorbent for the management of drug intoxicated patients in the emergency department(ED). Although there are several commercial ready-mixed charcoal suspension preparations in the market, we are using custom-made suspension from hospital grade bulk charcoal powder. We designed this study to compare the adsorptive capacity of the Actidose Aqua, which is a commercial charcoal product, Fuller's earth, and custom-made activated charcoal used in our ED. Methods. First, we performed modified USP methylene blue adsorption test which is a standard adsorption test for activated charcoal. Then, the drug adsorption test for phenobarbital, acetaminophen, salicylate, and aminophylline was done, Graded amount of three adsorptives were added to the stock solutions of each drugs. The adsorption test were performed as follows: The vials containing drugs and adsorptives were shaken for 30 minutes to ensure adsorption equilibrium, then the suspension was filtered through in-line filter. The filtrates were analyzed by ultraviolet spectroscopy to determine the residual drug concentrations. Finally we examined and compared the surface area and the structure of activated charcoal and Fuller's earth using scanning electron microscopy. Results. In methylene blue adsorption test, the adsorption rate was 60.1% in Actidose Aqua and 59.0% in custom-made charcoal, and 70.2% in Fuller's earth. For the phenobarbital, acetaminophen, and salicylate, the adsorption rate of Actidose Aqua? and custom-made charcoal was greater than 90% with the ratio of adsorptives to drugs over 10:1. For aminophylline, two charcoal products showed excellent adsorption in 5:1 ratio. But Fuller's earth showed poor adsorption in all ranges. Conclusion. Custom-made activated charcoal showed a comparable adsorption capacity to Actidose Aqua?. Fuller's earth showed a poor performance to be used as a substitute for activated charcoal in acute drug poisoning otherwise paraquat.

급성 납 중독된 생쥐의 신장에서 활성탄의 보호효과

정민주,노영복,Cheong, Min-Ju,Roh, Young-Bok 한국현미경학회 2006 Applied microscopy Vol.36 No.2

본 연구는 급성 납 독성에 대한 활성탄의 방어효과를 알아보기 위하여 시도되었다. 30g 내외의 생쥐를 대상으로 대조군, 납(60mg/kg)투여군, 납 투여후 활성탄(40mg/kg)투여군으로 구분하여 구강투여 한 후 신장 손상억제 효과를 알아보기 위하여 생화학적 및 조직학적 실험을 실시하였다. 혈액 중 blood urea nitrogen(BUN) 그리고 creatinine (Cre)의 활성도는 활성탄 투여군이 납 투여군보다 감소되었다. 전자현미경적 관찰 결과, 신장의 근위세뇨관에서 납 투여군은 미세융모의 소실이 나타나고, 핵이 함입되어 불규칙해졌으며, 미토콘드리아는 팽대되고, 그 수가 감소하였다. rER의 수조가 확장되고 공포화 현상이 관찰되었으며 리보솜의 탈락이 관찰되었다. 활성탄 투여군은 핵은 거의 원형의 상태이고, 다수의 미토콘드리아가 관찰되었으며, rER은 리보솜이 부착된 상태로 관찰되었다. 이상과 같은 결과, 활성탄이 납 중독된 생쥐에서 납을 흡착시킴으로서 손상된 신장에 보호 효과가 있는 것으로 사료된다. A protective effect of activated charcoal against the acute lead poisoning of kidney was studied in mice. Mice approximately 30 gm in weight were grouped into the control, lead acetate-treated. and the activated charcoal-treated after lead acetate groups. Lead acetate (60mg/kg) and activated charcoal (40mg/kg) were delivered orally. Serum BUN and creatine were measured and ultrastructural alteration of renal tissues were examined by electron microscopy. Activated charcoal were decreased the increase of serum BUN and Creatinine level induced by lead. Lead acetate-treated renal tissues were characterized by the loss of microvilli in the renal tubule tells, irregular nucleus, enlarged and reduced number of mitochodria, enlarged rough endoplasmic reticulum, loss of ribosomes. Cells treated with activated charcoal were similar to those of the control group. In conclusion, activated charcoal may protect the lead-induced toxicity on kidney.

납으로 유발된 생쥐 간독성에 대한 활성탄의 보호효과

정민주,노영복,Cheong, Min-Ju,Roh, Young-Bok 한국현미경학회 2006 Applied microscopy Vol.36 No.4

본 연구는 급성 납 독성에 대한 활성탄의 방어효과를 알아보기 위하여 시도되었다. 30g내외의 생쥐를 대상으로 대조군, 납(60mg/kg) 투여군, 납 투여 후 활성탄(40mg/kg) 투여군으로 구분하여 구강투여 한 후 간장, 신장손상 억제 효과를 알아보기 위하여 생화학적 및 조직학적 실험을 실시하였다. 혈액중 aspartate amiotransferase(AST). alanine amino-transferase(ALT)그리고 glucose(Glu)의 수치는 활성탄 투여군이 납 투여군보다 감소되었다. 전자현미경적 관찰 결과, 간장에서 납 투여군은 간세포의 핵이 함입되어 불규칙했으며 미토콘드리아와 조면소포체의 수조가 팽대되고, 리보솜의 탈락이 관찰되었다. 활성탄 투여군은 핵이 대조군과 같은 형태가 관찰되었고, 전자밀도가 높은 미토콘드리아가 분포되어 있었으며, 리보솜이 부착된 상태로 층판구조를 형성하는 조면소포체가 관찰되었다. 이상과 같은 결과, 활성탄이 납 중독된 생쥐에서 납을 흡착시킴으로서 손상된 간장에 보호 효과가 있는 것으로 사료된다. A protective effect of activated charcoal against the acute lead poisoning of kidney was studied in mile. Mice approximately 30 gm in weight were grouped into the control, lead acetate-treated, and activated charcoal-treated after lead acetate groups. Lead acetate (60 mg/kg) and activated charcoal (40mg/kg) were delivered orally. Serum AST, ALT and glucose were measured and the ultrastructural alteration of liver was examined by electron microscopy. Activated charcoal decreased the increase of serum AST, ALT and glucose levels induced by lead. Lead acetate-treated hepatic cells characterized by irregular nuclei, enlarged and reduced number of mitochodria, enlarged rough endoplasmic reticulum, loss of riboscomes. Cells treated with activated charcoal were similar to those of the control group. In conclusion, activated charcoal may protect the lead-induced toxicity on liver.

활성탄을 이용한 친환경농업기술개발에 관한 연구

이종옥,김진우,고영옥,이협 진주산업대학교 농업기술연구소 2006 農業技術硏究所報 Vol.19 No.-

암모니아(NH_(4)^(+)), 칼리(K^(+)), 인산(H_(2)PO_(4)^(-))이온에 대한 활성탄과 토양개량제로 널리 사용하는 제오라이트의 흡착능력을 비교하기 위해 반응시간, 시료의 양에 따른 흡착량을 조사하였다. 1. NH_(4)^(+), K^(+), H_(2)PO_(4)^(-) 반응시간별 이온의 흡착 1) 활성탄는 반응시간 5분에서 대부분의 NH_(4)^(+)이온을 흡착했으며 약간의 차이는 있었으나 약 5분의 반응으로 흡착평형에 도달하였고, 제오라이트의 경우 반응시간 30분까지는 서서히 증가하다가 60분에 이르러 평형에 도달함을 볼 수 있었다. 2) 활성탄과 제오라이트에 0.01M NH_(4)Cl과 0.01M (NH_(4))H_(2)PO_(4) 용액을 각각 처리 했을 때 NH_(4)^(+) 이온의 흡착량을 비교해보면 활성탄과 제오라이트 모두 0.01M NH_(4)Cl 용액을 처리한 것이 0.01M (NH_(4))H_(2)PO_(4) 용액을 처리한 것보다 높은 흡착량을 보였다. 3) 전반적으로 제오라이트에 비하여 활성탄에서 NH_(4)^(+), K^(+), H_(2)PO_(4)^(-) 이온 흡착량이 높았다. 2. NH_(4)^(+), K^(+), H_(2)PO_(4)^(-) 시료의 양별로 양 이온의 흡착 1) 활성탄과 제오라이트의 양이 증가됨에 따라 NH_(4)^(+), K^(+) 이온의 흡착량이 증가하는 경향이었다. 2) 제오라이트와 활성탄의 양이 많을수록 반응표면적의 증가로 H_(2)PO_(4) 이온의 흡착량이 증가함을 볼 수 있다. 3) 시료량의 증가로 NH_(4)^(+), K^(+)이온에 대한 반응표면적이 증가하게 되므로 흡착량이 증가하였다 4) 전반적으로 제오라이트에 비하여 활성탄 시료량이 증가할수록 NH_(4)^(+), K^(+), H_(2)PO_(4)^(-) 이온의 흡착량이 높았다. This study was performed to examine the effect of agriculture fertilizers utilization from charcoal activated. The amount of NH_(4)^(+), K^(+), and H_(2)PO_(4)^(-) adsorption by charcoal activated and zeolite were determined with reaction time amount adsorbate used. according to reaction time. 1) The charcoal activated showed reaction time for absorption equilibrium when it was 5minute later but in the case of zeolite which had looked for 60minute later such as NH_(4)^(+) ion. 2) These of charcoal activated and zeolite in NH_(4)^(+) absorption were high showed treat method with 0.01M NH_(4)Cl solution than 0.01M (NH_(4))H_(2)PO_(4) solution of samples. 3) The sample in adsorption of NH_(4)^(+), K^(+) and H_(2)PO_(4)^(-) ions were the better much as to charcoal activated than zeolite. according to sample amount. 1) The examination samples in NH_(4)^(+), K^(+) ions(the content of absorption) were increased According to samples amount addition. 2) The effect of sample amount and reaction surface addition were increased with adsorption H_(2)PO_(4)^(-) ion. 3) The content of ion adsorption(NH_(4)^(+), K^(+) ions) and reaction surface were increased by samples (charcoal activated, zeolite) amount addition. 4) According to charcoal activated amount addition was showed high ion adsorption (NH_(4)^(+), K^(+) and H_(2)PO_(4)^(-)) than zeolite.

활성숯 흡인 후 발생한 화학성 폐장염과 동반된 급성호흡곤란증후군-증례 보고-

김수현,강나리,손인,이헌,이윤경,송숙희 대한중환자의학회 2010 Acute and Critical Care Vol.25 No.2

Charcoal has been commonly used for enteral detoxication although it causes few adverse effects. The major causes of morbidity and mortality secondary to activated charcoal therapy are pulmonary aspiration, gastrointestinal complication, and fluid and electrolyte abnormalities. Aspiration of charcoal is associated with pulmonary compromise due to increased microvascular permeability with concomitant lung edema, surfactant depletion, atelectasis, and obliterative bronchiolitis. Herein we report the case of a patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome with chemical pneumonitis after aspiration of activated charcoal in sorbitol with a review of the related literatures.

청나래고사리의 기내 포자체 재생에 미치는 배지 구성물질의 영향

신소림,이철희 한국화훼산업육성협회 2009 화훼연구 Vol.17 No.2

본 연구는 청나래고사리의 기내 포자체 유묘를 이용한 효율적인 대량생산 방법을 개발하기 위하여 시행되었다. 유묘의 엽신, 엽병, 근경을 곱게 다져 활성탄 0.1%를 첨가한 1/2MS배지에 배양한 결과, 근경의 절편에서만 포자체 유묘가 생산되었다. 곱게 다진 근경 절편은 1/2MS 배지에서 포자체 재생이 가장 왕성하였으며, sucrose 농도를 2%로 조절하고 NaH2PO4 50 mgL-1을 첨가할 경우 포자체 재생이 더욱 촉진되었다. Kinetin과 BA를 단용 또는 NAA, IBA와 각각 혼용하여 배양한 결과, kinetin 1 μM 단용 처리구에서 포자체 재생이 가장 왕성하였다. BA 첨가구에서는 분열조직의 증식이 왕성 하였으나. 분열조직이 포자체로 분화되지 못하는 특징을 보였다. 변형 1/2MS 배지(sucrose 2%, NaH2PO4 50mgL-1, kinetin 1 μM, pH 5.8, agar 0.8%)에 활성탄 0 또는 0.1%를 첨가하여 고체, 액체 정체, 액체 진탕배양한 결과, 포자체 재생은 액체 진탕배양시 가장 왕성하였으며, 활 성탄의 첨가는 포자체 재생을 촉진하였다. This study was carried out to investigate the efficient in vitro mass propagation methods for juvenile sporophytes of Matteuccia struthiopteris. Chopped segments of pinnae, petiole and rhizome were cultured on 1/2MS with 0.1% activated charcoal. Among these explant sources only rhizome segments produced young sporophytes, regenerating vigorously on 1/2 MS medium. Adjusting sucrose concentration to 2% and supplement to 50 mgL-1 NaH2PO4 in 1/2MS medium proved to be more efficient for plant regeneration. Various combinations of growth regulators such as kinetin, BA, NAA, and IBA were added to the growing media, and the best sporophyte regeneration was obtained by 1 μM kinetin. The BA addition resulted in vigorous proliferation of meristematic tissues, but without differentiation to sporophytes. Three types of culture methods, solid using agar, liquid stationary, and liquid shaking culture, were employed with or without activated charcoal. The addition of 0.1% activated charcoal to modified 1/2MS media (2% sucrose, 50 mgL-1 NaH2PO4, 1 μM kinetin, pH 5.8 and 0.8% agar) yielded highest sporophyte regeneration in liquid shaking culture.

녹차-숯-목재섬유 복합보드의 동적탄성률에 미치는 구성원료의 종류 및 배합비율의 영향

박한민,허황선,성은종,남경한,임재섭,변희섭 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2012 농업생명과학연구 Vol.46 No.6

In this study, eco-friendly hybrid composite boards were manufactured from green tea, 3 kinds of charcoals and wood fiber for developing interior materials to reinforce the strength performances and the functionalities in addition to performances of the hybrid composite boards composed of green tea and wood fiber. The effects for the kind and the component ratio of raw materials on dynamic MOE (modulus of elasticity) were investigated, and static bending strength performances were nondestructively estimated. Dynamic MOEs were highest in the hybrid composite boards composed of green tea, fine charcoal and wood fiber on the whole. However, the difference caused by the kind of charcoals was small. These values decreased with increasing component ratios of green tea and charcoals. The hybrid composite boards using E1 grade urea resin had the higher values than those using E0 grade urea resin, however the difference between them markedly decreased than that of hybrid composite board composed of green tea and wood fiber, and it was found that these values were markedly improved than those of the hybrid composite boards composed of green tea and wood fiber. There were mostly high correlations with significance at 1% level between dynamic MOEs and static bending strength performances, and this means that the static bending strength performances can be estimated from dynamic MOE. 이 연구에서는 녹차-목재섬유 복합보드에 강도성능과 기능성을 보강한 건축내장재를 개발하기 위하여 목재섬유에 녹차와 3종류의 숯을 혼합한 녹차-숯-목재섬유 복합보드를 제작하였고, 구성원료의 종류 및 그 배합비율이 복합보드의 동적탄성률에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 또한, 동적탄성률을 이용하여 비파괴적으로 정적 휨강도성능을 예측하였다. 녹차-숯-목재섬유 복합보드의 동적탄성률은 백탄함유 복합보드에서 전체적으로 약간 우수하였으나, 숯의 종류에 따른 차이는 크지 않았다. 녹차와 숯의 배합비율이 증가할수록 복합보드의 동적탄성률의 감소하였다. E1급 요소수지를 사용한 복합보드가 E0급 요소수지를 사용한 그것보다 높은 동적탄성률을 나타내었으나, 양수지간의 차이는 녹차-목재섬유 복합보드에 비해 현저히 적었고, 녹차-목재섬유 복합보드보다 현저한 동적탄성률의 향상을 나타내는 것이 확인되었다. 복합보드의 동적탄성률과 정적 휨 강도성능사이에 대부분 1%의 신뢰수준의 상관관계가 확인되어, 동적탄성률로부터 정적 휨 강도성능이 예측이 가능하였다.

Removal of furan and phenolic compounds from simulated biomass hydrolysates by batch adsorption and continuous fixed-bed column adsorption methods

Lee, S.C.,Park, S. Elsevier Applied Science 2016 Bioresource technology Vol.216 No.-

It has been proposed to remove all potential inhibitors and sulfuric acid in biomass hydrolysates generated from dilute-acid pretreatment of biomass, based on three steps of sugar purification process. This study focused on its first step in which furan and phenolic compounds were selectively removed from the simulated hydrolysates using activated charcoal. Batch adsorption experiments demonstrated that the affinity of activated charcoal for each component was highest in the order of vanillic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, furfural, acetic acid, sulfuric acid, and xylose. The affinity of activated charcoal for furan and phenolic compounds proved to be significantly higher than that of the other three components. Four separation strategies were conducted with a combination of batch adsorption and continuous fixed-bed column adsorption methods. It was observed that xylose loss was negligible with near complete removal of furan and phenolic compounds, when at least one fixed-bed column adsorption was implemented in the strategy.

개고사리의 기내 포자체 재생에 미치는 배지구성물질 및 배양방법의 영향

신소림,이철희 한국자원식물학회 2011 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.24 No.2

Present studies are carried out to find media components and culture methods for in vitro propagation of Athyrium niponicum and to establish the optimal economic masspropagation systems. Among pinnae, petiole and rhizome segments only rhizome segments produced young plants. Rhizome segments showed vigorous plant regeneration on 1/2MS medium and supplement to 1% sucrose and 50 mgㆍL-1 NaH2PO4 were promoted the plant regeneration from rhizome segments. Kinetin was better than BA for plant regeneration and combination with 2 μM kinetin and 5 μM IBA was most efficient for plant regeneration. Solid or liquid medium with or without 0.1% activated charcoal in modified 1/2MS medium (1% sucrose, 50 mgㆍL-1 NaH2PO4, 2 μM kinetin, 5 μM IBA, pH 5.8) were used to find the optimal culture methods. The plant regeneration from rhizome segments were most vigorous on solid medium without activated charcoal. The addition of activated charcoal were inhibited the plant regeneration from rhizome segments not only on solid medium but also liquid stationary or suspension culture. 본 연구는 개고사리의 기내 조직배양 시 적정 배지구성물질과 배양방법을 구명하여 효율적인 대량생산체계를 구축하기 위하여 시행하였다. 개고사리의 엽신, 엽병 및 근경의 절편 중 근경의 절편에서만 포자체가 분화되었다. 근경의 절편으로부터 포자체의 재생을 촉진시키기 위해서는 1/2MS배지가 가장 적합하였으며, 배지 내 sucrose는 1%, NaH2PO4는 50 mg·L-1으로 첨가하는 것이 가장 효과적이었다. 생장조절물질은 BA보다 kinetine을 첨가하는 것이 포자체의 분화를 촉진하는데 적합하였으며, kinetin 2 μM와 IBA 5 μM를 혼용하여 첨가하는 것이 근경의 절편으로부터 포자체를 형성하는데 가장 효과적이었다. 포자체 형성에 가장 효과적인 것으로 나타난 변형 1/2MS배지(sucrose는 1%, NaH2PO4는 50 mg·L-1, kinetin 2 μM와 IBA 5 μM, pH 5.8)에 활성탄을 0 또는 0.1% 첨가하여 고체 또는 액체배지에서 배양한 결과, 개고사리 근경의 절편은 고체배지에서 포자체의 재생 및 생육이 가장 우수하였다. 배지에 활성탄을 첨가하는 것은 고체, 액체 정치 및 액체 현탁배양 모두에서 근경 절편의 포자체 분화를 억제하였다.

활성탄의 급여가 젖소 송아지의 성장 및 배설물의 Ammonia 함량에 미치는 영향

유선일(Sun-Il You),박덕섭(Duk-Sub Park),명윤아(Yoon-Ah Myung),이인덕(In-Duck Lee),남명수(Myoung-Su Nam),김용국(Yong-Kook Kim) 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 2007 Korean Journal of Agricultural Science Vol.34 No.2

본 연구는 사료에 활성탄을 첨가했을 때 송아지의 일당 증체량, 사료 섭취량, 사료 요구율 및 배설물의 ammonia 함량에 미치는 영향을 규명하기위해 실시하였다. 홀스타인 수송아지 10두를 30일 동안 대조구, 시험구(활성탄 1%첨가)로 각 5두 공시하여 시험하였으며, 실험 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 송아지의 일당 증체량은 대조구(1.04㎏/일)에 비하여 활성탄을 급여했을 때(1.02㎏/일) 1.92% 감소하였고, 일당 사료 섭취량은 시험구(2.86㎏/일)가 대조구(3.18㎏/일)에 비해서 10.06% 낮았으나, 사료 요구율은 대조구(3.06㎏/㎏증체)에 비해 시험구(2.80㎏/㎏증체)에서 8.2% 낮은 결과를 나타내었다. 송아지 배설물의 ammonia 함량은 대조구의 2.67ppm에 비하여 시험구가 0.33ppm으로 87.6% 감소되는 개선효과를 보였다(p<0.05). This study was carried out to investigate the influences of feed containing activated charcoal on the performances of calves The daily weight gain, feed intake, feed requirement and the content of ammonia in the excreta were measured. The experiment was conducted with 10 male calves for 30 days. Each were equally divided with treatment group and control group and for the treatment group's animal fed diets containing 1.0% activated charcoal. The daily weight gain of calves were decreased by 1.92% when they were fed activated charcoal(1.02㎏/day) compared to that of control calves(1.04㎏/day) and the daily feed intake of treatment group(2.86㎏/day) was 10.06% lower comparing to the control group(3.18㎏/day). In case of feed requirement, the result showed 8.2% lower in the treatment group(2.80㎏) than control group(3.06㎏). The content of ammonia in excreta was significantly lower for treatment group(0.33ppm) than control group (2.67ppm)(p<0.05), which showed more improvement for reducing ammonia content in the treatment group with 87.6%(p<0.05).